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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporatioii 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  (or  Historical  Microreproductiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproduction,  hiatoriquea 


^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvdrture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 


□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul^e 


r~~|    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  no 


que  bleue  ou  noire) 

trations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reiii  avec  d'autres  documents 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  ^lustrations/ 
I      1    Bound  with  other  material/ 


rj\    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 

I — I    along  Interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rleure 


D 


n 


Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 

□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculdes 

rri    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
LXJ    Pages  ddcolordes,  tachet^es  ou  piqu6es 

□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachees 


y 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

□    Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  it*  filmies  d  nouveau  de  facon  § 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  a   >he  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


»X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


y 


78X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 

University  of  Western  Ontario 

(Regional  History  Room) 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —»^( meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Map:  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grice  it  la 
g^n^rosit*  de: 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 

University  of  Western  Ontario 

(Regional  History  Room) 

Lee  images  sulvantes  ont  Ati  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet«  de  l'exemplaire  film4,  et  en 
conformity  avec  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lea  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmte  en  commenqant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »>signifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  *tre 
filmte  d  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  *  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  k  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m*thode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

BY  WJ 


MODERN    CEOCRAPHF, 


FOR  THE  USE  OP 


SCHOOLS,  ACADEMIES,  ETC. 


ON  A   NEW  PLAN. 


BY  WHICH  THE  ACaUISITION  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  KNOWIEDGE  IS  GKEATIY  FACIlITATm 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH  MAPS  AND  NUMEROUS  ENGRAVINGS. 


BY  R.  M.  SMITH, 

PBINCIPAL   OP   WABBENTON  ACADEMV. 


™"  -  - — - — -  -«« -i:;o=' -•-:=—  ^-  —3  w.. .. .. ..  _  .„ 


PHILADELPHIA. 
GRIGG,    ELLIOT    &     CO. 

NO.  14,  NORTH   FOURTH   STREET. 


1849. 


Ent.»J,«,o,nlin,ttoth.A,t.f  Co.w™„,  |„  ,he  y..r  1848.  b. 


OmoB,  ELLIOT  A  TO.  In  th.  ol.rk'.  nIBc  of  tho  Dtatliot  Com  for 


Ih.  Eutem  Distnct  of  Pennirlnnla. 


PREFACE. 


EncovRAOED  by  the  favorable  opinions  which  have  been  exprened  in  regard  to 
this  worit,  the  author  and  publishers  determined  to  present  it  in  a  furm  better  adapted 
to  the  object  had  in  view  in  its  preparation.  The  present  edition  is  the  result  of 
that  purpose.    The  new  features  which  have  been  introduced  are  the  fbllowhig : 

Ist  The  work  is  fully  supplied  with  excellent  maps,  drawn  and  designed  expressly 
for  tliis  treatise.  These  mops  will  bo  found  admirably  adapted  to  school  purposes, 
being  suiBcicntly  copious,  and  yet  not  so  full  as  to  bewilder  the  learner,  The  uni- 
formity observed  in  lettering  the  towns,  rivers,  &c.,  will  render  them  very  easy  of 
reference. 

2d.  A  series  of  questions  is  published  in  connection  with  the  text,  and  in  immediate 
proximity  to  the  answers,  but  so  arranged  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  narrative. 
This  is  considered  a  very  decided  improvement  on  any  arrangement  of  question  and 
answer  now  in  use. 

3d.  The  book  is  published  in  the  quarto  form,  which  has  lately  become  so  popular. 
By  this  means,  the  inconvenience  of  having  the  maps  in  a  separate  volume  is  avoided. 

4th.  The  pronunciation  of  an  unusually  large  proportion  of  the  difficult  geogra- 
phical names  introduced  in  this  book,  is  indicated  by  accenting,  or  dividing  into 
syllables  and  spelling.  This  is  a  great  advantage  to  the  learner,  as  an  improper  pro- 
nunciation once  acquired  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  correct 

5th.  The  text  is  illustrated  with  diagrams,  und  liandsomely  embellished  with  nu- 
merous appropriate  engravings. 

6th.  Without  departing  from  the  original  plnn,  fuller  descriptions  of  the  dis- 
tinguishing characteristics  of  each  country,  &c.,  have  been  admitted. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  work,  the  author  was  guided  by  the  following  principles : 

1.  A  primary  treatise  on  geography  should  not  enter  into  minute  details,  or  include 
descriptions  of  unimportant  objects.  The  length  ot  every  river,  or  the  height  of  every 
mountain ;  the  population  of  every  town,  the  exact  width  of  its  streets,  or  the  names 
and  dimensions  of  its  public  edifices,  where  these  are  not  very  celebrated  for  their 
size  or  magnificence,  are  out  of  place  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  and  would  not  be  re- 
membered by  the  young  learner.  Nor  should  any  but  tlie  most  interesting  historical 
events  be  given.  Such  facts  only  should  be  stated  as  are  very  striking  or  peculiar  in 
their  character.  In  describing  tlic  loftiest  mountain  in  tlie  world,  or  any  prominent 
i.ivision  of  it,  that  fact  should  be  stated,  and  the  heig^ht  given.  This  then  becomes  a 
standard  of  comparison  for  all  others,  and  afibrds  a  sufficient  approximate  idea  of 
their  elevation.  So  of  large  rivers,  &c.  If  a  city  or  town  is  famed  for  its  com- 
merce, its  population,  its  magnificence,  or  its  literary  institutions ;  if  it  contains  any 
very  remarkable  public  edifice ;  or  if  it  is  associated  with  some  striking  or  im- 
portant historical  event,  in  every  such  case  let  the  fact  be  mentioned.  But  the  work 
should  not  be  encumbered  with  vain  attempts  to  render  objects  interesting  and  im- 
pressive, by  describing  circumstances  in  which  they  agree  or  nearly  pgree  with  thou- 
sands of  their  class — circumstances,  many  of  them,  of  no  general  interest,  and  which 
the  author  himself  would  neither  remember  nor  care  to  remember.  The  eflbrt  should 
be  to  present  to  the  learner  a  vivid  outline  picture  of  the  Earth,  with  the  prominent 
pointo  distinctly  marked,  and  invested  with  all  the  interest  which  striking  peculiarity 
of  circumstance  can  throw  around  them — that  with  them  the  minute  information  to 
be  acquired  by  subsequent  reading  may  be  associated.  An  attempt  to  fill  up  the 
picture  would  be  to  invade  the  province  of  the  historian  or  the  compiler  of  a  gazetteer. 

a  The  facts  which  are  regarded  as  proper  to  be  considered  should  be  clearly  and 
distinctly  stated,  all  vague  generalities  and  loose  descriptions  boiug'  carefully  avoided. 
They  should  also  "oe  so  arranged  as  to  be  presented  in  the  fewest  words  possible. 
But  brevity  should  never  be  gained  at  the  aacrifice  of  clearness.  It  must  be  attained 
by  a  proper  classification  and  generalization  of  facta  in  reference  to  some  important 
circumstance  in  which  they  all  agree,  so  that  all  in  each  class  may  be  embraced  in 
one  description.  And  in  the  arrangement  of  the  individual  members  of  these  classes 
or  groups,  advantage  should  be  taken  of  the  following  well-known  fact;  viz.:  a  list 
of  names  is  remembered  permanently  only  when  they  liava  been  learned  in  some 


certain  order  and  succession.  A  child  can  repeat  his  alphabet  without  the  omission 
of  a  single  letter,  and  will  never  lose  that  power,  because  he  always  learned  it  with 
the  letters  similarly  arranged.  Long  lists  of  prepositions,  i^.i .,  are  remembered  for 
the  same  reason.  Now,  if  the  chuses  or  groups  befbre  spoken  of  are  so  arranged 
that  the  $uccettion  ofnamei  shall  indicate  their  relative  standing  with  reference  to 
some  important  particular,  all  this  additional  knowledge  will  be  acquired  without  tho 
slightest  increase  of  labor.  In  fact,  tho  introduction  of  system  will  of  itself  actually 
diminish  the  labor  of  memorizing.  An  advantage  will  thus  be  gained,  somewhat 
similar  to  that  which  chemistry  has  received  from  the  admirable  nomenclature  by 
which  the  name  of  a  substance  is  nut  only  made  to  indicate  its  constituent  elementi, 
but,  by  the  association  of  ideas,  becomes  itself  more  easily  remembered. 

3.  After  selecting  and  arranging  tho  facts,  the  next  inquiry  is,  how  sliall  they  be 
presented  1  The  student  will  never  know  them  until  they  are  told  to  him,  either  in 
the  form  of  question  and  answer,  or  in  direct  narrative.  By  the  latter  mode  the  fact 
to  be  remembered  is  more  concisely  and  clearly  stated,  and  is  contained  in  a  sentence 
complete  and  independent  within  itself;  whereas,  in  tlie  form  of  question  and  answer, 
very  frequently  no  disimct  idea  is  conveyed  by  the  mere  answer,  how  well  soever  it 
may  be  recollected,  unless  the  pupil  can  adapt  to  it  the  proper  question.  Those 
questions  which  are  so  vague  as  not  to  require  fixed  and  definite  answers,  are  thought 
to  be  particularly  objectionable. 

In  accordance  with  the  foregoing  views,  tliis  work  has  been  prepared.  The  author 
believes  that  he  has  thereby  been  enabled  to  secure  the  following  advantages  over 
most  of  the  school  geographies  now  in  use :  1.  He  has  not  required  one-half  of  the 
space  which  they  employ.  2.  His  work  contains  a  greater  amount  of  information  of 
the  kind  proper  to  be  imparted  in  a  work  of  this  cliaracter.  3.  This  information  is 
much  more  likely  to  be  retained  in  the  memory,  in  consequence  of  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  presented.  He  would  respectfully  invite  teachers  to  read  the  "Plan" 
annexed,  and  to  examine  in  connection  with  it  tho  description  of  some  state  or 
country,  taken  at  pleasure.  He  will  find  tlie  objects  <  '  description  so  divided  into 
classes,  and  so  arranged  in  these  classes,  as  to  give  in  tho  compass  of  a  short  sentence 
their  actual  and  their  relative  positions.  The  paragraphs  are  short,  so  as  readily  to 
be  memorized.  The  boundaries  are  firat  given ;  then  those  natural  features,  such  as 
mountains,  bays,  capes,  rivers,  &c.,  which  tend  to  impress  on  the  mind  the  figure  and 
outlines  of  tho  state;  then  the  situation  of  cities,  towns,  &c.,  with  respect  to 
these,  is  described.  A  notice  of  the  climate,  productions,  &c,,  &c.,  except  where 
there  is  a  marked  peculiarity  in  some  respect,  lias  generally  been  reserved  for  tiio 
"  General  Views"  at  the  close  of  the  volume.  These  were  subjects  which  most 
readily  and  naturally  admitted  of  classification,  and,  together  with  some  others  not 
strictly  geographical  which  are  there  treated  of,  it  is  hoped  will  render  that  portion 
of  the  work  valuable  and  interesting.  The  questions  given  at  tho  close  of  every  pro- 
minent division  are  so  chosen  as  to  furnish  a  connected  and  comparative  view  of  the 
various  countries,  &c.,  included  under  said  division.  The  answers  in  every  case  are 
definite,  and  are  either  entirely  obvious,  or  have  been  previously  given  in  direct  terms. 

The  author  has  tested  this  system  in  his  own  school  for  the  last  six  or  seven  years ; 
and  on  this  experience,  and  the  concurrent  testimony  of  many  competent  persons,  be 
builds  his  hope  of  receiving  the  public  favor. 

The  work  has  been  carefully  revised  and  corrected  preparatory  to  the  present  edi- 
tion, and  brought  down  to  the  present  time,  being  in  this  latter  respect  in  advance  of 
its  cotemporaries.  The  tables  of  statistics  which  it  contains  will  be  found  valuable 
for  reference. 

The  author  would  gratefully  acknowledge  his  obligations  to  those  friends  who,  by 
favouring  him  with  valuable  suggestions,  have  contributed  to  the  improvement  of  the 
work.  The  imps  were  drawn  and  engraved  by  Henry  A.  Brightly,  of  Philadelphia. 
Baldwin's  Universal  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  was  mainly  followed  in  the  pronunciation 
of  geographical  names. 

WAEBEtrroH,  Va.,  August  1, 1848. 


■TIBIOTrFED 


m 


TO   TEACHERS. 


Tho  exercise  may  be  varied 


their  previous  lessons,  as  tho  teacher  may  point  out 
by  calluig  on  the  students  to  show  any  such  town,  &c. 

JreStx^i^t^sr;:  'z^i  "^  ■^"■^  °^  "■«  ^'"""•"o-- 

head,  of  "The  World  or  Earth;- ^Tlr  1  "'f  J  ^  "!""!?  "T'""'^  "'"'«^'''« 
may  be  advantageously  carried  over  ^1^^ J  Amer.ca,"and  "United  States." 
thought  to  be  e^omy  o^Mh  time  Itl^^lV'  ""'' "*"  ^'"'*'-  ^hia  is 
place  in  the.r  hands  puer  le  b«>kLwh^h  m,^  '  ^'T '"  "'"'^  ^^^P^'''  "-an  to 
required  to  begin  anew  in  Le  olr  teatirlZ™  "'™7,-''«'  -^  ^^e  child 

uier  ireauae,  and  learn  everythmg  over  again. 

Large  maps  being  seen  by  the  whole  cIiim  .f  «„„ 
and  give  increased  interest  to  the  reciUUo^  '  •=°""='""«"°  "'^^  attention. 


PLAN, 


TO  BE  LEARNED   BY  Thp   pitdit    „„„ 

THE   PUPIX,  BEFORE   COMMENCING  THE   STirnv   n^   ™, 

"AMERICA"    ON   THE   SIXTH  pLT  "^  OROGRAPHY   OF 


|anJ^prl"lrVrol"C:iT  "T"""  "  '^^  -'^-^  «=--. 
j  successively.  ^  '      """^""^  "  °"  '^^  "°''''.  <=a«t,  south,  a- d  west, 

I  succession,  '^  "^  ""^  *»'"'>  ^ming  them  in  regular 


inl^d  tlSS  t:S  arthf  mrnl"  r'^'  "-  ~'-'  '^'^^^ 
wards  the  south  or  west,  aSiSL  to  t^^-  .  "'^  "'  ""'"^y-  '"'^  ^"^^^  to- 
other,  naming  them  in  ^gul^JeJ^t  "'°  "  *'"="  ""^^  "«  ''«'">  ^''^ 

^''-^orSZ^:^:Zf^-^^^^^  "Pon...ive  them 

menuoned  being  nearest  to  its  mouS.  ^    ^  "'  "^^  rtream.-the  fint 


■  TXBIOTTFII 


D    BT   J.   PAOAIf. 


QEOGHAPinCAL    EXPLANATIONS. 


(g,Mn  Milra, 


GEOGRAPHY. 

aaOOBAVBXOAXi  BXTLJUtTATIOirS. 

Gbooraphv  is  a  description  of  ihe  surface  of  the 
earth. 

The  Earth  is  a  large  globe  or  ball,  tho  thai  leter  of 
which  is  nearly  eight  thousand  niiles,  and  the  circum- 
ference about  twenty-live  thousand  miles. 

The  earth  was  once  thought  to  be  a  vast  plain ;  but 
it  is  now  known  to  be  round. 

This  is  proved  in  many  way? : — 

1st.  Navigators  have  frequently  sailed  entirely 
around  it ; 

2d.  When  a  vessel  at  sea  is  approaching  us,  the  tops 
of  the  masts  first  become  visible ;  then  more  and  more 
of  the  ship  appears,  until  the  whole  of  it  is  seen ; 

3d.  The  earth's  shadow  becomes  visible  during  an 
eclipse  of  the  moon,  and  is  always  found  to  be  circular. 

Persons  on  opposite  sides  of  the  earth  stand  with 
their  feet  towards  each  other,  and  are  hence  called 
Antipodes. 

The  earth  is  about  ninety-five  millions  of  miles 
from  the  sun,  and  revolves  around  it  once  every  year. 

The  earth's  surface  is  composed  of  Land  and 
Water. 

I.AND. 

The  land  is  divided  into  continents,  islands,  peninsu- 
las, isthmuses,  capes,  promontories,  mountains,  shores 
or  coasts,  valleys,  deserts,  &c. 

A  Continent  is  a  vast  extent  cf  land  surrounded  by 
water,  but  nowhere  divided  by  it ;  as  America.  (See 
Map  of  the  World.) 

An  Island  is  a  portion  of  land  surrounded  by  water, 
and  smaller  than  a  continent;  as  Cuba,  Madagascar. 

A  Peninsula  is  a  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded 
by  water;  as  South  America. 

An  Isthmus  is  a  neck  of  land,  which  joins  a  penm- 
sala  to  the  main  land,  or  unites  the  two  parts  of  a 
continent;  as  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  for  into  the 
aea ;  as  Cape  Farewell. 

A  Promontory  is  a  high  and  mountaiaous  cape ;  as 
the  Promontory  of  Gibraltar. 


QUESTIONS. 
What  is  Geography  I 

What  are  tho  ahape  and 
size  of  the  earth  I 

What  was  the  earlh  once 
thought  to  be  t 

How  is  this  proved  I 

lal.t 

2d.t 


3d.f 

What  ia  said  of  persons 
on  opposite  aidea  of  the 
earth  I 

How  far  ia  tho  earth  from 
the  sun,  and  in  what  time 
does  it  revolve  around  it  ? 

Of  what  ia  its  aurface  com- 
posed t 

How  is  the  land  divided! 


What  is  a  Continent  t 

What  ia  an  laland  t 
A  Fcninaula  I 
An  Isthmus  t 

A  Capet 
WhatisaPrwnontoryt 


A  Mountain  is  a  vi-it  ftlevation  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face ;  as  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

A  Volcano  is  a  burning  mountain,  which  emits 
smoke  and  sometimes  eruptions  of  ashes,  fire,  red-hot 
stones,  melted  lava,  gic,  from  tho  orator  or  deep  hol- 
low on  its  summit ;  as  Mount  ^.tna. 


What  ia  K  Mountain  I 
A  Volcano! 


FyomoMorr  of  Oitnultw. 


A  Shore  or  Coast  i%  the  land  which  borders  on  a 
body  of  water. 

A  Valley  is  a  portion  of  land  lying  between  two 
mountains.     Valleys  are  generally  noted  for  their  fer- 
tility. 
A  Plain  is  a  large  extent  of  level  land. 
A  Desert  is  an  extensive  plain,  destitute  of  water 
and  vegetation ;  as  Saha'ra  in  Africa. 
An  Oa'sis  is  a  fertile  spot  in  a  desert. 
A  Swamp  is  a  portion  of  land  covered  with  stag- 
nant water,  trees,  shrubs,  &,c. ;  as  the  Dismal  Swamp 
i«  Virginia. 

A  Delta  is  the  land  formed  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
by  the  mud  and  other  substances  brought  down  by  its 
waters. 

WATER. 
The  water  is  divided  into  oceans,  seas,  archipela- 
goes,* gulfs  or  bays,  havens  or  harbors,  straits,  chan- 
nels, sounds,  roads,  lakes,  rivers,  creeks,  and  fi.tlis  or 
friths. 

An  Ocean  is  a  vast  collection  of  salt  water ;  as  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

A  Sea  is  a  large  arm  of  the  ocean,  almost  separated 
from  it  by  land ;  as  the  Mediterra'nean  Sea. 

An  Archipelago  is  a  sea  interspersed  with  a  great 
number  of  islands ;  as  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 

A  Gulf  or  Bay  is  a  part  of  a  sea  or  ocean  extending 
into  the  land ;  as  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Baffin's  Bay, 

A  Haven  or  Harbor  is  a  small  bay,  almost  sur- 
rounded by  land,  where  ships  may  lie  safely  at  anchor. 
A  Strait  is  a  narrow  passage  of  water  out  of  one 
sea  into  another;  as  the  Strait  of  Gibral'tar. 

A  Channel  is  a  passage  of  water  wider  than  a  strait ; 
as  the  English  Channel. 

A  Sound  is  a  strait  so  shallow  that  it  may  be 
sounded  ;f  as  Long  Island  Sound. 

A  Road  is  a  part  of  the  coast  where  ships  may  lie 
safely  at  anchor ;  as  Hampton  Roads  at  the  mouth  of 
James  River,  in  Virginia. 

A  Creek  is  a  narrow  arm  of  a  sea  or  river  running 
up  into  the  land.  Small  branches  of  rivers  are  some- 
times called  creeks. 

A  Lake  is  a  body  of  water  in  the  interior  of  a 
country,  not  immediately  connected  with  the  sea ;  as 
Lak«!  Superior.  If  a  lake  have  no  outlet,  its  waters 
are  salt,  and  it  is  sometimes  called  a  ixa;  as  the  Cas'- 
pian  Sea. 

A  River  is  a  large  stream  of  water  formed  by  nu- 
merous uranches,  and  flowing  from  its  source  in  tjie 
mountains  into  some  sea,  lake,  or  other  river.  In 
descending  a  river,  tho  land  on  the  right  hand  is  called 
the  right  bank,  that  on  the  left,  the  left  bank,  and  the 
place  where  it  empties,  its  moiUh. 

A  Firth  or  frith  is- the  widening  of  a  river  at  its 
mouth  into  an  arm  of  the  sea. 

A  large  body  of  water  tumbling  over  a  precipice  is 
called  a  cataract  or  falls ;  as  the  Falls  of  Niag'ara.    If 

'  FronuuQceil  Ar-ke-ptt-a-gut$. 

t  Sounded,  meaaured  in  depth  by  means  of  a  lead  and  line. 


A  Shore  or  Coast ! 


What  is  a  Valley,  and  for 
what  are  valleys  noted ) 


What  is  a  Plaint 
A  Desert  t 


An  Oaaial 
A  Swamp  t 

A  Delist 


How  is  Ihe  water  divided! 


What  is  an  Ocean! 


What  is  a  Sea! 


An  Archipelago ! 
A  Gulf  or  Bay  t 


A  Haven  or  Harbor ! 


A  Strain 


A  Channel  t 


A  Sound  t 


A  Road  t 


A  Creek  t 


A  Lake! 


What  ia  a  River,  and  what 
is  its  right  bank,  &c.  t 


What  is  a  Firlh  t 


What  is  a  Cataract! 


I  a  Valley,  and  Tor 
aro  valleya  noted  t 


the  water  divided! 


I  is  a  River,  and  what 
la  right  bank,  &c,  I 


t  is  «  Firth  f 
t  is  a  Cataract  t 


lioiu,  consiitutea  rapida.  ouairuc- 


nnTir  •!""'?  ■'  ".""  ""'^''  "'■'Oh  boinuli  the  aielu 
on  all  a^eawLere  ll.e  earth  an.l  aky  .p,,,,,  l^'^T 

"^  1  he  Cardinal  Poinla  are  the 

'piir  principal  pointa  of  the  ho- 

nzon,  viz. :   north,  aoulh,   cast, 

and  weai;  often  written,  N.  for 

north,  a  for  aouth,  8ic. 

A  Map  ik  a  repreaentation  of 

he  earth  or  any  pan  of  it,  on  a 

llat  surface.    (See  Map  ofMrlh 

ril.t  '°F  °' *  ""P  '*  ""'■"'  i  'he  bottom,  south  •  the 
nghl  hand,  east ;  the  left  hand,  west.  '  ' 

r°l    rivers'bVhr.  T  ''''?'''««" "^''  ^y  a  small  cipher, 

drawn  on  its  surface.    All  others  are  ca||e<Tles    circles 

3<iStZ'Zns'Z?r'r'''>-  '^'^'='^"  '"  "''ideT      o 

minute"    am.'   l^^'*''^-"'''  '"'^  ''''?«'«  *"">  80 
minutes,  and  each  minute  into  00  seconds. 

A  degree  of  a  great  circle  of  the  earth  contains  60 
geographical,  or  OOi  English  miles. 

Degrees  are  usually  marked  with  a  small  cinher  r°l 
over  them;  minutes  with  one  dash  n  TJ^       K' 


What  are  Rapidaf 


What  ii  the  Iloriion  f 

What    aro    the   Cardinal 
I'ointi  I  ' 


What  ta  a  Map  t 


Which  pan  represent)  the 
north,  &c.  t 

How  are  cities,  towns, 
«o.,  represented  ? 

What  aro  Great  circles, 
and  \yhat  aro  all  others 
cailed  I 

How  Is  the  circumference 
ol  a  circle  divided  ? 

How  manjr  miles  does  a' 
degree  of  a  greot  circle 
coniain? 

How  are  degrees,  minutes 
and  seconds  marked  I 


the  curved  l.nes  running  from  east  to  west.  '     ^ 


What    are    rarall.l.    of 
Latitude  I 


Faralleli. 


What  is  the  Axis  of  the 
earth  1  ' 

What  are  its  extremities 
called  f  ' 

What  is  the  Equator  f 


what? 

How    is     Longitude    en- 
pressed  on  maps  f 


Which    do     ^eooraphera  | 
adopt  as  their  fixed  me- 
ridian  t 


How  does  it  divide   the 
earth  ?  ' 


«.     .  ,,  MeriUjatu. 

ki..,..dp.«,.g";L"jSfH«  ^  ' " "«'" 


What  are  Meridians  f 


Has  every  place  a  meri- 1 
dian,  «nd  what  hour  is  I 
It  when  the  sun  is  over  I 
the  meridian?  I 

How  are    meridians    ex- 
pressed on  maps  ? 


„,/o  f  ^''°P"=^  "«  'wo  parallels  of  latitude    nhnn.lwi,.. 
-uth,  .he  Tro;1c'of  JaKn.'^""'-'  ""'  """  ""  '"^ 

intl'^ri'/sttlts'^  vi:!LTh?tSid''°'"tr'ir"t'h?r  --  -°-  ^o 

«outh  temperates,  and  north  and  lomhTgid"is!''i    ^^^'-^"Ke  e^"?{r[ , 


What  is  the  latitude  of  a  I 
place  {  ■ 


(See  Map  of  the  World.) 

Ws,  minutes,  and  secoi^''  S  IS^'f  '" 
>ce  cannot  be  more  than  90",  ih  'brln^fustth^ 

Fil"-  i-'l.PS' J -'','r  t't!',!--  «"'«"  |how  ia  latitude  expressed 


ZODCI, 


The  Torrid  Zone  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  equator,  I  ^^Z  ifeT   *'"  '^°"'"^ 


between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  ihe  Tropic  of  Ca- 
pricorn. ' 

Tho  North  Temperate  Zone  lies  between  the  Tronic 
of  Cancer  and  the  Arctic  Circle. 

The  South  Temperate  Zone  lira  between  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn  and  tho  Antarctic  Circle. 

The  North  Frigid  Zone  lies  between  the  Arctic 
Circle  and  the  North  Pole. 

The  Sonth  Frigid  Zone  lies  between  the  Antarctic 
Circle  and  the  South  Pole. 

The  climate  of  the  torrid  zone  ia  always  very  warm, 
ami  that  of  tho  frigid  zones  nearly  always  cold. 

Tho  temperate  zones  are  not  subject  to  the  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold. 

POLITICAL    DIVISIONS. 

A  Country,  Kingdom,  or  Slate,  &c.,  is  any  extent 
ol  territory  under  tho  same  government. 

An  Empire  is  composed  of  several  kingdoms  or 
states  united  under  the  same  ruler,  who  ia  called  an 
Lmperor. 

The  Frontiers  of  a  country  are  Ihe  outside  portions 
or  parts  adjacent  to  its  boundaries. 

The  Capital  of  a  country  is  the  city  in  which  those 
who  administer  the  government  as.semble  or  reside. 

A  kingdom  or  stale  is  usually  divided  into  depart- 
ments, provinces,  counties,  districts,  or  parishes. 

In  many  of  the  United  Stales,  counties  are  subdi- 
vided into  towns  or  townships,  kc 


THE    WOULD    on    EARTH-AMERICA. 


WhcfB  <in««  tho  Norlli 
TuiiipiirDte  /uiie  hot 

The  South  Temperate ! 
The  North  Frigid  J 
The  South  Frigid  f 

What  it  Ihe  climate  of 
tlie  Torrid  and  Frigid 
Zunca  f 

1  le  Tenipersto  Zonei  f 


What  is  a  Country,  King 
dom,  &c.  1 

Whni  ia  an  Empiro  t 


What  are  Ihe  Frontiers  of 
a  country  I 

What  ia  tho  Capital  of  a 
country  ? 

How  is  a  kingdom  or  slate 

uaunlly  divided? 
How  ore  cuunliea  divided 

in  many  of  iho   L'nilcd 

Stales  I 


Dnisiimii.  —  The  world  maybe  considered  under 
five  gland  divisions;  viz.  — America,  Europe,  Asi:i, 
Africa,  and  Ocean'ica. 


What  are  the  grand  divi- 
sions of  the  earth  t 


Inetwrf, 


Those  parts  of  the  earth  which  lie  immediately 
around  tho  poles  are  entirely  unexplored,  in  conse- 
quence ol  their  extreme  cold,  and  the  immense  masses 
of  ice,  called  icebergs,  with  which  the  sea  is  there 
obstructed. 

Navigators  have  sailed  within  about  800  miles  of 
the  South  Pole,  and  600  miles  of  the  North  Pole,  but 
were  unable  to  approach  nearer. 


Which  parts  of  the  esrth 
are  unexplored,  and 
why! 


How  near  have  navigators 
been  to  the  poles  f 


AMERICA. 


THE  WORLD  OR  EARTH. 


The  surface  of  the  Earth  contains  nearly  !iOO  mil- 
lions of  square  miles. 

-.olinn  '"".r  """'^l'"'  ^°  '"'"'°"'  "^  «!""«  m''"*,  or 
32,000  millions  of  acres— there  being  three  times  as 
much  water  as  land. 

The  population  of  the  world  is  estimated  at  600 
millions,  or  one  person  for  every  40  acres  of  land, 
o.li  ^M""'^  "  composed  of  two  great  hemispheres, 
called  the  pslern  and  the  Western,  separated  from 
each  other  by  the  meridian  which  passes  through  the 
20th  degree  of  west  longitude  from  Greenwich,  (pro- 
nounced Gnn'idge,)  near  London. 

There  are  two  great  continents;  the  eastern  conti- 
nent, or  old  world,  containing  Asia,  Europe,  and  Africa; 
and  the  western  continent,  or  new  world,  containing 
North  and  South  America. 

The  southern  continent  is  a  large  body  of  land 
lying  m  the  Southern  Ocean,  discovered  by  Lieutenant 
Wilkes,  of  the  United  States' Navy,  in  the  year  1840 
It  IS  ice-bound,  and  entirely  unexplored. 

The  water  covers  two-thirds  of  the  northern,  and 
five-sixths  of  the  southern  hemispheres,  and  lies  in 
one  vast  body  called  the  sea,  or  ocean,  the  different 
parts  of  which  are  distinguished  by  different  names. 
,  ihere  are  five  oceans;  viz.:  the  Pacific,  the  Al- 
lan ic,  the  In  dian,  the  Arc'tic,  and  the  Antarc'tic  or 
southern  Ocean. 

The  Pacific  Ocean  is  11,000  miles  wide,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  N  E.  by  America,  S.  by  the  Southern 
Ocean,  and  N.  W.  by  Australia  and  Asia. 

The  Atlantic  Ocean  is  3000  miles  wide,  and  is 
bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  E.  by  Europe  and 
Africa,  S  by  the  Southern  Ocean,  and  W.  by  America. 
I  he  Jndian  Ocean  is  4000  miles  wide,  and  is 
bounded  N.  by  Asia,  E.  by  Australia,  S.  by  the  South- 
ern Ocean,  and  W.  by  Africa. 

The  Arc'tic  Ocean  surrounds  the  north  pole,  and  is 
bounded  S.  by  Asia,  Europe,  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
America,  and  communicates  with  the  Pacific  bv  Bhe- 
ring's  Strait.  ^ 

The  Antarctic  or  Southern  Ocean  surrounds  the 
south  pole,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Australia,  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  Africa,  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  America,  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 


How  mony  square  miles 
does  the  earth  contain  I 

How  many  doca  the  land 
contain  t 


What  ia  tho  population  of 
the  earth  t 

Of  what  two  hcmlaphercs 
ia  the  earth  compoaed, 
and  how  are  they  sepa- 
rated t 


How  many  continents  are 
there,  and  what  doca 
each  include  1 


What  ia  the  Southern  con- 
tinent r 


What  portions  of  the 
northern  and  southern 
hcmiapheree  are  covered 
by  the  water,  end  how 
does  it  lie  1 

How  many  Oceans  are 
there  t 


How  wide  ia  tho  Pacific, 
end  how  is  it  bounded  { 


The  Atlantic  I 


LanJing  of  Columbiu. 

Boundanes.  — Bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean ;  E.  by  the  Atlantic ;  S.  by  the  Southern  Ocean, 
and  W.  by  the  Pacific. 

It  contains  15  millions  of  square  miles,  and  50  mil- 
lions of  inhabitants. 

America  was  discovered  by  Christopher  Columbus, 
in  the  year  1492,  before  which  time  it  was  entirely 
unknown  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  eastern  conti- 
nent. 

Mountains.— A  range  of  mountains,  under  different 
names,  runs  the  whole  length  of  the  western  coast  of 
America,  a  distance  of  10,000  miles ;  being  the  lonjrest 
range  on  the  globe.  They  are  called  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  the  United  Slates,  the  Cordilleras  in' 
Mexico,  and  the  An'des  in  South  America. 

-Diuiiions.— America  is  divided  into  two  great  divi- 
sions, nearly  separated  by  water;  viz.  — North  Ame- 
rica and  South  America ;  between  which  lie  the  West 
In'dia  Islands. 

North  and  South  America  are  united  by  the  Isthmus 
of  Da'rien. 


The  Indian? 


Where  does  the  Arctic 
Ocean  lie,  and  how  ia  it 
bounded  7 


The  Antarctic  or  Southern 
Ocean  t 


When  Columbus  discovered  America  he  was  endea- 
vouring to  reach  the  East  Indies  by  sailing  west- 
wardly.  ° 

On  the  11th  of  October,  1492,  he  discovered  Guana- 
ham  or  Cat  Island,  and  supposing  it  to  be  one  of  the 
islam  s  of  India,  he  celled  the  inhabitants  Indians, 
which  name  was  afterwards  extended  to  all  the  abori- 
gines of  the  western  continent. 

The  name  West  Indies  was  afterwards  applied  to 
the  islands  discovered  by  Columbus,  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  islands  of  Asia,  which  were  called  the 
East  India  islands. 

Greenland  was  known  to  Europe'ans  long  before 
the  time  of  Columbus.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
discovered  by  an  Icelander,  and  settlei  ,y  colo- 
nists from  Norway  about  the  beginning  o,  the  10th 


How  ia  America  bounded  ? 


Whot  are  its  extent  and 
population  / 

When  and  by  whom  was 
It  discovered  t 


What  is  said  of  the  moun- 
tains on  the  western 
coaat,  and  what  are  their 
various  names  t 


How  is  America  divided  1 


How  ore  North  and  South 
America  united  i 

What  was  Columbus  en- 
deavouring to  do  when 
ho  discovered  America  I 

When  did  he  discover  the 
Island  of  Guanahani, 
and  why  did  he  call  the 
inhabitants  Indiana  t 


Why  was  the  name  West 
Indica  applied  to  the 
islands  diacovered  by 
Columbus  f 

What  is  said  of  Green- 
hind  t 


^k^mm 


till  ■r«  Ih*  grand  divU 
lioniof  Iha  earth  f 


iich  psrii  of  th<  earth 
re  unexplored,  and 
'hyl 


»  near  have  navigalora 
een  to  the  polei  f 


ia  America  bounded  > 


t  are  iti  extent  and 
lulation  1 

n  and  by  whom  wna 
liacovered  f 


t  ia  said  of  ihemoun- 
18  on  the  western 
lat,  and  what  are  their 
ioua  namea ! 


ia  America  divided  T 


we  North  and  South 
lerica  united  f 

was  Columbus  en- 
souring  to  do  when 
liscovercd  America  f 

I  did  he  discover  the 
nd  of  Guanahani, 
why  did  he  call  the 
bitants  Indians  { 


was  the  name  West 
ea  applied  to  the 
ids  discovered  by 
imbus  t 

is  aaid  of  Green-  [ 
I 


'W 


NOHTII    AMKUICA-UNITKD    8TATE8. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


Boundan'M.— Bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  Oroati ; 
E.  by  Ibe  Allanlic ;  S.  by  the  Oulf  of  Mexico  niul 
South  America;  S.  W.  and  VV.  by  the  '  .cific  Ocean; 
and  N.  W.  by  Uhering'a  Strait,  which  aoparatea  it  from 

It  containi  about  8,000,000  of  aquarc  milca,  and 
32,000,000  of  inhabitaiin. 

Mounlains.—T\w  Allef{ha'ny  in  the  cant,  and  the 
Rocky,  Cotdillcraa  and  Snowy  mountains  in  the  west, 
are  the  principal  rangei. 

LaJt«».— North  America  containa  the  largeal  freih 
water  lakes  in  the  world ;  the  principal  of  which  are 
Slave  Uke,  Lake  Winnipeg,  Supe  rior,  Huron,  Michi- 
gan', E'rie,  and  Onta'rio. 

Bay$  and  G«//j.— Baffin's  and  (Ind'son's  Bays  m 
the  N.,  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law'rence  in  the  N.  E.,  and 
the  Gulfs  of  Mexico  and  Califor'nia  in  the  S.,  are  the 
principal. 

The  Oulf  Stream  it  •  current  in  the  ocean,  pro- 
ceeding with  a  velocity  varying  from  1 J  to  4  or  6 
miles  an  hour  along  the  American  coast,  from  the 
Oulf  of  Mexico  to  Newfoundland',  where  it  turns  to 
the  east,  and  is  finally  lost  in  the  Ocean. 

Dwisionn.—The  grand  divisions  of  North  America 
are,  Britinh  America,  the  United  States,  Mexico,  and 
Ouatimala  {Oau-le-mar'-la).  Greenland,  in  the  N.  E., 
belonging  to  Den  mark,  and  the  Kussian  Possessions, 
in  the  N.  VV.,  are  cold  and  desolate  regions,  of  but 
little  importance. 

The  northern  ports  of  N.  America  are  excessively 
cold  and  barren,  and  have  not  been  fully  explored 


How  Is    Noith  Aimrlct 
bounded  I 


What  Rr«  ill  sxleni  and 
pupiitntion  f 

Which  MR  llio  prinrinsi 
miiiioi  ol'  iiiuuiiiaini  i 

What  ii  uid  of  iu  Iskri, 
and  which  are  the  prin- 
cipal t 


UMITBD    STATUS. 


I 


bays  and 


I  the  pri 
gulfs  f 


What  ia  aald  of  the  Oult 
Btroam  t 


What  arc  the  diviaiona  of 
North  America  I 


What  ia  aaid  of  ihe  north 
ern  parta  of  N.  Ame- 
rica 1 


\mtt*. 


When  discovered,  N.  America  was  inhabited  by 
numerous  tribes  of  ladians,  many  of  whom  still  re- 
main. , 

Most  of  these  Indians  are  savoge,  ignorant,  and  su- 
perstitious. They  subsist  chiefly  by  hunting  and  fish- 
ing, and  frequently  make  war,  and  commit  depredations 
upon  each  other.  „   .  r. 

Those  inhabiting  the  itorthem  parts,  are  called  Es- 
quimaux (Es'-ke-mo).  They  differ  very  much  from 
the  others,  being  short  and  thick  in  stature,  and  mild 
in  disposition. 

The  present  population  of  N.  America  consists  ot 
whites,  negroes,  Indians,  and  the  mixed  races.  The 
whites  are  rapidly  increasing  in  number,  while  the  In- 
dians are  not  so  numerous  as  formerly. 

The  whites  are  all  either  Europe'ans  or  their  de- 
scendanU ;  the  negroes  were  brought  originally  from 
Africa;  and  the  Indians  are  the  native  inhabitants  of 
the  country. 

The  mixed  raced  consitt  of  Mulattoas,  or  descenU- 
anto  of  whites  and  negroes ;  Mestizoes,  or  descendants 
of  whites  and  Indians ;  and  Zamboes,  or  descendanU 
of  Indians  and  negroes.  ,  „  .  .  , 

Protestantism*  prevails  in  the  U.  States  and  British 
Possessions,  ond  the  Catholic'  religion  in  31exJco  and 
Ouatimala. 


By  whom  was  N.  Ame- 
rica inhabited  at  the  time 
of  ila  discovery  t 

What  ia  the  atate  of  theae 
Indians! 


What  is  aaid  of  thoae 
who  inhabit  the  north- 
ern parta  t 


Of  what  does  the  preaent 
population  consiat  t 


Who  are  the  whitea,  &,c.t 


Of  what  do   the    mixed 
races  conaiat  1 


What  are  the  prevailing 
religions  T 


■  See  General  Views,  p.  74,  article  "Religion." 


PmIuKmo  «  Ii«l-l»i»tan<» 

The  United  States  were  formerly  colonies  of  Great  1 
Briwin,  thirteen  in  number,  but  on  the  4th  of  July, 
1770,  they  dcclnred  thcniacives  independent.  Aided 
by  France,  thi-y  defeated  nl!  Iforts  to  conquer  them; 
and  in  1783  their  indepciu  -e  was  acknowledged  by 
Great  Britain.  They  now  n.rin  one  of  the  most  com- 
mercial and  powerful  nations  on  the  globe. 

Louisiana,  and  all  lli«'  country  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, except  Texas  and  California,  were  purchased  of 
France  in  1803,  for  16,000,000  of  dollars. 

Uoundarie*.  — Bounded  N.  by  British  America;  E. 
by  New  Brunswick  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  S.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Mexico;  and  W.  by  Mexico  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  United  Stales  contain  nearly  8,000,000  of 
square  miles,  and  more  than  20,000,000  of  inliabit- 
anU,  besides  about  300,000  Indians. 

Mounlains,  .^c— The  Alleghany  or  Appala'chian 
Mountains  divide  the  waters  which  fall  into  the  At- 
lantic from  those  which  fall  into  the  Mississippi. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  are  the  loftiest  in  the  United 
States,  and  divide  the  waters  which  fall  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  those  which  fall  into  the  Pacific. 

Between  these  two  ranges  of  mountains  lies  the 
(treat  Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Gulfs  and  Bays.— The  Gulf  of  Mexico  washes  the 
southern  coast  of  the  United  Slates. 

Massachu'setts,  Del'awaie  and  Ches'apeoke,  ore  the 

principal  boys.  „    ,.,  .    t^  •         ■  /-. 

Lakes.  —  Superior,  Huron,  St.  Clair,  Erie,  and  On- 
tario, lie  between  the  United  States  and  Canada  West. 

Lake  Michigan  communicates  with  Loke  Huron  by 
the  L'.rait  of  Mock'inaw.  ,      .  ., 

Loke  Chomploin'  lies  between  Vermont  and  New 
York,  ond  discharges  its  wotera  into  the  St.  Uwrence 
by  the  Sorelle  river.  ,  „     ... 

.SoumI*.  — Long  Wond,  Albemarle',  and  Pamlico, 
are  the  principal  sounds. 

Jli„ers.—The  Mississippi  discharges  the  waters  ot 
the  Mississippi  Valley  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Fol- 
lowing the  Missouri  branch,  it  is  the  longest  river  in 

the  world.  .„,.,,  /^,  •>        j 

lu  great  bronches  are  the  Red,  Ark  ansae,  Ohi  o,  and 

Missouri  ,         ,      „.    .    •     ■  u  r 

The  Missouri  is  larger  than  the  Mississippi  before 
their  junction,  but  loses  its  name,  because  it  changes 
its  course,  while  tiie  Mississippi  preserves  its  former 

The  Tennessee',  Cum'berland  and  Wabash  ( Wau'- 
bask,)  empty  into  the  Ohio.  .  .    ,   , 

The  St.  Mary's  unites  Lake  Superior  with  Lake 

St.  Clair's  River  unites  Loke  Huron  with  Lake  St. 

The  Detroit'  unites  Lake  St.  Clair  with  Lake  Erie. 

Lake  Erie  is  united  to  Lake  Ontario  by  Niagara 
River,  famous  for  its  falls.  ^  ^  ^ 

The  St.  Lawrence  distharges  the  -sraicrs  in  xja&e 
Ontario  into  the  Oulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

The  Columbia  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 


What  iH  aaid  of  the  United 
Hialea  t 


How  and  when  were  Lou- 
iaiana  and  the  counirjr 
wcat  of  the  Mieaiaeippi 
obloini'd  ? 

Hnw  are  the  United  Stales 
bounded  I 


What  are  their  extent  and 
population  1 

What  ia  aaid  of  Ihe  Alle- 
ghany mountaina  f 

The  Rocky  mountains  t 


What  liea  between  theae 
ranges  1 

What    gulf  washea    the 

aouthern  cooat 1 
Which  are  the  principal 

bays  t 

What  lakes  lie  between 
the  United  States  and 
Canada  West  f 

What  is  aaid  of  Lake 
Michigan  1 

Lako  Champlaint 


Which  are  the  principal 
Sounds  t 

Whot  is  said  of  the  Mis- 
eiaeippi  river! 


Which    are    its    great 
branches ! 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Mis- 
souri ? 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Ohio? 

What  doea  the  St.  Mary's 
unite  ? 

The  St.  Clair's  f 

The  Detroit  I 

How  is  Lake  Erie  onlled 

.  to  Lake  Ontario? 

Wh»t   i«  aaid  of  the  St. 

Lawrence  ( 
Where  does  the  Cotanbia 

fallft 


30 


20. 


Plains,  Ac— That  portion  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
lyine  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
abounds  in  plains  calleil  Prairies.  These  prairies  are 
nearly  destitute  of  trees,  but  are  covered  with  high 
grass,  on  which  subsist  vast  herds  of  buflaloes ;  besides 
deer,  and  other  game. 


What  pari  (if  llio  Uiiiied 
SmtKs  iilxjuiijj  in  priii- 
rios,  iinil  wimt  is  snid  of 
tliuin  { 


Prairis  OQ  Fira 

The  country  along  the  coast  from  New  York  to 
Mexico,  and  extending  to  the  base  of  the  mounto.ns 
is  generally  flat  and  sandy,  and  frequently  marshy  and 

""Da.l«^«.— The  territory  of  the  United  States  iu- 
cludes  30  states,  1  district,  and  0  territories.  Ihese 
may  be  divided  into  5  divisions;  viz.— Ist,  the  fcaslern 
or  Northern,  2d,  the  Middle,  3d,  the  Southern,  and  4  th, 
the  Western  States;  and  5th,  the  WesternTerritor.es. 


Eastern  or  A>« 
EngUmi  Statu. 

Maine. 
•N.  IlHiiip'flhire. 

Vf^rniont'. 
*Ma99arhii'Belt». 
•  Khodi!  Island. 
•C'onnect'lcut. 


Middle  Slates. 


•New  York-. 
•\ew  Jer'apy. 
•  Pennaylva'uia. 
•.Od'aware. 
♦Ma'rylanil. 
Oistrirt    of   Co- 
lum'bia. 


Southern  Stales.      ircstem  States. 


What  is  said  of  the  coun- 
try along  the  coast  1 


How  many  states,  &c.,  do 
the  United  States  in- 
clude, and  how  are  these 
divided  ? 


The  St.  Johns  forms  part  of  the  northern  boundary 
of  this  state,  and  passes  into  New  Brunswick. 

7W»w.  — Portland,  on  Cusco  Bay,  is  liie  largest 
town  in  Maine.  It  has  a  line  harbor,  and  is  one  ol  Iho 
most  commercial  cities  in  New  England. 

Caslino',  Belfast,  and  Camden,  on  Penobscot  Bay. 
Thom'aston  on  St.  George's  River,  \•^  miles  Irora 
the  sea,  is  famous  for  its  exportation  of  lime. 

Ban'gor,  on  Penobscot  River,  is  noted  for  Us  exten- 
sive trade  in  lumber. 

Bristol,  on  the  Damarisoot'ta. 
Wiscas'set,  on  the  Sheepscot. 
Bath,  Gard'iner,  Hall'owell,  Augus'la,  Watervdle,  the 
seat  of  WaterviUe  College,  and  Norridgewock,  on  the 
Kennebec.     Augusta  is  the  seat  of  government. 
Saco,  on  Saco  River,  3  miles  from  Us  moulh. 
Brunswick,  on   the  Androscoggin,  is    the   scat  ol 
Bowdoin  College.  .     .      ,      „  iv     r 

Wells  and  York,  on  the  Atlantic,  in  the  S.  W.  ol 

Maine. 

Machias,  on  Machias  Bay. 

Easlport,  on  Moose  Island,  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay. 

The  northern  portion  of  Maine  is  thinly  settled,  but 
abounds  in  lumber,  of  which  large  quantities  are  an- 
nually exported.  , 

The  northern  boundary  was  for  many  years  a  sub- 
ject of  dispute  with  Great  Britain;  but  m  1842  the 
present  line  was  agreed  upon  and  established. 


The  Si.  Johns  T 


Whore  is   Portland, 
what  is  said  of  it  t 


and 


What  towns  are  on  Pc- 
nnbn-ot  Bay  1  , 

Where  isTliomastnn.and  i 
what  is  said  of  it  t  ' 

Bangor  t 

Where  ia  Bristol  I 

WiacnSBCt  1 

What  towns  are  on  tho 
Kennebec,  and  which  ia 
the  scat  of  government ! 

Where  is  Saco  f 
What  is  said  of  Bruns- 
wick? 

What  towns  are  on  the 
Atlantic? 

Where  is  Machias  ? 

Easlport  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  north- 
ern portion  of  Maine  ? 

What  of  tho  northern 
boundary  I 


•Vircin'ia. 
♦  North  Cnroli'na. 
•South  Carolina. 
♦Geor'jiia. 

Flor'iila. 

,\lnIinio'a. 

Migttisslp'pi. 

l/niif>iati'a. 

Tei'aa. 


Michigan'. 

Wiwon'siii. 

Ohi'o. 

ludian'a. 

Illinois'. 

KMiUick'y. 

Tennessee'. 

I'owa. 

Missou'ri. 

Arkan'sas. 


If.  Territories. 


Miiiiso'lah  Terr. 
Misson'ri  Terr, 
iii'dian  Territory 
Or'ejron  Terr. 
California. 
New  iMex'ico. 


NBW  HAMPSBXRI1-* 


TbOM  marked  with  an  aalerisk  (•)  are  the  thirteen  original  .lalel  or 
ooloniea. 


What    are    tho    Eastern 
Stales? 

The  Middle  States  ? 

The  Southern  States  ? 

The  Western  Slates?         I 

The  Western  Territories? 

The    thirteen    original 
Slates  or  Colonies  ? 


Wtiile  Mountains 


NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


MAXNB. 

Bmjnrfaries.— Bounded  N.  by  Canada  East;  R  by 
New  Brunswick  ;  S.  by  the  Atlantic ;  and  W.  by  INew 
Hampshire  and  Canaila  East.  ,  .      ,«  nrm 

It  is  divided  into  13  counties,  and  contains  30,000 

square  miles.  .     .    i     r 

JBaw.  — Maine  abounds  in  bays,  the  prmcipal  ol 

which  are,  Passamaquoddy,  RIachias,  French  man  s, 

Penobscot,  and  Casco. 

Capes.— Small  Point,  Eliz'abeth,  and  Porpoise,  are 

the  principal  capes.  ,      ,    w, 

I^cs.— The  cliief  lakes  are  Chesuii  cook.  Moose- 
head,  Schoodic,  Umbagog  and  Sebago. 

Islands.  — The  islands  are  very   numerous,      the 
principal  are  Mount  Desert,  Deer,  Long,  and  Fox. 

Hirers— The  Penobscot  falls  into  Pniobscol  Bay. 
1     The  Kennebec'  and  Saco  {Sau'ko)  fall  into  tlie  At- 

The  Androscog'gin  and  Sebas'ticook  fall  into  the 

Kennebec.  .     r  .i  „ 

The    St    OroiK  ( Saini    Crnij .)  forms   part  ol   the 

boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick,  and 

falls  into  Passamaquoddy  Bay. 
The  Salmon  Falls  flows  between  Maine  and  New 

Hampshire,  and  falls  into  the  Piscafaqiia^ 


How  is  Maine  bounded? 

Into  how  many  counties 
ia  it  divided,  and  how 
many  square  miles  docs 
it  contain  ? 

What  is  aaid  of  its  bays, 
niitl  which  are  the  prin- 
cipal? 

Which  are  the  principal 
capes  ?  I 

The  chief  lakes  ? 
The  principal  islands  ? 

Where  docs  tho  Penob- 
scot fall  ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  Iho 
Atlantic  ? 

What  inlo  the  Kennebec? 

What  is  said  of  the  St. 
Cioii  t 


The  Salmon  Falls  ? 


Boimdane*.— Bounded  N.  by  Canada  East;  E.  by 
Maine  and  the  Atlantic;  S.by  Massachu'setts ;  and  W. 
by  Connecticut  (Con-Jie«'-e-cuO  River,  which  separates 
it  from  Vermont. 

It  is  divided  into  10  counties,  and  contains  tJSOU 

square  miles.  .    .    ^t     l  ^ 

Mountains.— ^t\t  to  Black  Mountain  in  North  Ca- 
rolina, the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  are 
the  highest  in  the  United  States,  east  of  the  Mississippi 

The  highest  peaks  are  Mt.  Washington,  Moosehil- 
lock,  and  Grand  Monadnoc;  the  first  of  which  is  co- 
vered with  snow  ten  months  in  the  year. 

The  Notch  is  a  wild  and  romantic  pass  in  the 
While  Mountains,  only  22  feet  wide  in  its  narrowest 

'"*Lntes.— Umbagog,  which  lies  partly  in  Maine,  and 
Ossipee,  Squam,  and  Winnipiseo'gee,  are  the  principal 

Rivers.— The  Connecticut  rises  in  the  northern  part 
of  this  state,  and  flows  between  it  and  Vermont. 

The  Ashuelot  and  Ammonoosuck  fall  into  the  Con- 
necticut. .  , 

The  Mer'rimack  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  tlie 
Winnipiseogee  and  Pemigewasset,and  running  through 
the  N.  E.  corner  of  Maosaciiusetu,  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic. -  ,,    .  L     »i       • 

The  Nashua  and  Contoocook  fall  tnto  the  Merri- 

The  Piscataqua  forms  part  of  the  boi^dary  between 
Maine  and  New  Hanip9liiiu,aiid  falis  iiMO  the  Atlantic. 
The  Androscoggin  and  Saco  pass  info  Maine. 


How  is  New  Hampshire 
hounded  I 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  does  it  con- 
tain ?  , 

What  is  said  of  iho  While 
mountains  ? 


Which    are    tho    highest 
peaks  ? 

WhatissaidoftheNotch?  1. 


Which  ore  the  principal 
lakes  ? 


What  is  said  of  Connecti- 
cut river  ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  it  t 

What  is  said  of  the  Mer- 
rimack? 


What  rivers  fall  inlo  it  ? 

What  is  eai(}  of  the  Pis- 

cata(l'Jn  ? 
What    rivers    pass    into 

Maine  ? 


'  New  Ilamp'iher. 


44  ■ 


43:' 


14 


VERMONT  — MASSACHUSETTS. 


Toicns.  —  Porls'moutli,  oi>  the  Piscalaqun,  3  miles 
from  its  mouth,  is  the  only  seaport  in  the  state.  It 
na»  a  fine  harbor,  and  connins  o  V.  States'  navy  yard. 

Nashua  and  Con'cord,  on  the  Merrimacii,  the  latter 
of  which  is  the  seal  of  government. 

Am'herst,  on  u  Lmnch  of  the  Merrimack. 

Exeter,  on  Ex.  r  Kiver,and  Dover,  on  the  Cochcco, 
both  branches  of  the  Piscataqua. 

Wal'pole,  Hanover,  the  f.eat  of  Dartmouth  College, 
and  Haverliill,  on  the  Connecticut. 

Keene,  on  the  Ashuelot. 


New  Hampshire  has  only  18  miles  of  sea-coast. 
It  abounds  in  granite,  from  which  circumstance  it  is 
known  as  the  "Granite  Stale." 

This  state  is  much  visited  in  the  summer  season,  on 
account  of  lis  romantic  and  beautiful  mountain  and 
lake  scenery. 

VBRMONT. 


Wliut   is  aaid 
mouth  ? 


of   Ports. 


VVh»t  towns  on  the  M«r 
riniBck  t 

Where  is  Amherst  1 

What  two  towns  ore  on 
bmnchos  of  the  Pisca- 
taqua? 

What  towns  on  the  Con- 
necticut > 

Where  is  Keene  f 


'. .  hat  IS  said  of  the  gea- 
eoast,  4,0,  of  N.  Hamp- 
shire > 

Why  do  persons  visit  this 
state,  &c.  t 


MASSAOBUSBTTS, 


Rafting  oa  Uka  Chunplom, 

Boundaries.— Bounded  N.  by  Canaila  East ;  E.  by 

Connecticut  River ;  S.  by  Massachusetts,  and  W.  bv 

New  York.  ' 

It  is  divided  into  14  counties,  and  contains  0000 

sq'iare  miles. 

^Mountains.  — The  Green  Moimtains,  from  which 
Vermont  takes  its  name,*  extend  through  the  state 
from  north  to  south. 

Lakes.  —  Lake  Charaplain'  lies   between  Vermont 
and  New  York. 

Lake  Memphremagog'  lies  partly  in  Vermont  and 
j  partly  in  Canada. 

/s/ands. —  North  and  South  Ile'ro  Islands  lie  in 
Lake  Champlain. 

Rivers. — The  Connecticut  forms  the  eastern  boun- 
dary. 

The  West,  White,  and  Pasumsic  fall  into  the  Con- 
necticut. 

Missisqup,  Lamoille',  Onion,  and  Otter  Creek  fall 
into  Lake  Champlain. 

Tmms.  —  Montpe  lier,  on  Onion  River,  is  the  seat 
of  government. 

Vergennes,  Middlebury,  the  seat  of  Middlebury 
College,  and  Rutland,  on  Otter  Creek. 

Burlington,  on  Lake  Champlain,  is  the  largest  town 
in  the  Slate,  and  contains  Vermont  University. 
St.  Al'bans,  near  Like  Champlain. 
Brat'tleborough,  Windsor,  and   Norwich,   on    the 
Connecticut. 

Wood'stock  and  Ben'nington  are  inland  towns;  the 
latter  of  which  is  situated  in  theS.W.  corner  of  the  Slate, 
and  is  famed  for  the  victory  gained  over  the  Britisii  by 
the  Americans  under  Gener^  Stark,  in  the  year  1777. 

The  soldiers  of  Vermont  became  very  celebrated 
during   the   RevoUijiionary  war,  under  the   name   of 


•-'■/" 


*  Verd,  green,  and  mont,  mountain. 


How  is  Vermont  bounded  1 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  does  it  eon- 
tain  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Green 
mountains  ? 

Where  does  Lake  Cham- 
plain lie  ? 

Lake  Memphremagog  T 

What  islands  lie  in  Lake 
Champlain  ? 

What  river  forms  the  east- 
ern boundary  t 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Connecticut  ? 

What,  into  L.  Champlain? 

Where  is  Montpelier,  and 
what  is  said  of  it  1 

What  towns  are  on  Otter 
Creek  t 

Where  is  Burlington  ? 

St.  Albonsf 

What  towns  on  the  Con- 
necticut f 

What  two  inland  towns  1 


What  is  said  of  the  sol- 
diers of  Vermont  during 
the  Revolution! 


Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  Vermont  and  New 
Hampshire;  E.  by  the  Atlantic;  S.  by  the  Atlantic, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut;  and  W.  by  Rhode 
Island  and  New  York. 

It  is  divided  into  14  counties,  and  contains  7800 
square  miles. 

Mountains.  —  A  continuation  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains, under  the  name  of  the  Hoosick  Mountains, 
crosses  the  western  part  of  the  state. 

Mt.  Wachusett,  Mt.  Ilolyoke,  and  Ml.  Tom,  are  ele- 
vated peaks  about  the  centre  of  the  state. 

Saddle  Mountain,  in  the  N.  W.  corner,  is  the  highest 
peak  in  the  state. 

Bays.  —  Massachusetts,  Boston,  Plym'outh,  Cape 
Cod  or  Barnstable,  and  Buzzard's,  are  the  priucipaJ 
bays. 

Capes.— Cape  Ann,  Cape  Cod,  Cape  Malabar,  Sandy 
Pomt,  Cape  Poge,  and  Gfcy  Head,  are  the  principal. 

Islands.  —  The  most  important  islands  are  Nan- 
tuck'et,  Martha's  Vineyard,  aiul  the  Elize.belh  Islands. 

Rivers. — The  Connecticut  flows  through  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  state. 

The  Westfield,  Chickapee',  Deerfield,  and  Miller's, 
fall  into  the  Connecticut. 

The  Merrimack  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  state. 

The  Concord  foils  into  the  Merrimack. 

The  Charles  falls  into  Boston  Bay. 

The  Taunton,  Blackstone  or  Pawtocket,  and  Housa- 
tonic,  rise  in  this  state. 

Towns. — Charlestown  and  Boston,  on  Boston  Bay, 
the  latter  of  which  is  the  capital,  and,  next  to  New 
York,  the  most  commercial  city  in  the  ,United  Slates. 

Boston  is  famed  for  its  literary  and  charitable  insti- 
tutions, and  for  the  number  and  beauty  of  its  public 
buildings. 

Charlestown  is  not^d  for  its  Bunker  Hill  Monument, 
erected  in  corrajnemoration  of  the  battle  fought  here 
during  the  Revoltjfiionary  w«V. 

Cambridge  (Came'-bridge),  3  miles  N.  W.  of  Bos- 
ton, is  celebrated  for  its  university,  the  oldest  in  the 
United  States. 

Gloucester  (GW-<er),  on  Cape  Ann,  is  noted  for 
being  largely  engaged  in  the  cod-lisliery. 


How    is    Massachusetts 
bounded  ? 


How  many  counties  and 
i<i|iiare  miles  does  it  con- 
lain  I 

What  mountains  cross  the 
western  part  of  the  stalet 

What  peaks  about  the 
centre  ? 

Where  is  Saddle  moun- 
tain 7 

Which  are  the  principal 
buys? 


The  principal  capes  J 

The  most  important  isl- 
ands ? 

What  is  said  of  Connecti- 
cut river? 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Connecticut  ? 

Where  does  the  Merrimac 
fall  ? 

What  river  foils  into  the 
Merrimac  ? 

What  falls  into  Boston 
Boy? 

Wlmt  rivers  rise  in  Mas- 
sachusetts ? 

What  towns    on    Boston 
'  Boy? 

What  is  said  of  Boston  t 
What  of  Charlestown  1 


Mfhat  of  Cambridge  1 

\ 
What  of  Gloucester  f 


Whale  Fijihery. 


Mmliii 


iw    is    Mossachusetla 
bounded  ? 


iW  many  counties  and 

•cjiiare  niilea  does  it  con- 

nin? 

hat  mountains  cross  the 

rcstern  part  ot  tlie  slate? 

hot    peaks    about    the 
entre  1 

licre  is  Saddle  moun- 
ain  ? 

hit'h  are  the  principal 
layaf 

e  principal  capea  f 

0  most  important  isl- 
nds  I 

lat  is  said  of  Connecti- 
ut  river  ? 

ml  rivers  fall  into  the 
'onneelicut  ? 

lere  does  the  Merrimac 

ill  I 

lai  river  falls  into  the 

lerrimac  ? 

at    i'alls    into  Boston 

ayf 

lal  rivers  rise  in  Mu- 

ichusetls  1 

at  towns    on    Boston 
ay? 

at  is  said  of  Boston  t 


at  of  Charlestown  t 
at  of  Cambridge  t 
It  of  Glouceirert 


Barnstable,  on  Cape  Cod  Bfcr. 

Pillsfield,  on  the  Housatonic. 

Concord,  on  Concord  River 
Ipswich  and  Andover,  in  the  INT  P  „=,.    r  ,u 
U^e  latter  of  which  is  ^o^^^rl^a^^^ ^^1 

of  the  fif  °  b'aule  be°ieen'  he'7  ""''''  "'  ">«  «''^"« 
dunng  the  revolutiot^warrfothTin^Lrd'  S' "' 

Amherst,  near  the  centre  of  the  slate  ami  W  ir 
'0-.  -n  the  N.  VV.  corner,  are  n^t^athei;:^^- 

'H^tl-o^TSZt^^i^^-^-- 

the  world  "'"  ^''^'"y  "  ^^'^'^  'he  rest  of 

oi'sSirt^retn'oTtf  ""^.P"P"'«'«''  """'  -y 
i.ants  to  every  "qtmSe''  '""«  ^''°"'  ^"»  '""ab"- 

RBODB  ZSKAND. 


M^£:^_[£f^AN£_c  O  N  N  E  C  T I C  U  T . 


What  towns  are  on  Mas 
sachusetts  Bay  ? 

What  is  said  of  Plymouth? 

Whero  is  Barnstable  f 
What  two  towns  are  ex- 

tensivcly  engaged  in  the 

whale  hshcry  f 

What  towns  are  on  Taun- 
ton  river  ? 

What  on  the  Connecticut  ?  I 


Where  is  Pittsficld  ? 

What  towns  are  on  the 
Merrimack  ? 

Where  is  Concord  ? 

^•if'   'owns    are  in  the 
north-eastern  part  f 


ooBrxraoTzoirT. 


Where  is  Worcester? 
Whatsis  said  of  Lexing, 


What  two  towns  are  noted 
lor  Iheir  colleges  ? 

What  is  said  of  Massa- 
chuscits  ? 

What  ia  said  of  its  ship- 
ping, &.C.  I  *^ 

What  of  the  density  of 
the  population  ? 


Island 


NafraSe";;!';  ^'""'°"   "'"^  P-^'^ence  fall  i„.o 
the'ptvScf '' ""'  ^''"""='''^'  -  Seekonk,  fall  i„,o 

Island  Sound.  ""e-"cut,  and  falls  into  Long 

Nol7on:7umTodel7'r  ^T^'"^"""  River,  and 
governmer  '''"'"''  "''  ''"^"'a'ely  the  seLts  of 

nore^Si::  ixinsii:?''  ^^°""  ^"'--'y'  -''  i^ 
cotton  and  voXriV,  '=""""«"='^'  and  the  nnmerous 
ilsvicinit;,    "°""'  '""°""*  «""«'«d  in  the  city  and  ' 

Newport  is  much  resorted  to  in  .ho  = 
-^-ntofit.healtl£^;:^Jr-;;-r, 

".e'S:'f  It dH,"r„"'='r''  -  P-^'-'^^t  Rive, 
"  noted  for  its  mifle^J:;''^  '"  ^^'--'='"-'t',  and' 
«--.  •'oautifully  s_iu;aMon  Narraganse.t  Bay.        Where  is  Bristol  ? 


'How    is     Rhodi 
hounded  ) 

ilow  many  counties  and 
[■quaro  miles  does  it  con- 
tain ? 

What  bay  is  in  this  state? 

Whatsis  the  only  cape  of 

What  islands  lie  in  Nar- 
raganaeit  Hay? 

Where  is  Block  Island? 
What  rivers  fall  into  Nar 
ragansett  Bay  ? 

Into  the  Providence  river? 

What  is  said  of  the  Paw- 
caiuck? 

What  towns  are  alter- 
naiely  ,he  seals  of Ty 
ernnient  ?  * 

'''d'ence?  "'"    "'  ^™-- 


Yale  College. 

Rhfr£atd"""s^r?'''^;'!y'"''«'''''''>"selts;E.by 
New  York.     '  ^^  ^^  ^°"^  '"'«"''  Sound,  and  'vV.  by 

square  mdef  '"'"  ''^'"  •=°""''«'  ""d  contains  4750 
H~;^h.:'l-J,ffi^  Co-necticnt,  - 

SQSi^!-S-^--mes. 

T  e  rarmmgton  falls  into  the  Connec  jcuf 

of  VVesIeyan  UilerttVtV.r'  ^^',""'='"'^"'  "'^  ^''a' 
tl.e  Connecticm  ^'^^'"""'''^'''  ""''  Hartford,  on 

College.     ^'  celebrated  as  the  seat  of  Yule 

of  "Sri::."  ""'^  """"  «-  ""-"'"e'y  the  seats 


How    is    Connecticut 
bounded  ? 

How  many  counties  and 

square  miles  does  it  con- 
tain ? 

^^i*"?'  TS"  •"""  in'"  Long 
Island  Sound  ? 

What  two  rivers  form  the 

1  names  ? 
Where  does  the   Quine- 

baugfall/ 
The  Farmington  ? 
Ihe  Naugaluck? 
What  towns   are  on  the 

Lonneclicut  ? 

Where  is  New  Haven? 


Newport  ? 


What  to«;ns  are  on  Paw. 
tucket  river  ? 


very  generally  TJsedlmtg  Se  ^jfe.^'""'""  '^ 
GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES 

sJ«isterh;fS:v^:;c"o"d^'^"i^-^-'.^'-^'''-') 

'-ally  very  ferule,  bnUsVelltl.l'  ted""  '^  ""'  - 

and  extensive  manufactures*  "■"'  *'>"""« 

colrce%"'lS:tSV'^  ^"^"'^-'>'  -^«Sed  in 

of  ?::mttti:tsri,nme  "=^"^"'  ^>'«'- 

cat^d  population.  enterprising  and  edu- 

*See  General  Views   d  to  ...•  i 

_!f!l£!!lf!ivil^^;  ?f;  a'r"ict  ■ 


What  two  towns  are  alter- 
nately the  seats  of  gov- 
ernment ?  ' 

VVlint  towns  are  an  the 
'names? 

On  Long  Island  Sound* 
Where  is  Farmington  f 
What  inland  towns  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  com- 
mon  school  system  of 
Connecticut  J 


What   Is  said  of  the  cli. 
mate  and  soil  of  New 
t.ngland? 

Which  of  these  states  are 

tamed  for  their  manufac- 
turea? 

Which  for  commerce  and 
ttie  hsheriea  ? 

For  what  is  New  England 
celebrated  ?  "     " 


amo  the  New  Enal„n^  a ...     .  ""'■«nU     aiflftS. 


Hote  ttate,  r^speclivel^  1     1?  h       ""  l'«">iiihre  and  Vei-mnnt   „.     ■■'^      ■   "'  """'  •"  Con- 


NKW    YORK  — NEW    JERSEY. 


MIDDLE  STATES. 
NIIW  YORK. 


Southern  part  of  New  York  City. 


BounJari«s.— Bounded  N.  W.  and  N.  by  Lake  On- 
tario, the  St.  Lawrence  River,  u..d  Canada  East ;  E.  by 
Vermont,  Massachusetlf,  and  Connecticut ;  S.  by  the 
Atlantic,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania ;  and  W.  by 
Pennsylvania,  Lake  Erie,  and  Niagara  River. 

It  is  divided  into  5U  counties,  and  contains  47,000 
square  miles. 

MoutitaiTu.— The  Adiron'dack  or  Mohegan  Moun- 
tains in  'he  northern  part  of  the  slate,  and  the  High- 
lands on  the  east,  and  the  Cutskill  Mountains  on  the 
west  of  Hudson  River,  are  the  principal  mountains. 

Lakes.  —  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake  Erie  lie  between 
New  York  and  Canada  West.  . 

Onei'da,  Ononda'ga,  Skaneat'eles,  Owas'co,  Cayu'ga, 
Sen'eca,  Crooked,  and  Canandai'gua,  communicate  with 
Lake  Ontario  by  Oswego  River. 

Lake  Champlain  lies  between  Vermont  and  New 
York. 

Lake  George  communicates  with  Lake  Champlain. 
Lake  Chautau'que  lies  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  state, 
and  communicates  with  Alleghany  River. 

Ca;«!.  — Montauk  Point,  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Long  island,  is  the  only  cape  of  note. 

Islands.  —  The  principal  islands  are  Long  Island, 
Msnhal'tan  Island,  Stat'en  Island,  Fisher's  Island  at 
the  eastern  entrance  of  Long  Island  Sound,  and  Grand 
Island  in  Niagara  River. 

Rivers.— The  Hudson  or  North  River  falls  into  the 
AtlanUc.  It  IS  remarkable  for  its  straigl.tness,  and  is 
celebrated  for  its  beautiful  scenery. 

The  Walkill  and  Mohawk  fall  into  the  Hudson. 
The  Saranac  falls  into  Lake  Champlain. 
The  Si.  lAwrence  issues  from  Lake  Ontario,  and 
flows  between  New  York  and  Canada  West. 

The  Racket,  Grass,  and  Oswegatch'ie  fall  into  the 
St.  Lawrence. 

The  Black,  Oswe'go,  and  Genesee'  fall  into  Lake 
Ontano. 

The  Niagara  discharges  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie 
into  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  famous 
cataract,  160  feet  in  height. 


How  is  N.  York  bounded  1 


How  manjr  counties  nnd 
eq^uare  miles  does  it  con- 
tain I 

Which  ore  the  principal 
mountains  1 


New  York  is  supplied  with  water  brought  a  distance 
of  40  miles  by  the  Croton  Aqueduct. 

Brooklyn  is  a  largo  city  on  East  River,  opposite  to 
the  city  of  New  York. 

Sagg  Harbor,  in  the  E.  of  Long  Island. 

VVest  Poin^  Newburg,  Pouglikcepsie  (Po-Mp'-seeX 
Catskill,  Hudson,  Albany, Troy,  and  Lansingburg, on 
the  Hudson. 


How  is  it  supplied  with 
woier  > 

Wlicro  is  Rrooklynf 

Sngg  Harbor  f 

Wliot  towns  on  the  Hud- 
son  t 


What  lakes  lio  between 
New  York  ond  Conado 
Wcstf 

What  lakes  communicate 
with  h.  Ontario  by  Os- 
wego River? 

Where  does  L.  Champlain 
lier 

What  lake  communicates 

with  it  f 
Where  is  L.  Chautauque  f 

Where  is  Montauk  Point  J 

Which  ore  the  principol 
islands  t 


What  is  said  of  the  Hud- 
son or  North  River  I 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 

Hudson? 
Where  docs  the  Soranac 

fall? 
What  is  said  of  the  St. 

Lawrence  ? 
What  rivers  fall  into  the 

St.  Lawrence  ? 

What  into  L.  Ontario? 

What  is  said  of  the  Nio' 
goral 


Wmt  Point. 


West  Point  is  noted  as  containing  the  U.  States' 
Military  Academy. 

Albany  is  the  seat  of  government,  and  a  place  of 
great  trade.  It  is  connected  with  Boston  by  a  railroad, 
with  Lake  Champlain  by  a  canal,  and  with  Buffalo  by 
a  railroad,  and  also  by  the  celebrated  Erie  Canal. 

Saratoga  and  Balls'ton,  near  Hudson  River,  are  fa- 
mous for  their  mineral  waters.  Saratoga  is  also  noted 
as  the  place  near  which  the  British  armv,  under  Gen- 
era Burgoyne,  were  taken  prisoners  by  the  Americans 
under  General  Gates,  October,  1777. 

Schenectady,  U'tica,  and  Rome,  on  the  Mohawk, 
the  first  of  which  is  noted  as  the  seat  of  Union 
College. 

Platts'burg,  Crown  Point,  Ticondero'ga,  «nd  White- 
hall, on  Lake  Champlain,  the  first  of  which  is  noted 
for  the  victory  gained  over  the  British,  on  both  land 
and  water,  in  1814. 
Og'densburg,  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
&>ckett's  Harbor  and  Oswe'go,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Rochester,  at  the  falls  of  Genesee  River,  is  cele- 
brated for  its  flour  mills. 

Syr-acuse,  near  Onondaga  Lake,  is  famous  for  the 
manufacture  of  salt. 

Auburn,  on  the  outlet  of  Lake  Owasco,  is  noted 
as  containing  a  slate  prison. 
Ilh'aca,  on  Lake  Cayuga. 
Geneva,  on  Seneca  Lake,  is  noted  for  its  college. 
Canandaigua,  near  the  horthern  extremity  of  Lake 
Canandaigua. 
Lcw'iston,  on  Niagara  River. 
Buffalo,  on  Lake  Erie,  is  a  city  of  great  commerce, 
and  the  emporium  of  the  lake  trade. 

Lockport,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  between  Lake  Ontario 
and  Tonawanta  Creek. 


Whot    is    said   of  West 
Point  ? 

What  of  Albany? 


Where  are  Saratoga  and 
Dnilston,  nnd  for  whit 
are  they  famed  ? 


What  towns  on  the  Mo- 
hawk ? 


What  on  L.  Cbamplaia  f 


Whore  is  Ogdensburg? 
What  towns  on  Lake  On> 

Inrio  1 
What  is  said  of  Rocbeslsr? 

Syracuse  ? 

Auburn  ? 

Where  is  Iihaca  ? 
What  is  said  uf  Geneva? 
Where  is  Canandaigua  ? 

Lcwiston  1 

Whot  is  said  of  BufTala  ? 

Where  is  Lockport  ? 


Niagara  Falla. 

Tonawanta  Creek  falls  into  the  Niagara. 

Tht  Del'aware  and  Susquehan'na  rise  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  this  state. 

The  Chenan'go  is  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 

East  River  unites  Long  Island  Sound  with  the 
Hudson. 

Totwui.  — NewYork,  on  Manhattan  Island,  is  the 
largest  and  wenhhient  city  in  A.T.eric."..  .-.ij.'l.  nrxt  to 
I  London,  the  most  commercial  city  in  the  w'orld.  It 
imports  more  goods  than  all  the  rest  of  the  Union. 


Where    does  Tonawanta 

Creek  fall  ? 
What  rivers  rise  in  the 

southern  part  I 
Where  docs  the  Chenaneo 

fall?  ^ 

Where  is  Kost  River  ? 

What  is  said  of  New  York 


New  York  is  the  most  wealthy,  commercial,  and  Whn-  is  snid  of  the  State 
populous  state  in  the  Union,  and  has  hence  obuined      "f  Now  York  ? 
the  name  of"  Empire  State."  | 

NEW  JBRSBT. 

Boundaries.  — Bounded  N.  by  New  York;  E.  by 
Hudson  River  and  the  Atlantic:  S.  by  Delaware  Bay, 
and  W.  by  Delaware  River. 

It  is  divided  into  18  counties,  and  contains  7a50 
square  miles. 

jyiounl aim.  — The  Blue  Ridge  or  South  Mountain, 
and  the  Kittatm'ny  or  Blue  Mountain,  cross  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  this  state. 

Bays.—Nevi'atk  and  Rar'iten  are  the  principal  bays 

Ca;)es.— Sandy  Hook  and  Cape  May  are  the  prin- 
cipal Capet*. 

Rivers.— The  Hudson  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 


How    is    New    Jersey 
bour.ded  ? 


Hiiw  many  counties  and 
square  miles  ? 

What  mounioins  cross  the 
N.  W.  corner  ? 


Which  ore  tho  principal 

_boys? 

The  principal  capes  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Hud- 
son? 


._ ^agi'-"-—"— '*-*>-.; 


/^  '''"'.' 


L 


18 


PENNSYLVANIA  — DELAWARE. 


The  TtelAware  flowt  between  New  Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania, and  empties  inlo  Delaware  Iky. 

The  Plack'ensack  and  Passa'ic  fnil  into  Newark  Bay. 

The  Raritan  Tails  into  Raritan  Day. 

Great  Elgg  Harbor  River  falls  into  the  Atlantic. 

The  Mau'rlce  falls  inlo  Delaware  Bay. 

Toumt.  —  Cam'den,  Burlington,  Dordentown,  and 
Trenton,  on  the  Delaware,  the  last  of  which  is  the 
■eat  of  government,  and  is  noted  for  the  victory  gained 
by  Washington  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Newark  and  Patcrson,  on  the  Passaic,  are  important 
manufacturing  towns. 

Elizabethtown,  5  miles  S.  W.  of  Newark. 

New  Bruns'wick,  on  the  Raritan,  is  the  seat  of  Rut- 
gers College. 

Perth  Ara'boy,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Raritan. 

Jersey  City,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  to  New  York. 

Prince'ton,  an  inland  town  a  little  north  of  Trenton, 
is  noted  Tor  its  college,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  defeat 
of  the  Hessians  by  Washington,  in  1777. 

Salem,  on  Salem  Creek,  near  Delaware  River. 

Freehold  or  Mon'month  Court  House,  an  inland 
town  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  is  celebrated  for 
the  battle  fought  between  the  Americans  and  British 
in  1778. 


New  Jersey  is  intersected  by  several  canals,  and  is 
crossed  by  two  railroads  connecting  New  York  and 
Philadelphia. 

Thia  state  suffered  severely  during  the  Revolution, 
and  her  soldiers,  called  "  Jersey  Blues,'"  acquired  great 
reputation.   . 


The  Delaware  t 

What  rivora  fall  into  New- 
ark Day  t 

Whore  dora  ihs  Raritan 
falU 

The  Great  Egg  Harbor  f 

The  Maurice  I 

What  towns  on  the  Dela- 
ware! 


What  on  the  Pauaic  1 

Where  ia  Elizabethtown  t 
What    if    said    of    New 
BruDawicli  f 

Where  ia  Perth  Amboy  I 

Jersey  City  f 

What  ia  said  of  Princeton  t 


Whore  ia  Salem  t 

What  is  said  of  Freehold  t 


What  ia  aaid  of  the  ranale 
and  railroads  of  New 
Jersey  ? 

What  is  aaid  of  the  suffer 
inga  of  thia  state  during 
the  Revolution  ?  &.c. 


PBBTNS'S'l.VAiriA. 


Oinid  Colleia,  Philaii^lpUa. 

Boundarie*. — Bounded  N.  by  Lake  Erie  and  New 
York ;  E.  by  Delaware  River ;  S.  by  Delaware,  Mary- 
landf^and  Virginia;  and  W.  by  Virginia  and  Ohio. 

It  is  divided  into  58  counties,  and  contains  47,000 
square  miles. 

Mountains. — The  Blue  Ridge  or  South  Mountain, 
Kittatin'ny  or  Blue  Mountain,  the  Tuscaro'ra,  the  Al- 
legha'ny,  and  Lau'rel  and  Ches'nut  Ridges,  are  the 
principal  mountains. 

Rivers.  —  The  Delaware  flows  between  this  state 
and  New  Jersey. 

The  Schuyl'kill  and  Le'high  empty  into  the  Dela- 
ware. 

The  Susquehanna  flows  through  the  heart  of  the 
state. 

The  Juniat'a,  West  Branch,  and  Tio'ga,  empty  into 
the  Susquehanna. 

The  Alleghany  and  Monongahe'la  unite  and  form 
the  Ohio. 

Kiskimini'tas  and  French  Creek  are  branches  of  the 
Alleghany. 

Youghioghen'y  falls  into  the  Monongahela. 

Beaver  or  Maho'ning  falls  inlo  the  Ohio. 

Bran'dywine  Creek  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the 
state,  and  passes  into  Delaware.  It  is  noted  for  the 
defeat  of  Washington  by  the  British,  in  the  battle 
fought  on  its  banks  in  1777. 

T^jSTfts. — Ph jlader'^h.i.'i.  on  thfi  Dj^l.'i'.v^ir"  and  Schtivl^ 
kill,  5  miles  above  their  junction,  is,  next  to  New 
York,  the  largest  city  in  America. 


How  ia  Pennsylvania 
bounded  t 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  t 

Which  are  the  principal 
mountains  t 


What  river  flowa  between 
Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey  J 

What  rivers  empty  into  it? 

What  river  flows  through 
the  heart  of  the  state  T 

What  rivers  empty  into  it  r 

What  rivers  form  the 
Ohiot 

What  are  the  branches  of 
the  Alleghany  t 

Where  does  the  Youghio- 

gheny  loll  J 
The  Beaver  or  Mahoning '/ 
What  is  said  of  Brandy- 
wine  Creek! 


phiat 


^r  T>i.:i.^L.i 


It  is  famed  for  its  regularity  and  beauty,  its  hand- 
some liulldings,  its  literary  and  charitable  inxlitutions, 
and  its  water-works ;  and  also  for  its  extensive  ma- 
nufactures and  intcrnul  trudc. 

Ger'mantown,  0  miles  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia,  is 
noted  as  the  scene  of  a  battle  fought  during  the  Ruvo- 
tionary  war. 

Bris'tol,  on  the  Delaware. 

West  Ches'ter,  near  Brandywine  Creek. 

Norristown,  Reading  (Red'-ing),  and  Pottsville,  on 
the  Schuylkill,  the  last  of  which  is  celebrated  for  its 
great  trade  in  anthracite  coal,  obtained  from  the  mines 
in  its  vicinity. 

Eas'ton,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and 
Lehigh. 

Beth'lehem  and  Al'lentown,  on  the  Lehigh. 

Colum'bia,  Har'risburg,  Sunliury,  Northum'berland, 
and  VVilkesbarre  ( fVilks -bar-ry),  on  the  Susquehanna. 
Ilarrisburg  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Lancaster,  York,  and  Carlisle',  on  small  creeks 
emptying  into  the  Susquehanna,  the  last  of  which  is 
noted  as  the  seat  of  Dickinson  College. 

Lewistown,  Hun'tingdon,  and  Ilollidaysburg,  on  the 
Juniata. 

Pitts'burg  and  Alleglinny,  at  the  head  of  Ohio  River, 
are  celebrated  for  their  extensive  manufactures  of  iron 
and  glass. 

Mead'villn,  on  French  Creek. 

Browns'ville,  on  tlie  Monongahela. 

Beaver,  on  the  Ohio. 

E'rie,  on  Lake  Erie. 

Johnstown,  on  the  Kiskiniinilas. 

Get'tysburg,  Cham'bersburg,  Union,  and  Washing- 
ton, are  inland  towns. 


Pennsylvania  is,  next  to  N.  York,  the  most  import- 
ant and  populous  state  in  the  Union. 

It  is  famed  for  its  inexhaustible  mines  of  iron  and 
coal,  and  the  numerous  manufactures  to  which  they 
have  given  birth. 

Pennsylvania,  from  its  position  and  importance,  has 
obtained  the  name  of  the  ^'■Keystone  Slate." 

This  state  was  settled  by  a  colony  of  Quakers, 
under  William  Penn,  who  is  celebrated  for  his  upright 
dealing  with  the  Indians. 

DBI.AWARB. 


For  what  ia  it  famed ! 


What  ia  aaid  of  German- 
town  I 


Where  i»  Bristol ! 

West  Chester! 

What     towns    on    the 
.Schuylkill  ( 


Where  la  Easton ! 

What  towns  on  the  Le- 
high f 

What  (owns  on  I  he  Sua- 
qiiehnuna,  and  which  is 
llie  seal  of  government  I 

What  towns  on  small 
creeks  emptying  into 
the  Susquehanna) 

What  towns  on  the  Ju- 
niata 7 

What  at  the  head  of  the 
Ohio! 

Where  is  Mcadville  I 

Brownsville ! 

Beaver  ? 

Erie! 

Johnstown  ! 

What  inland  towns  ! 


What  IS  said  of  Pennsyl- 
vania I 

For  what  is  it  famed  I 


What  name  ho8  Pennsyl- 
vania obtained  ! 

By  whom  was  this  atate 
settled  I 


D«ep  Cut.  Delkwtn  Rod  Chastpetke  Cuui. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania ;  E.  by 
Delaware  River,  Delaware  Bay  and  the  Atlantic;  S. 
and  W.  by  Maryland. 

It  is  divided  into  3  counties,  and  contains  2120 
square  miles. 

Bays.  —  Delaware  and  Rehoboth  are  the  principal 
bays. 

Cape. — Cape  Ilenlopen  is  the  most  noted  cape. 

Swamp. — Cypress  Swamp  lies  partly  in  Delaware 
and  partly  in  Maryland. 

Rivers. — The  Delaware  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
..v.-»T?Pn  ttii^  Rtrt»o  snft  ntrW  ifciScj". 

Bran'dywine  Creek  falls  into  the  Delaware. 

Christian'a  Creek  is  a  branch  of  the  Brandywine. 


How  is  Delaware  bounded! 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  1 

Which  are   the  principal 

bays  1 
Which  ia  the  moat  noted 

cape? 
Where    does    Cypress 

Swamp  lie  / 

What  is  said  of  the  Dela- 

What  creek  falls  into  it ! 
What  creek  is  a  branch  of 
the  Brandywine ! 


•mm* 


.Jk^ 


r  wliat  i*  it  funeil  t 


1st  ii  laid  orCermui- 
own? 


lere  is  Bristol  f 

!ii|  Ch«iiior  > 

lal     tnwna     on    the 
Ichuylliill  I 


lere  ia  Eaaton  t 

ml  (owns  on  tho  Le- 

ml  lowna  on  the  Sua 
uclinnnn,  onii  which  ia 
lie  Bvul  ui'  government  t 

ini  lowna  on  amall 
reeks  emplying  into 
lie  Siisquuhannu  1 

lat  lowna  on  the  Ju- 
iiila  1 

inl  nl  the  head  of  tho 
)hio7 

■ore  ia  Moadville  t 

iwnnvillo  I 

iver? 

o? 

inalown  f 

kat  inland  towns  t 


ini  18  said  of  Pennsyl- 
aniu  ? 

r  what  ia  it  famed  I 


■int  name  hob  rennsjrl- 
ania  obtained  I 

whom  was  this  elate 
allied  1 


w  ia  Delaware  bounded! 


w  many  connlies  and 
quare  miloa  7 

lich  are  the  principal 

ays  I 

lich  ia  the  moat  noted 

»pe? 

lere    does     Cypress 

wamp  lie  1 

lat  is  said  of  the  Dela- 

ml  creek  falls  into  it  I 
lai  creek  is  a  branch  of 
10  Brandywine  f 


Duck,  Jones,  and  Mlspil'lion  Creeks  empty  into 
Deluwnro  Ray.  ' 

Inilinn  Hiver  flows  into  Rchohoth  Bay. 

i^T?"^""'"'"'  °"  •'"""'  Creek,  is  the  capital. 

W.l  mington,  near  the  jimclion  of  Brandywine  and 
Christiana  Creeks,  is  the  largeHt  town  in  the  state. 

New  castle,  on  Delaware  Hiver. 

Lewiaiown,  near  Cape  Henlopen. 

Delaware  is  the  leas!  populous  sta'o  in  the  Union 
It  is  crossed  by  two  railroads  and  a  canal,  all  afli.rd- 
ing  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  Balii- 
I  more. 

The  Delaware  Breakwater,  near  Cape  Ilcnlopen, 
was  constructed  by  the  U.  Slates  for  the  protection  of 
vessels  in  stormy  weather. 


What  creeks  empty  into 

UelHwnro  Bay  1 
Wlioro  doea  Indian  River 

flow  ) 
What  ia  said  of  Dover  t 
Of  Wilmington  f 

Where  is  Newcastle  t 
Lewislown  1 

What  is  said  of  Delaware  I 

What   is  said  of  its  rail- 
roads  and  canal t 

Whot    of  the    Delaware 
breakwater  t 


DISTRICT  OP  OOKUMBIA. 


MARTKAXirD, 


miM'*-' 


Battla  Honnmeat,  fiallimora. 


BwndariM.- Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania  and 
Delaware;  E.  by  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic ;S.  and 
W.  by  Virginia.  ' 

It  is  divided  into  20  counties,  and  contains  11,000 
square  miles.  ' 

Mounlains.-The  South  Mountain  or  Blue  Ridge, 
Kit talinny  or  North  Mountain,  and  the  Alleghany' 
Mountains,  cross  the  western  part  of  this  state. 

//ay.  — Chesapeake  Bay  extends  in  a  N.  and  S 
direction,  nearly  across  Maryland,  and  divides  it  into 
two  parts,  called  the  Eastern  and  Western  Shores. 
Vir  inTa"  P°'o"«»c  flows  between  this  state  and 

'  PoSa?^"""'""'''  ""''  Conegocheague',  fall  into  the 

The  Susquehanna  empties  into  the  head  of  Chesa- 

a'nS  PoJoTok"'/"'''''"'*^'  ^''"P'""^'  Na"SoTe, 
and  Pocomoke,  flow  into  it  on  the  eastern  side,  and 
the^  Patap'sco,  Severn,  and  Patux'ent,  on  the  western 

TpiWM.— Baltimore,  on  tlie  Patapsco,  is  the  fourth 
city  m  the  Union.  It  is  noted  for  its  trade  in  tobacco 
and  IS  the  greatest  flour  market  in  the  world  ' 

Baltimore  contains  several  handsome  monuments 
and  19  sometimes  called  the  "monumental  city"  ' 
^^Annapohs,  on  the  Severn,  is  the  seat  of  govern- 

Frederick  City,  near  the  Monoc'acy. 
Ha  gerslown,  near  the  Conegocheague'. 
VViUiamsport  and  Cumberland,  on  the  Potomnr  .f,o 
lauerof  which  is  noted  for  the 'coal  f^und'Ti;;  vi! 

Upper  Marlboro,  on  a  branch  of  the  Patuxent 
Snowhill,  on  the  Pocomoke.  ' 

Cambridge,  on  the  Clioptnnk. 
t^ston,  on  a  branch  of  the  Choptank. 


How  is  Maryland  bound- 
ed! 

How  many  counties  and 
squore  miles  / 

What  mountains  cross  the 
western  port  1 

What  is  said  of  Chesa- 
peake Boy  ? 

What  river  flows  between 
this  state  and  Virginia  ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  it  f 

What    flow    into  Chesa- 
peake Buy  ? 


What  is  said  of  Baltimore  J 


What  is  said  of  its  monu- 
ments? 

What  is  said  of  Annapolis? 

Where  is  Frederick  City  ? 
Hogerstown  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Poto- 
mac ? 


terHtnrv  in  "^  Columbia  wa,  formerly  a  tract  of 
hvZL  !"  '".  T^'-'^e'^'"  "P  '"  "^«  United  States 
iLn  .?  and  Virginia,  in  the  year  1790:  but  in 

1840,  the  part  which  hud  been  ceded  by  Virg  nia  wa« 
restored  to  that  state.  '      ^ 

Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  W.,  N.  E.,  and  S.  F  bv 
Maryland,  and  S.  W.  by  the  Potomac  Ri;er  ^ 

miles."""'"""'  °"'^  °"^  '"'""'^'  '""'  ''''°'"  ^^  "1""^ 

fl,Ve«.— The  Potomac  flows  between  the  District 
of  Columbia  and  Virginia. 

..7''*  Flf""'".  ^"'?''*'  a"''  ^'"'^  Creek  are  small 
streams  falling  into  the  Potomac. 

E,  JZ"R~^.f '''•' u«'?"  ^"y- "'  "'«  -confluence  of  the 

SLd  sfaTes     ""^  ""'  ^"'""""'^ ''  "•«  -^-P""'  °f  'he 

Georgetown,  on  the   Potomac,  is   separated  from 

Washington  City  by  Rock  Creek. 


Congress  assembles  annually  in  Washington  Citv    wh,„  a      n 
on  the  fiml  Monday  in  December  ^  ^'      sembM '      "«""  "• 


What  is  saia  of  the  Uii- 
Irlct  of  Columbiu? 


How  is  it  bounded  ? 

How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Poto- 
mac 1 

Whot  small  streams  fall 
into  it  ? 

What  is  said  of  Washinir 
ton  City?  " 


Georgetown  ? 


Maryland  contains  several  important  railroads  mn 

l=frSar^r''""^^"^'«'^-'''S^^^^ 

Jland' wit?  or"'"  ""'  ^hi"  Canal  connects  Cumber- 
landria  ^  Washington  City,  .•  d  Alex- 


Whero    is   Upper   Marl- 

boro? 
Snowhill  ? 
Cambridge  ? 
Easlon  ? 


Umlod  SlatM'  Capitol. 


■7^^,  Capitol  is  a  magnificent  buildinff.     Tlie  PrP. 


What   Is  sold  of  the  rail- 
rooda  of  Maryland  ?        I 

Wliat  of  Chesapeake  and  I 
Oliio  Canal  ?  I  . 


GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  MIDDLE  STATES. 

olinl^''^*"^  States  have  generally  a  fertile  soil,  and 
oiluce  lartTfiniinni  »  o.  «f  ...I,— . -1j  _  ..     '.      . 


P/l'!f!.i!'5^^'"!V"""  ?<■  ^.heat  and  corn.   Maryland 

of  tobacco,  and  New 


IS  also  notpd  for  the  prndurtion  ui  tocacci 
Jersey  for  its  fine  peaches  and  other  fruits 

Except  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  education 
England"  ^"""'^"^  '""^  '"  these'states 'as  in  New 


What  is  said  of  the  Capi- 
tol,  President's  House, 
Sec. 


What  is  said  of  tho  soil 
and  productions  of  the 

:iiiddio  Statco  1 


What  is  said  of  the  state 
of  education  t 


20 


VIRGINIA. 


Slavery  exi«t«  in  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  itio  Di»- 
tricl  of  Columbia. 


In   which  of  thcnn  italci 
doe*  •lavory  uxim  t 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MIDDLE  STATES. 

1.  Nam*  the  Middle  Slaenii,  with  iheir  e«pii«li.  S.  How  are  thoy  hounded »  3.  How 
many  aquare  milea  do  ihey  contain  I  Ah§.  IIS.UOO.  4.  Nnnio  ihfin  in  ihe  order  of  their 
aiiaa.  An:  N.  Y.  and  Pa..  Md.,  N.  J.,  I).,  D.  C.  5.  What  ranara  of  niountaina  trayome 
llio  Middle  Statei  from  N.  E.  to  8.  W.  Ant.  South  Mountain  or  Blue  Uidgo,  Kitiotiniiy, 
IMuoor  North,  and  Alleghany,  fi.  What  mouniaina  in  Ponn«ylvania»  7.  What  are  the 
principal  bay»  I  H.  The  principal  capca  I  9.  What  rivcra  fall  into  the  Allaniic !  10. 
Where  do«a  Delaware  River  rino,  how  doea  it  flow,  and  into  what  dooa  it  empty  »     11. 


Smquehaniial  12.  Alleflhany  I  13.  Nia(jara»  1«.  What  rivera  fall  into  the  Suaque- 
hinna  ?  15.  Delaware  River  I  l(i.  Delaware  Hay  1  17.  What  towns  on  the  I>nhiwaro  t 
IS.  What  ia  the  direction,  and  how  would  you  travel  by  water,  from  Krio  to  Mendvillo  t 

hi  "■       ■         -     -■     -      •  ■  ■      - 

mi 
more  1    S3.  Waahingtan  City  to  Dovort 


IfJ,  wnai  la  tne  uireciion,  anu  now  womu  you  irnvoi  uy  wmwi,  iii.,..  .,,,1,  ............. ..^  . 

19.  Harriabnrg  to  Uiica?     20.  Pliiladolpliia  to  Pittaburaf    21.  RiMiding  to  lluntintidon  ? 
82.  New  York  City  to  Ticondorojja  I    23.  Newark  to  Trenton  t    24.  Uocbcatcr  to  llalti- 


80UTHERN  STATES. 
VIRGINIA. 


Vlfllinla  Unlnnllr. 


Boundariet. — Boundtnl  N.  by  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland;  E.  by  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  the 
Atlantic ;  S.  by  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee',  and 
W.  by  Kentucky  and  Ohio. 

It  is  divided  into  128  counties,  and  contains  70,000 
square  miles. 

Mountains. — The  principal  mountains  are  the  Blue 
Ridge,  Kittatinny  or  North  Mountain,  Jackson's  Moun- 
tain, Alleghany,  and  Laurel  and  Chesnut  Ridges. 

The  Peaks  of  Otter,  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  south  of 
James'  River,  are  noted  as  the  highest  mountains  in 
Virginia. 

Bays,  4rc.— Chesapeake  and  Lynhaven  Bays,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Hampton  Roads,  at  the  mouth  of  James'  River, 

Capes. — Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry  lie  at  the 
entrance  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Swamp. — The  Great  Dismal  Swamp  lies  partly  in 
this  state  and  prtly  in  North  Carolina. 

Islands.  —  Hog's,  Prout's,  and  Smith's  Islands,  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  and  the  Tangier  Islands,  in  Chesa- 
pwke  Bay,  are  the  principal. 

Rivers. — ^The  Potomac,  Rappahan'nock,  York,  and 
James,  flow  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

The  Occoquan',  Shenando'ah,  and  Caca'pon  fall  into 
the  Potomac. 

North  and  South  Branch  form  the  Potomac. 

The  Rapidan'  falls  into  the  Rappahannock. 

Mattapony'  and  Pamun'ky  form  the  York. 

North  and  South  An'na  form  the  Pamun'ky. 

Elizabeth,  Appomat'tox,  Rivan'na  and  North  River 
fall  into  the  James. 

Cow  Pasture  and  Jackson's  form  the  James. 

The  Not'toway  and  Meher'rin  rise  in  the  southern 
part  of  Virginia,  and  pass  into  North  Carolina,  where 
they  form  the  Chowan'. 

The  Black'water  is  a  branch  of  the  Nottoway. 

The  Staun'ton  and  Dan  form  the  Roanoke'. 

The  Ohio  River  separates  Virginia  from  Ohio. 

The  Big  Sandy,  Guy^andotte,  and  Great  and  L'ttle 
Katmw'lia,  fail  iuio  the  Ohio. 

Coal,  Elk,  Gau'ley,  and  Green'brier  fall  into  the 
Great  Kanawha. 


How  is  Virginia  bounded  1 


How  many  counties  nnd 
aquare  miles  T 

Which  are  the  principal 
mountajna  f 


What  is  aald  of  tho  Peaks 
of  Otter? 


What  bays  in  tho  caatcrn 
part  of  tho  state  I 

Where    aro    Hampton 
Roads  1 

What  capoa  at  the  en- 
trance of  Chesapeake 
Hayf 

Where  ia  tho  Groat  Dis- 
mal Swamp  ? 

Which  are  tho  principal 
ialondsl 

What  rivers  flow  into 
Chesapeake  Bay  t 

What  fall  into  tho  Poto- 
mac t 

What  two  rivers  form  the 
Potomac  I 

Where  does  tho  Rapidan 
falll 

What  two  rivers  form  the 
York!  ThoPamunky! 

Whot  rivera  fall  into  the 
James  I 

What  two  form  the  Jamcst 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Not- 
toway and  Mchcrrin  ? 

What  branch  has  tho  Not- 
toway I 

What  rivers  form  tho 
Roanoke  t 

What  river  separates  Vir- 
ginia from  Ohio! 

What  rivers  fall  into  tho 
Ohio  i 

What  into  the  Great  Ka- 
nawha t 


Tho  Great  Kanawha  is  called  New  Uivor  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Oauley. 

Tho  Monongahela  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  this 
state,  and  {wssos  into  PoniiFiylvania. 

Tho  Chiat  is  a  branch  of  the  Monongahela. 

Tho  llDlslon  and  Clinch  rise  in  the  soulh-wost  part 
of  this  state,  and  pass  into  Tonnessee. 

Toiew.  —  Hampton,  Uichniond,  .Man'chcstcr  and 
Lynchburg,  on  James'  River.  Richmond  is  the  seat 
of  government,  and  the  largest  town  in  tho  stale. 

Jamestown,  on  Jnmns'  River,  noted  as  being,  with 
the  exception  of  St.  Augustine  (St.  Jiu-nm-tun'),  in 
Florida,  the  first  scltlemeiit  in  tho  United  Stales,  is 
now  in  ruins.     It  was  settled  in  1007. 

Norfolk,  Portsmouth,  and  Gos'port,  on  Elizabeth 
River,  the  last  of  which  is  a  United  States'  naval 
station. 

Petersburg  and  Farm'ville,  on  the  Appomattox. 

Charlottesville,  on  the  Rivanna,  is  noted  as  tho  seat 

of  tho  Virginia  University. 

Monticcl'lo,  near 
Charlottesville,  was 
the  residence  of  Tho- 
mas Jefliirson,  the 
author  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Indepen- 
dence. 

Lex'ington,  on 
North  River,  is  the 
seat  of  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute. — 
Near  Lexington  is 
situated  the  celebrat- 
ed Natural  Uritlge. 

Williamsburg,  be- 
tween York  and 
James'  Rivers,  is 
noted  as  tho  seat  of 
William  and  Mary 
College. 

York'town,  on 
York  River,  is  famed 

N.tural  Bridp,  Virpu*  p^^    ,|,g   gu„ender  of 

Lord  Cornwallis  to  the  united  American  and  French 
armies,  commanded  by  General  Washington,  Oct.  10, 
1781. 

Fred'cricksburg  and  Fal'raouth,  on  Rappahannock 
River. 

Alexan'dria,  on  the  Potomac,  was,  until  1846,  in- 
cluded in  Ihe  limits  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 


Where  ia  the  D.  Kanaw- 
ha called  Now  River  t 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Mo- 

iioiigiihela  ? 
What  brunch  haa  it  t 

What  rivcra  riaa  in  Ihe  8. 

W.  part,  and  where  do 

they  paaa  t 
What  towm    oa  Jamaa' 

River  I 

What  ia  said  of  James- 
town, and  when  waa  it 
aettlcd  t 


What  towns  un  Kliiabeth 
River  t 


On  the  Appomattox  t 

What   ia  aaid    of   Char- 
lotloBvillo  t 

Monticellot 


Lexington  I 


Williamsburg  t 


Yorklown  I 


What  towns  on  the  Rap- 
pahannock t 

What  ia  aaid  of  Alexan- 
dria f 


Huunt  Vemna. 

Mount  Ver'non,  the  late  residence  of  General  Wash- 
ington, on  the  Potomac,  9  miles  below  Alexandria. 

Harper's  Fer'ry,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Potomac 
and  Shenandoah  Rivers,  contains  a  United  States' 
Armory,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  romantic  scenery. 

Shep'hcrdstown,  on  the  Potomac. 

Rom'ncy,  on  the  South  Branch. 

Mor'gantown  and  Clarksburg,  on  the  Monongahela. 

Point  Pleasant,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanawha. 

Charles'ton,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Great  Kanawha 
and  Elk  Rivers,  is  celebrated  for  the  salt  springs  in  its 
vi.-inity. 

Lcwiaburg,  near  Greenbrier  River,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  celebrated  White  Sulphur  Springs. 


Mount  Vernon! 
Harper's  Ferry  I 


Where  is  Shcphordstown  ?  || 
Rorancy  ?  "•^' 

What  towns  on  thelKo- 

nongahela  ? 
Where  is  Point  PIsasMt  f  i 
What  is  said  of  CharlMM  [ 

tont 

Where  ia  Lowlsbuig  t 


S9 


NORTH    (Altor.l  N  A      SOI    I'll    CAHOI.INA      (i  Ko  It  (i  I  A. 


ParkpraliiirK,  nl  tliti  mouth  of  the  Littlfl  Kanawha. 


VVhcclinft  ami  *' 
Whrrhnter  an 
vallay  of  ihi*  *'*' 
th#  <*«lrbrate<l  W 
L.oogilon,  neai 

the  Bl«,t  It^c. 


■"'  lh«  Ohio. 

iilniiil  town*,  in  lh(* 

I.  urn  inland  town*  r         I 


' '(1i[iW>i8  haa  alwnyx  hern  rfiiowned  for  iht  ilialin- 
atuniiaU  lurn.  Shu  Imi  lurnishcd  luc  Presideniii  lo  the 
tJttinmoatol  „;)ora  waa  the  immoriul  1'' uliingion — 
ilHif4iteir«rtm<J(mmry. 

Vii|t»!^  waa  the  first  i<^ttled  of  all  the  cmoi,, '«,  and 
hence  utwdi'i*'/  thr  name  of  the  "Old  Dominion." 


PjirllrT-lnll..    ( 

Wlml    l.iwjj.i  ,.11  llir.  I  IlilOf 

VVIini  inlanil  lowim  in  ihn 
vnllny  of  tlis  Hltonan- 
lluaht 

Whcrei  In  Ahlngitonf 
V.  I.,'    Mil  mhI  inwii*  E.  ol 
III.'   '      ^  Kidgaf 


Cor  whul  h«  Virginia  al- 
wayi  been  rengWIMd  I 


VVIwi'  i'  uidof  ihn  letlle. 
mi-   •  of  Virginia  I 


iroATB  OAROLIlf A. 


UolU  Minuif. 


Boundaries.  —  Rounded  N.  by  Virginia;  E.  by  the 
Atlantic ;  S.  by  the  Atlantic,  South  Carolina,  and 
Georgia ;  and  VV.  by  Tennessee. 

It  ia  divided  into  08  countiei,  and  contains  00,000 
square  inilen. 

MnuTitains — The  Bhie  Hidge  crosses  the  western 
part  of  the  slate.  Bliirk  IMounluin,  its  most  elevated 
summit,  is  U 170  feet  high,  being  the  loftiest  mountain 
east  of  the  I^Iitisissippi. 

A  chain  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  under  the  va- 
rious names  of  Stone,  Iron,  R»ld,and  Lfnaka  or  Smoky, 
separates  this  suite  from  Tennessee. 

Sounds. — The  priiici|Mil  sounds  are  Cur'rituck,  Al- 
bemarle', and  Pam'lico ;  all  separated  from  the  aea  by 
narrow  sand  islands. 

Inlets.  —  The  principal  inlets  are  New  Inlet  and 
Ocracock. 

Capes.  —  Cape  Ilat'teras,  C!ape  Lookout,  ond  Cape 
Fear,  are  very  jiofid  rapes. 

Swamps.—  I'lie  Great  J3ismal,  Alligator  or  Little 
Dismal,  and  Green,  are  the  principal  swamps. 

Rivers. — The  Pas'qiiolank,  Perquim'ans,  Chowan', 
and  Koanoke,  (low  into  Albemarle  Sound. 

The  Tar  or  Pamlico,  and  Neuse,  flow  into  Pamlico 
Soimd. 

The  Trent  and  Mockason  fall  into  the  Neuse. 

Cape  Fear  River  flows  into  the  Atlantic. 

Nortn  East  Brunch  and  South  River  full  into  the 
Cape  Fear. 

flaw  and  Deep  Rivers  form  the  Cape  Fear. 

The  iVew  Riv.  r  oi  Great  Kanawha,  Ya<lkin  or 
Great  Pedee',  Cata\  ^  or  Wateree',  Broad,  and  French 
Broad,  and  many  otl.       iixi^  in  thiu  state. 

The  Tennessee  Tos."      ,     :      .'.  come 'of  the  state. 

Towns.  —  Raleigh  ■  (ii-  >},.«»  i'.;..jd  town  i:ear 
Neuse  River,  is  the  i   j-  o.   ,    *S -    .  .it. 

New'bcrn,  at  thecii! '•fi-;'   of.  *  rrifitandl- ":    <e. 

Elizabeth  City,  on  Mu.  ,-'^a.,  -jUt.ik. 

E'denton,  at  the  ir.oLJi  of  tli"  Chowan. 

Halifax,  on  the  Ronnoke. 

Vt':t3!iir:;;iO!!,  on  Tar  Kivcr. 

Wilmington  ond  Fay'ettevilie,  on  Cape  Fear  River. 

Salem,  on  a  branch  of  the  Yadkin. 


How    is   North   Carolina 
bounded  t 


How  many  counties  and 
i>i|nure  iiiik's  t 

What  inountainii  croas  ilie 
wemcrn  purl,  mid  what 
is  thu  huiglii  ufllie  mott 
elevated  aunimil  I 

What  mountains  separate 
N.  Cnrolina  from  Ten- 
nesdce  ? 

Which  are  the  principal 
sounds  I 


The  principal  inlets  T 

What    three    very  noted 
ca^jea  f 

Wliicli  are  the  principal 
BwanipB  t 

V/hnt  rivers  (low  into  Al- 
bemarle tjuund  1 

Into  Pamlico  Sound  ? 

What  fall  into  the  Neuse  7 
Into  what  does  Cape  Fear 

River  (low? 
What  fall  into  the  Cape 

Fear  1 
What  form  the  Cape  P'ear? 
What  rivers  rise  in  this 

state  { 


What  river  crosses  the  S. 

W.  corner? 
What  is  said  of  Raleigh  ? 

Where  is  Newbcrn  ? 

Elizabeth  City? 

Edenton  ? 

Halifax? 

VVnshington  ? 

What  towns  on  Cape  Fear 

Kivcr  ? 
Where  is  Salem? 


Chapel  Hill,  which  contains  the  Univoraily  of  North 
Cariiliiiu,  ia  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  iliiw. 

(.'harlotte,  nru  ("uUwba  River,  containa  a  branch  of 
the  United  Sutlea'  Mint,  hr  coining  the  gold  found  in 
its  vicinity. 


The  marahy  connlrv  along  the  coast  ia  covered 
with  pine  forests,  which  yirht  large  quantities  of  lum- 
ber, as  well  as  tar,  turpentine,  kc. 

A  line  of  railroad*  extends  from  Wilniinglon  across 
the  state,  and  conimuiiicatij,  by  menus  of  the  Virginia 
railroads,  with  PorUmouth  ui'l  the  Potuiimc  River. 


■  OUTB  OAROLZXTA. 


Chapel  Hill  f 

What  ia  said  of  Cbarlolt*? 


What  is  unid  «(  Ihn 
marshy  ciMiMirv  aloiiK 
Ihe  cuaai  ul  N.  l  aruliiial 

What  of  th*  railroad* r 


noundnries..  —  Bounded  N.  by  North  Carolina; 
S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  S.  W.  bjr  Savannah  River, 
which  separates  it  from  Georgia. 

It  is  divided  into  W  districts,  and  contains  33,0U0 
square  miles. 

Mnunlains.  —  The  Blue  Ridge  liei  on  the  N.  VV. 
bounilar)  of  the  state. 

Cape. — Capo  Romain  is  the  only  cnpe  of  note 

litands. — S.  Carolina  has  a  Hat  coast,  iibcnjiiiing 
with  islands,  the  principal  of  which  .in-  Sullivan's, 
John's,  Edisto,  St.  Helena,  PoU  Kovril,  -<)  Hilton 
Head. 

Rivers. — The  Great  Pedee  flows  into  Winynw  Buy. 

The  VVaccanittw,  Black,  Litllu  Pedee,  and  Lyiich's, 
fall  into  the  Great  Pedee. 

The  Suntee,  Cooper,  Ashley,  Ed'iatn,Combahce,  and 
Savan'nah,  How  into  the  Atlantic. 

The  Wateree'  and  Congaree'  form  the  Santce. 

Broad  and  Salu'da  form  the  Congarec. 

Ennorce  and  Pac'ulet  ate  branches  of  tlie  Broad. 

The  Seneca  and  Tugalop  form  the  Suvuniiali. 

Towns. — Columbia,  on  the  Con^  iree,  is  the  eapiial. 

Charleston,  at  the  confluence  of  Cooper  and  Ashley 
Rivers,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  and  a  place  of 
considerable  trade. 

Georgetown,  on  Winyaw  Bay. 

Cheraw,  on  Ihe  Great  Pedee. 

Camden,  on  the  Wateree. 

Beau'fort,  on  Port  Roval  Island. 

Ham'burg,  on  the  Savannah,  w  connected  with 
Charlcstoa  by  a  railroad.  ^ 


— — r- 

S.  Carolina  has  produced  many  distinguished  men. 
It  was  the  scene  of  several  important  battles  during 
the  Revolution. 

South  Carolina  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  Pal- 
metto Slate." 


GBORaZA. 

Boundar  s  -B.umded  N.  by  Tennessee  and  North 
Carolina;  V..  ly  !-..yai!..  ih  River  and  t'le  Atlantic;  S. 
by  Floridp,  c'tl  V ''  '■/  '  '  >rida  and  Al  i','n..i. 

It  is  d  I  1  itn  ^a  .unties,  and  contains  00,000 
square  nmcs. 

Mountains.  —  The  Blue  Ridge  terminates  in  the 
northern  part  of  this  state. 

Swamp. — Okefinokee  Swamp  lies  in  the  south  of 
Georgia. 

Islands.  —  Ossabaw,  St.  Cath'arine's,  Sapelo,  St. 
Simon's,  Jykill,  and  Cumberland,  are  the  principal 
islands. 

iiiecrs.— The  Ogee'chec,  Allamaha(.^«/-/a-ma-7iau'), 
Turtle,  Satil'la,  and  St.  Mary's,  flow  into  the  At- 
lantic. 

The  Cannouchee  falls  into  the  Ogeechee. 

Oco'nce  ond  Ocmul'gee  form  the  Altamaha. 

The  Flint  and  Chatlahoo'chee  unite  in  the  S.  W. 
corner  of  the  slate,  and  form  the  Ajqmiauiiico  lu  [JJp- 
pa-lach-i-co'-la). 

The  Suwan'ee,  Withlacoo'chee,  Oscilla,  and  Ock- 


How    I*    South  Carolina 
bounded  I 


How   inniiy  dislrici*  and 

•i.|lMlr  lliili'i,? 

\\  iiat  niKunniM  ■  lie  on  Ihe 
N.  \V   I     iiidaryf 

What  is  the  only  cape  of 

iioie  ? 
V^  hul    la  aaid  of  the  ill- 

aiidst 


Into  what  doca  the  Graai 

IViliT  flow  1 
What  rivi'ra  (all  into  ihe 

(irinl  I'edee  ? 
Whni    How   into  the  At- 

luiilic  I 

What  (brm  the  Santee? 
Whiit  form  the  rmiguree  ? 
Wbiit    liranchca   has   the 

llriiiiil  I 
What  form  the  Savannah  ? 
What  is  said  of  Columbia? 
Ul  Cbarloaion? 


Where  is  Ueorgotown? 

Cbcraw  ? 

Camden  ? 

Benulort  ? 

W  hat  ia  said  of  Hamburg  ? 


What  is  eoid  of  South  Ca- 
rolina? 

By  what  name  is  8.  Caro- 
lina known  t 


How  is  Georgia  bounded  ? 


flow  man^  counties  and 
square  miles  ? 

What    mountaina    terini 
naio  in  the  N.  part  ? 

Where  does  the  Okefino- 
kce  Swamp  lie  I 

Which  are   the   principal 
islanda  ? 


What  rivers  liuw  into  the 
Atlantic? 


Into  what  docs  the  Can- 
nouchee fall  ? 

What  rivers  form  the  Al- 
tamaha ? 

WnTit  form  :hc  Appabchi- 
cola? 

What  rise   in  the  south, 


i|i<l  Hill  I 
iliauidof  CbuloKer 


nt  is  iiniil  of  (111) 
nmhy  <-<)iiMlrv  iilon|{ 
uruMlol  N.  (  •ruliiiat 

M  of  iht  rallrtwda  I 


r   li   Bonth   Cirolint 
luiided  I 


'   iiiiiMy  diatricli  ind 

U  III'  llllll'lf 

It  iiii'iniMiii  a  lieonlha 
.  W   I.  iiidaryj 

It  ia  tho  only  cape  of 

Iff 

It   IH  aaid  uf  the  ial- 

idar 


hIiiiI  dnoa  tli«  Great 
'lll'l'  flow  1 
»i  rivcra  full  into  iho 
ri'OI  I'odee  ( 
II  How  into  the  At- 
[|lic( 

It  lorm  the  Sanlee  t 
It  form  lilt!  Coiiguree  t 
>i    liranclica   Ima  the 
'mill  t 

>t  lurm  the  Savannah  T  | 
It  ia  NHid  of  Coliimbiaf  | 
'liurlcatun  ? 


<rc  la  Ueorgolownt 

raw  7 

idcn  ) 

ilort  1 

It  ia  aaid  of  Umnburg  1 1 


It  ia  said  of  South  Ca- 
liiia( 

vlial  name  ia  S.  Ctro- 
a  known  t 


is  Gttornia  bounded  I 


many  counliet  and  { 
jaro  milca  ? 

t    mountnina    tsriui 
10  ill  the  N.  part  f 

TP  does  tho  Okefino-  1 
0  Swamp  lie  *  | 

I'll  are   tho   principal 
indal 


t  rivers  tin  .  into  ihe 
lantic ; 


what  doea  the  Can-  j 
ichco  fall  f  ! 

t  rivers  form  the  Al- 
naha I  j 

i  form  :hc  Appalachi-  . 
af  I 

t  rise  in  the  south,  { 


Tl...  <V..>s«  ami  Tall.p,,,,,,  ria.  in  the  weilern  pari 
ol  IIMi  81111      mill  p«Bi  Into  Aliilmmii. 

Tho  0.>»i. , inula,  and  Klowali  or  Iligh'tower,  form 

S«v«nnah   a.Ki    Augiwui,  on   .HHnnnah   Rivrr,  the 

for:,,";,  "IS."  •*•*  '"^'•'"  •'"'  '"""  '■•""•-•row 

o-il;;;:  i-n^iii:;:'''  °" "-'  "'■"""'' " "-  -""  "<• 

l,»iii«vil|i.,  on  the  O^i'pcliee. 
Xiii-iin,  o,i  the  Ocmii  •»■(■. 
Daririi,  iiii  thn  All«i„:,hii. 
Uruiiiwirk,  nn  'I'drtlc  Itiver. 
St.  Mnry\  on  Si.  .M,,ry'g  River. 
ltHiiibri(l)(e,  1)1,  Flint  Hivflr. 

('"IlinihuH,  nil    tllK  (;il;lll„honrhl'C. 

J''''il""<'K'>.n-'ari;i,>wMhHiver,f(.nlnii.»  a  l.rnnHi  of 

;,';:  is,'^'"'^''' «"".  "•-  -i"i"ff "-  gold  f:tmli .°; 


I  I  ••lifD A-ALAB AMA-. MISSISSIPPI 


Oeor«m  ia  trnwrned  l.y  hvo  railroa.N,  whirl,  meet 

iiexaee  lliver.     ()„„  c„n„nencr.al  A.iL'uau.;  mid  iho 
"ll.or  begn.,  at  Savannah,  and  ,,«,.e.  th'rough  MaLn 


anil  into  what  alala  do 
Ihiiy  poaa  1 

What  ri««  in  iho  W.,  and 
into  what  do  they  paaa  I 

What  form  ih*  Cooaa  1 

What  ia  still  of  Milledce. 
villef  "     I 

What  luwna  "nSairMinii 
RjYorf 

What  la  taJdof  Ailxnaf 

Where  ia  Loulivills  | 
Maeon  t 
Ihritiit 
Brunswick  ? 
Hi   Marv'ar 
llniiilo  Age  t 

*^"lllllll)U»  J 

What  it  aaiil  of  Dthlone. 
gat 


S..r  '.  I'T"  ''"mT""  '■""""'y  '"''«hil«d  by  th.. 
.S-minoic  „,l,«n..  They  ,v«k.„|  war  «Kn,„t.  the  whil« 
l..r  ..vernl  y„.r,,  bn,  wn-  (inally  .nhjuej,  ^''^l 
1H43,  removed  to  the  Indian  Territory.  j 


lly  whom  wer,  ih,  t,,,,. 
((Inili's  furnierly  inhab. 
IHU  ( 


AZABASSA. 


Whni   ia  said  of  iho  rail 
ruiids  ol  (ieorKiu  I 


rzonzDA. 


«o«nrfar.«.-not,n(led  N.  by  Alabama  and  O«orgi«  ; 
l.>  t ,  .0  ,!(  „,  Mexico  and  Ahtbama.  ( Sfe  Map  of  U.  S.) 
.ql:;!S'^  "•'O80coun.ie.,.„d  .onu.L\J, 

y/rtV,  -Appalnchcc  and  Tnmpa,  in  E.  Floridn.  and 
sacolu,  ,n  VV  Honda,  are  tho  princii)al  bays. 
roa,rc»nr?i  1'""^".'  "'"'  '^'""•''''  ""  "'«  Atlantic 

JfIdH  and  Koinun,  on  ihe  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
arc  tho  principal  cnpes.  '"exico, 

are'fe'rtr'^".'''!'*'^''""''''  «'"'''-.  ""d  Santa  Rosa, 
are  tlie  princi|)al  islands,  ' 

dislSTr.'".,""'  'l;"''^^'°»'I«  Ihere  is  an  extensive 
svmnsaiMb'"  ^"''Slades,  which  abounds  in 
srtamps,  and  lakes  or  ponds. 

The'Tn~T'";  •^'■t''"'',"'''  "'"-  ">'°  "'"  Atlantic, 
and  VVe,?n       '""'",  ^""'"  ""^  '""'"^^  i"'"  East 

Tl!n  ''."'■"'''''""' flows  into  Appalachicola  Bay. 
j^J  he  Osclla  and  Ocklockony  How'  into  Appalaclfeo 

'lie  \Zm'^  "r"',:"!"  ."•"  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

I  he  VV  ihlacoochrc  luiU  into  tho  Suwanee. 

Ihe   Choclawhalchio   flows    into  Choctawlmtchie 

^Vollow  Water  and  Escambia  flow  into  Pensacola 
I      Thrp"V?  "n'"'"'"''  "'■  ""^  Escambia. 

^"i;:?^s.F;:.3a3o:ssr™^""^'''^ 

■  s    V,  ", '  ""  »''''"""'  "f  ii«  'i'>e  climate. 
St.  MiirkH,  near  Appaliichee  U.iv 


"    V  ia  Florida  bounded  f 


How     imiiy  rnnnties  and 
aqii     <'  miles  I 

Whi,       ,ro  the  principol 
bnji, 


The  prill,  jial  capea  ? 


The  principal  islands) 

What    ia    ,    a    of  the 
swamps  ? 


noundaru    -  Bonn.i«l  JH.  by  Tcnn      .e;   F   by 
Wfftaand        -rida;  S  by  Florid,  an     .he  Gulf  o^f 

M«i, ,.,  and  \       ,v  Mi»si-«ippi.  "*  """  "' 

.qill    '  illf         '  *"  *"""""'  '""  -"'-•  "".OOO 

.ermmiites  „.  the  n.-r.heZ.  rr/,  r,.l."'°""'-' 

^^^:^"    '-^^'^y"-n.he.ou.horn 

•  IIh  miIo  Mobile  Bay  by  se- 
•aslern  of  wliicli   is  called 


How  IS  Alubnmii  boundedf 


stati;;;',:"""'"'  ""  ''•"•'""'"'"  '^'•y' ■«  ««  "nP°"ant  naval 


l-'liiri,la  is  noted  for  its  luxuriant  vciretaiion  and  fni- 
^\m^  which  is  much  used  for  ship-butiding 


Into  what    li     i    tho  ,Si 

John's  fall 
What  ia  siiid  .      !io  Apnn 

lachicoln  / 

Whnt  rivers  (in       rito  An 

palm!  I'o  Buy 
Inio   wlial   doi'N     ho   Su. 

wanec  tlow ) 
What  river  folln     no  the 
I      Suwannc  t 
I  Into  what  does  il      r'hoc. 

lawhaichio  flow 
What  rivcra  (low  ii      Pen- 
tbcola  Bay  > 

What  branch  has  ibe  Es- 
cambia 1 
What  is  said  of  iIk    iVr- 

dido? 
Whut   form  part    ol    ihc 
bounilory  between  i  lor- 
ida  and  (Joorgia  f 
What  is  said  ot  'I'allal   la 

see  7 
St.  Augustine  1 
Where  is  St.  Marka  1 
Appalachicola  f 
St.  Joseph  ? 

What  is  said  of  Pensacola? 
Key  West  f 


For  what  is  Florida  noted? 


U'weri.     Tho  i\: 

vcral  nioulh.i.  iln' 

Tensnw  Hivcr. 
'i'lie  Alahomu  : 

Mobile. 

The  Calmw'ha  falls 
The  Tulliipoosa  mid 
Tlic  filack  Warrior 

bigl)ee. 
The  Tennessee  runs  v 

llie  stale      The  iiavigali.i> 

rupiod  liv  tho  Muscle  Sh 
and  iailr..t,d  have  been  cons 
The  KIk  is  a  branch  of 
The  Chociawhalchie,  Y 


III}  In  -  unite  and  form  tho 

the  Alabama. 
1  form  the  Alabama, 
ipiey  fall  into  the  Tom- 

"tgb  the  northern  part  of 
I  Ibis  river  is  here  inter- 
.  around  which  a  canal 
icted. 

Tennessee. 
\Vat;;.r,  Conecuh,  and 


I'ow   many  nnitiiiot  and 
square  niilcs  ( 

What    mountains    icrmi- 
initc  111  ihunorihern  part? 
Where  it  Mobile  Bay  ? 

What   it  Mid  of  Mobile 
Itiver/ 


Ten  Kivpr  fiills  jnio  Clionnwl,      'r,c 
^,     Cl,.ii,l,„„|„,  f„,„  ,,„,       „,;,  ^^  ^^^_ 

1  iiscnloo'sa,  on  the  Black  Warrior 
Wetuinp'ka,  on  the  Coosa. 
Gainesville,  on  the  Tombighee 
Hor'cnce  and  Deca'tur,  on  the  Tennessee, 
ruscum'bia,  near  the  Tennessee. 
Hunts  vilie,  an  inland^  town,  north  of  the  Tennessee. 

Alabama  is  remarkable  for  i,a  verv  rapid  growf, 
Although  comparatively  one  of  the  liew  s  aief  it  !  ' 
ready  ranks  among  the  most  imporUtlt!  '      "'" 

MISSISSIPPI. 

^otmrf«W<'6-.  — Bounded  N.  by  Tennessee-  V    h^ 
Alabama;  S.  by  the  Gulr  nt  M     .'"""^f^e,  fc.  by 

.„,!' 'f  '  r"'"^  '"'^  ^''  '=""""««.  "nd  conlah,.  4fl.nnn 
^j^./J«i/.-Pascagou1a  Bay  lies  i„  the  S.  E.  corner  of 

ancfS-t":'  «-g"e(iiom)  lie,  between  this  state 


\''?'  ,"*'"•  f"""  'ho  Mo. 

^^(Ii'l|7 '''""  "■"  Cahawba 

jy!","'";'",""  Alabama? 
Wh»    („||  i,„„  ,h„  .j.„ 

blfbee  ( 

What  is  said  of  the  Ten- 
nesscel 


What  branch  has  the  Ten. 

ncsseo  / 
Wliiit   rivers  rise   in  tho 

soulhern     part    of    ihf 

elale  ? 

^^(i'llT    '''*'    ^"  '*'"' 

Whin  is  said  of  the  Chat. 

lahoochce  / 
Whut  lowiia  on  tho  Ala- 

baiiia  ? 

What  ia  said  of  Mobile  ? 

Where  is  Tuscaloosa  ? 

W'eiunipkn? 

Oaiiiesville  ? 

What  towns  on  tho  Tcn- 

nes.seo  / 
Where  is  Tuscumbia  ? 
llunisville  ? 

What  issniil  of  ihc  rapid 
growth  ol  Alabama? 


How  is  Missiouipp,  bound- 
ed t 


li.fx  T.m-.y  f(..untiog  aiuJ 
siiuare  miles  ? 

Where  is  PascBEoula  Bay? 
Where  is  Lake  Borgne  f 


Longitiirip  Wp8I    fro  ii   \>  n-liippfon 


SECOND    PART    OF   TUB 

CONTAIMNC 

^LOUISIANA,  MISSISSIPPI,  AI.AHAMA,  A.- 
KANSAS, TKNNr.SSKK,  MISSOURI,  ano 
KKNTUCKY. 


-ABAMA,  A.-- 
iSOURl,  AND 


th^^S' '"""'  '^'^  '^'^•^'^  """  Ya-o',  fi.„  into 

The  P,fa':!  f  I'r^'"  ""','  '!""""'">"='"«  f"""  "'«  Yazoo. 
1  le  n-arl  fulls  mto  Uike  Boretie. 

The  1  ascaffou'la  falls  into  Pa«cngo„Ia  Bay 

Ch.ckasawl,ay  an.l  I^,.f  form  tht  Pasca^o  .la 

I^Jhe  Tennessee  touches  the  N.  E.  co^.er  of  this 

The  Tombi^hee  rises  in  this  stale. 
NZv7r"'"'r';°w- '''•'"•'  '^'^"'  i^  "'«  capital. 

Port  Gibson,  near  Grand  Gulf. 

Ti azoo  City,  or  Manchester,  on  Yazoo  Fiver 

Columbus,  on  the  Ton.bi.rbee. 

stall  '  ""  '"'"'"^  '°^^"'  '"  "'^  S.  W.  part  of  the 


VVIint  is  said  of  the  Mis 
I      sisaippi  7 

What  rivers  foil  into  the 
Mississippi  J 

Wiml  rivers  form  Ihe  Ya- 
zoo / 

,^''oi:<"loes  the  Pearl  fall? 
the  Puscngoulu  t 

VVIml  rivers  form  Ihe  Pas- 
cagcmlat 

Whal  is  said  of  the  Ten- 
nessee ? 

Wiint   river  rises  in  this 
alale  ? 

Whal  is  said  of  Jackson? 

Wiiat   lowna  on  the  jMis 
sissippi  ? 


Where  is  Port  Gibson  1 
Yazoo  Cily? 
Columbus  ? 
Raymond  1 
Woodville  1 


intlTthe  Gui'^o/XLT  '"^  ''"'""'"""  """  <•«"« 
lakTi'of 'tl.T""'""'  ^''''''*'"''  «"•'  S"''in«'  ""w  throuirh 
Ro,fgnn7s?  7  rn-^if'   D''"'''''J»»nville,   Baton 

by  the  Amerirans  under  General  Jackson   ^' '"  '''"' 
j^.Alexandna  and  JVatehitoches  (^-ak'-i-tosh),  on  Red 

Madisonville,  near  Lake  Pontchartrain. 
Upelousas,  on  a  branch  of  the  Teche 
Monroe',  on  the  Washita. 


What    is    said    of  La 
'ourche  ? 

Whal  rivers  flow  through 
lakes  o(  the  same  names, 
inloiheGulfofMcjieof 

What  towns  on  the  Alis- 
sisaippi  ? 

What  is  said  of  New  Or- 
leans ? 


What  towns  on  RedR.f 

Where  is  Madisonville  t 
Opelousas  1 
Monroe  ? 


i  wiStr  y.^;^f  .:'•'' -^r'^^"  °^'^""-' °f 

other  state  in  tirunion?'^™''"'"''  ""'^  """'  «">• 


For  what    production    is 
Mississippi  fumed  ( 


XOniSZANA. 


sipD^''"F  b^^r^"""''"''  ^-  ^y  ^'•'"'"^as  and  Missis- 
bv^he  c\a^  f Jf".''PP'  and  the  Gulf  of  Mex  co  S 
'y  the  Gulf  of  Mexico:  and  W  bv  T^rnl  '"''*"'"..  &• 
"  IS  separated  by  Sabin'e  (IT^SuiT^Tr'  *'""'' 

sqi"  if '"  '"'°  ^«  P"-'-'  -'i  contains  .8,000 

E«£S«^B^nS:i^;:^-2 

Ma*':;Sin-:tr-'-'-''-  coast  o.' tn J 
.oIf'ar|'^Sr'^';-;«M-;Jpi  is  subject 

ItSlvitlwJtld     ??|"--^"'= 
"early  200  milo.,       ^  '         "'""'  "'""?  "'«  "^er  for 

«'a.-s  inu;ilurG.'|,'"o|' Mer:'  "'"   '''^'="-S«  '^eir 

The  H.,,uilrir;i:;^£^.[-"^  "•-""- 
4t,fS;S.:Br  '^'""  '"^  ^'-^S.  and, 

'{'«  i'eclie  (alls  i„t„  ,|,c  Aloliafi.lava 


'  How  ia  Louisiana  bound- 
ed ? 


How  many  parishes  and 
square  miles  I 

Whirh  are  the  principal 
bays  ?  I 

What  is  said  of  Ihe  south- 
ern eoast  ? 

What  of  the  country  bor- 
dering on  the  Missis- 
sippi ( 


What  lakes  in  the  S  E 
part  ?  • ' 

What  in  the  S.  V/.  part  f 

What  is  said  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi ? 

What  river  falls  into  the 

Alississippi  ? 
What  into  ilie  Red  f 

WliptissaidortheAleha 

iuiaya  1 

Where  does  the  Teche  fall? 
The  ,\niile  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Iber- 
ville I 


by  di'e  Gtd^  '  '  M  ^''T'y  ""'•  Louisiana ;  S.  E 

squ'are  ,S:V"'  "•"'  ''  ''""""-.and  contains  300,000 

^^Bays.-Gal  veston  and  Matagor'da  are  the  principal 

faIlim;^G";e^\X"T7.e"sl'f-''?^^°"(^''-)' 

i    e  Colorad  o  falls  mto  Matagorda  Bay. 
Ihe  San  Antonio  and  Nueces  f-.ll  i„,  ■^  r   . 

Gulf  of  Mexico  ^>ueces  Jail  into  arms  of  the 

Gal  veston,  on  Galveston  Bav 
Matagorda,  on  .Matagorda  Bay 

bintVirdie:  "■"'  ^"-e.loches,  between  the  Sa- 
Santa  Fo ,  near  the  Bio  Grande,  in  the  NWc!l  Texas 


What  is  said  of  Texas  f 


How  is  it  bounded  t 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  ? 

What  mountains  lie  on  the 
western  boundary  ? 

Which  are  the  principal 

What  is  said  of  the  Sa-  ! 
bine  ? 

Whal   river  falls  into  the  I 
oabine  ?  i 

What  rivers  foil  into  Gai. 
veston  Bay  ? 


riclfl':S:::i:^S::^:sV''""'"-'"'""'— ^ 

finest  grazing  c^ti^l^inr;":;:;''''^^'"''''"'^^ 
6E«£«A1  REMAUKS  ON  THt  SOUTHERN  SHIES 


^.i;''' "'^"/nlls  into  the 
,„V"''  "'  Mexico  1  i 

What  into  Matagorda  B.f' 
^/!"'/'>'''"'oafmsofthe 
,,/,>""  of  Mexico?  / 

What  branch  has  the  San  ■ 

Antonio  ? 
What  rivers  rise  in   the 

norihern  port? 
What  is  said  of  Austin? 
Where  is  Houston  ? 
Galveston  ? 
Motogorda  ? 

What  towns  between  the 
babiiie  and  Neches  ?       j 
What  on  the  Brazos  ? 
Where  ia  Boxar? 
Corpus  Christi  f 
Santa  Fe  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  inte- 
nor  of  Texas? 

What  of  the  Cross  Tim- 
bars  I 


What  Indians  Inhabit  the 
-N.  VV.  par!  ? 


Whrt  is  said  of  the  cli- 
male  of  the  southern 
states  ? 


?:£ 


:         ' 


:j! 


26 


MICHIGAN  — WISCONSIN  — OHIO. 


The  staple  productions  are  wheat,  corn,  and  tobacco, 
in  the  north,  and  rice,  sugar,  and  the  finest  cotton  in 
tiie  world,  in  the  south. 

These  states  do  not  possess  so  many  good  harbors 
as  the  more  northern  portion  of  the  Union ;  and  the 
navigation  of  many  of  the  rivers  is  much  obstructed 
by  the  sand-bars  which  have  formed  at  their  mouths. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit  in  all  of  these 
states. 

The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  their  hospitality  and 
their  ardent  lemperrnient. 

Education  is  not  so  liberally  provided  for,  or  so 
generally  ditfused,  as  in  the  more  thickly  settled  parts 
of  the  Union. 

Slavery  exists  in  all  of  the  Southern  States. 


What  nro  iho  staple  pro- 
ducliuiis  i 


What  is  aaiti  of  ihe  liar- 
hors  and  rivers  o(  lhet;u 
Slates  i 


Which  is  the  leading  pur- 
suit in  these  states  i 

What  is  said  of  the  inhab- 
itants f 

What  of  the  state  of  edu- 
cation ? 


What   exists    in    all  the 
southern  states  7 


The  norllicrn  peninsula  is  inhahiled  by  Indians,  and 
in  but  little  known.     Copper  is  found  in  great  abund- 


ance on  in 


af  Lake  Superior 


Tlie  commerce  on  the  great  lakes  which  surround 
this  state  is  already  extensive,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing. 


Of  what  does  Michigan 
consist  ? 

How  is  it  bounded  ? 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE   SOUTHERN   STATES. 

I.  Name  the  Soiiihern  States,  with  their  capitals.  2.  Nome  them  in  the  order  of  their 
sizes.  Ahs.  T.,  v.,  G.,  I''.,  N.  C.  &.  a.,  M.  4.  L.,  S.  C.  3.  How  many  square  miles 
do  they  contain  f  .'ln.<.  71  l,(X)0.  4.  How  are  they  Liounded?  5.  What  oie  the  principal 
bays  t  ti.  Which  one  of  these  stales  coiiiains  noted  -rounds,  and  what  aie  their  naine:i  I 
7.  Which  one  of  these  slates  abounds  in  lakes,  and  wliat  are  the  principal  ?  H.  What  are 
the  most  noted  capes?  9.  What  inuuntnins  in  these  stales?  10.  What  swamps?  11. 
What  rivers  fall  into  the  Atlaniic  (  12.  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  13.  Between  what  two  stales 
does  the  Savannali  How  ?  1 1.  St.  Mary's  ?  13.  Chatiahoochee  ?  16.  Tearl  f  17.  .Missis- 
sippi i  18.  .Sabine  ?  19.  What  is  the  course,  and  how  would  you  travel  by  water  from 
Petersburg  to  .Milledgeville  !  20.  Harper's  Kerry  lo  New  Orleans?  21.  t'larksburg  to 
Columbus,  Mi.?  22.  Charleston,  Va.,  to  Columbia,  S.  C.7  23.  Fayeltcville  to  'i'usca- 
loosa  ?  21.  Florence  to  .Mobile  ?  25.  Augusta,  Ga.,  to  Alexandria,  La.  ?  26.  Charlottes- 
ville to  Jackson  ?    27.  Baton  Rouge  to  Austin  I 


WESTERN  STATES. 
MZCBlGiklir. 

Michigan'  consists  of  two  peninsulas,  entirely  sepa- 
ralf'J  from  each  other  by  water. 

Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  Lake  Superior;  E. 
by  Canada  West,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  St. 
Mary's  Kiver,  I-ake  Huron,  St.  Clair  River,  Lake  St. 
Clair,  Detroit'  River,  and  Lake  E'rie;  S.  by  Oliio 
and  Indiana;  and  W.  by  Lake  Michigan  tnd  Wis- 
consin. 

It  is  divided  into  3'Z  counties,  and  contains  60,000 
square  miles. 

Bays.  —  Saginaw'  Bay  communicates  with  Lake 
Huron. 

Grand  Traverse  and  Green  Bays  communicate  with 
Lake  Michigan. 

Slrait.  —  The  Strait  of  Mackinaw  unites  Lake 
Michigan  with  Lake  Huron. 

Islands.  —  Mackinaw  and  Beaver  are  the  principal 
islands. 

Rivers. — The  Saginaw  fulls  into  Saginaw  Bay. 

The  Clinton  falls  into  Like  St.  Clair. 

The  Huron  and  Raisin  fall  into  I.ake  Erie. 

The  Mennomonic  and  .Montreal'  form  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 

The  Manistee,  Maskegon,  Grand,  Kalamazoo',  and 
St.  Josepii's,  fall  into  Lake  .Michigan. 

Towns.  —  Michigan  City,  or  Lansing,  near  Grand 
River,  is  the  capital. 

Detroit,  on  Detroit  River,  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade. 

Mt.  Ciethens  and  Pontiac,  on  Clinton  River. 

Monroe,  on  the  R;ii.siii. 

Ann  .Arbor,  on  the  Huron. 

Adrian,  on  a  branch  of  the  Raisin. 

St.  Josepii's  and  Miles',  on  St.  Juspph's  River. 

Mackinaw  on  the  island  of  Mackinaw. 


WISCOlffSIN. 

nonndarirs.  —  Bounded  N.  by  Lake  Superior  and 
Michigan;  E.  by  Lake  iMichigan;  S.  by  Illinois,  and 
W.  by  Mi.s.^ii-sippi  Itiver  and  Minisotali  Territory. 

It  is  divided  into  27  counties,  and  contains  00,000 
S(]uare  miles. 

Lake,  <S'. . — Winneba'go  Lake  discharges  its  waters 
into  Green  Bay  by  Fox  River. 

Rivers. — Tlie  Mississippi  forms  part  of  the  western 
boundary. 

The  Wiscon'sin  and  Chip'peway  fall  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

The  Montreal' ond  St.  Louis  full  into  Lake  Superior. 

The  Mennonionie,  and  I'ox  or  Ncenali,  fall  into 
Green  Bay. 

The  Dcs  Plainrs,  Fox,  and  Rock,  rise  in  Wisconsin 
and  pass  into  lllinoi.-i. 

Tomis. — Mailisim,  between  two  sinall  lakes  which 
communicate  with  Rork  River,  is  the  capital. 

Cassviile  ami  Prairie  du  Cliien  [Pra-ry  da  Sheen'), 
on  the  Mississippi. 

Sheboy'gan,  .Milwau'kie,  and  Racine  (Itas-scc?i),  on 
Lake  Michigan.  IMihvaukie  is  a  very  important  town, 
with  a  large  commerce,  and  rapidly  increasing  popu- 
lation. 


The  lead  mines  in  the  5.  W.  of  Wisconsin  are  the 
most  productive  in  the  Union,  and  the  richest  in  the 
world. 

Illinois  and  Iowa  include  a  po'-ion  of  this  cele- 
brated lead  r.;gion,  but  tiie  greater  part  lies  in  Wis- 
consin. 

OHIO. 


How  is  Wisconsin  bound- 
ed ( 


How  many  counties  and 
s<|uare  miles  ? 

What  is  said  of  Winne- 
bago Lake  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi ? 

What  rivers  fail  into  it? 

What  fall  into  L.  .Superior? 
What  into  (jircen  Bay? 

What  rivers  rise  in  Wis- 
consin, and  pass  into  1|. 
linois  ? 

Wlntt  is  said  of  Madison  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Mis- 
sissifipi  ? 

What  on  L.  Michigan  f 


What   is  said  of  the  lead 
mines  of  Wisconsin  f 


Who",  other  slates  include 
a  portion  of  the  lead  re- 
gion ? 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  1 

With  what  does  Saginaw 
Bay  communicate  ? 

What  bays  communicate 
wiih  Lake  Michigan? 

What  Slrait  unites  Lake 
Michigan  with  Lake 
Huron  ? 

Which  aro  the  principal 
islands  t 

Where  does  the  Saginaw 
fall  1 

The  Clinton  f 

What  rivers  tiiU  into  Lake 
Erie? 

What  form  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Mich- 
igan and  Wisconsin? 

Wliat  fall  into  L.  Michi- 
(lan  ? 

Wlial  IS  said  of  Michigan 
City  ? 

What  is  said  of  Detroit  ? 

What  towns  on  Clinton 
Itiver  ? 

Where  is  Monroe  I 

Ann  .\rbor  1 

Adrian  ? 

What  towns  on  Si.  Jo- 
seph's liivcr  ? 

Where  in  .Mackinaw  1 

What  is  said  of  the  north- 
ern peninsula ) 


What  is  said  of  llie  com- 1 
inerce  on  the  lakes?        I 


Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  Michiga»  and  Lake 
Erie;  E.  by  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia;  S.  by  Ohio 
River,  which  separates  it  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky ; 
and  W.  by  Indiana. 

It  is  divided  into  79  counties,  and  contains  44,000 
square  miles. 

Lake. — Lake  Erie  lies  on  the  northern  boundary  of 
this  state. 

Rivers. — The  Great  Miam'i,  Little  Miami,  Scio'to, 
Hocking,  and  .Mi.skingnm,  fall  into  tlie  Ohio. 

The  White  Water  and  Mad  River  fall  into  the  Great 
Miami. 

Cuyahoga  (Ki-a-lio'-ga),  Huron,  Sandusky,  and 
Maumee',  fall  into  Lake  Erie. 

The  Wabash  'iscs  in  the  west  of  this  slate. 

Towns. — Chilicoth'e,  Circleville,  and  Columbus,  on 
the  Scioto,  the  last  of  which  is  the  capital. 

Cincinnati,  PorLsmonlh,  Mariet'ta,  and  Stcu'benville, 
on  the  Ohio;  the  lirst  of  which  is  the  largest  and 
most  commercial  city  in  the  Western  Slates,  and  is  the 
greatest  pork  market  in  the  world. 

Hamilton  and  Dayton,  on  the  Great  Miami. 

Sp.ritigf)."].!,  .".;•,  a  !-.rsr,.-!i  nf  M;-.d  Hiv.r, 

Atli'ens,  on  the  Hocking,  is  the  seat  of  Ohio  Uni- 
versity, 

LanVaster,  on  a  branch  of  the  Hocking. 


How  is  Ohio  bounded  ? 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles? 

Where  is  Lake  Erie  I 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Ohio? 

Whni   full  into  the  Great 
Miami? 

What  into  Lake  Erie  1 

What  river  rises  in  the  W. 

Ill  ilie  siuU:  7 
V\'lia;  towns  on  the  Reiotut  | 

What  on  the  Ohio  ? 


What  on  the  G.  Miami  ? 

V.'hi-r.--  i=  .".p-ir.gn^:.!  ? 
What  is  said  of  Athens? 

Where  is  LnncBstcr  f 


w  is  VViaconsin  bonnd- 
iJI 

w  mnnjf  cminlica  and 
iquare  miles  ? 

hnt   i«  snirl  of  Winno- 
}iigo  Luke  t 

lint  is  said  of  tho  Jfis- 
liifsippi  I 

hat  rivers  full  inlo  it  f 

hnt  fnll  into  L.  Superior? 
lial  into  (Jrcen  liny  1 

hnt  rivers  rise  in  Wis- 
'iijisin,  and  puss  into  II- 
itiois  I 
hut  is  said  of  Madison  ? 

hnt  towns  on  the  Mis- 
•  isbippi  t 

hat  on  L.  Michigan? 


hnt  is  said  of  the  lend 
mines  of  Wisconsin  ? 


ha*,  other  states  include 
a  portion  of  the  lead  re- 
gion ? 


3W  is  Ohio  bounded  7 


)w  ir.nny  couniiea  ond 
square  miles? 

here  is  Lake  Erie  1 

hat  rivers  fall  into  the 
Ohio  I 

hat   full  into  the  Great 
Miami? 

hat  into  Lake  Erie  ? 

lint  river  rises  intho  \V. 
of  the  sluie  7 
liu:  towns  on  the  Scioto?  | 

hat  on  the  Ohio  ? 


hat  on  the  O.  Miami  f 
hat  is  said  of  Athens? 
here  is  LanCBStcr  f 


^=iz: -2^i^ ^-L''Ji!«iii"l'^   West  from   \Vnsl,m„i 


■ J— :. — __^.::_::^-m;^;^..  i_Bi_  ironi    v\  nslMritton 


TO    ILLUSTB*T« 


NEW 


COMMOJr-SCHOOL  GEOGBJIPHY] 

\  D114WN  AND  ENORAVED  BT  H.  A.  BRIOHTLT 


CAJVADA     WEST 


■I 


I 


iiftT 


38 


INDIANA— ILLINOIS  — KENTUCKY. 


j     Zanes'villc,  on  the  Muskingum. 

I      New  ark  and  Qainbier,  on  branches  of  the  Muskin- 
gum, the  latter  of  which  is  the  seat  of  Kenyon  College. 

I      Sandusky,  on  Sandusky  Bay. 

I      Cleveland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga,  is,  next 
to  Cincinnati,  the  most  important  town  in  the  state. 
Tole'do,  on  the  Maumee. 


Communication  is  afforded  between  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Ohio  Uiver  by  two  lines  of  canals;  one  extending 
from  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  the  other  from  Toledo 
to  Cincinnati. 

The  growth  of  Ohio  has  been  rapid  beyond  all 
parallel.  Although  one  of  the  new  states,  it  already 
ranks  Ihird  in  the  Union  in  point  of  population. 

INDIANA. 

Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  Lake  Michigan  and 
Michigan;  E.  by  Ohio;  S.  by  Ohio  River,  which  se- 
parates it  from  Kentucky;  and  W.  by  Illinois. 

It  is  divided  into  88  counties,  and  contains  30,000 
square  miles. 

Lake. — Lake  Michigan  touches  the  N.  W.  corner  of 
this  state. 

Rivem. — The  Wabash  and  Blue  fall  into  the  Ohio. 

The  White,  Vermil'ion,  Tippecanoe',  Mississineway, 
and  Salamanie,  fall  into  the  VVabash. 

East  and  West  Forks  form  the  While. 

The  Si.  Joseph's  and  St.  Mary's  unite  in  the  N.  E. 
part  of  the  slate,  and  form  the  Maumee'. 

The  White  Water  rises  in  the  eastern,  and  the  Kan- 
kakee in  the  north-western  part  of  this  state. 

Towns. — Indianap'olis,  on  the  West  Fork  of  White 
River,  is  the  cafilal. 

E'vansville,  New  Albany,  Jeflersonville,  Madison, 
Ve'vay,  and  Law'renceburg,  on  the  Ohio. 

Vincennes  ( Vin'cens'),  Terre  Haute  ( Tair-Hole), 
La  Fayette',  and  Logansport,  on  the  Wabash. 

Fort  Wayne,  at  the  head  of  the  Maumee. 

Bloomington,  an  inland  town,  between  East  and 
West  Forks,  is  the  seat  of  Indiana  University. 

This  state  contains  a  large  proportion  of  prairie 
land. 

At  Vevay,  extensive  vineyards  have  been  planted  by 
Swiss  settlers,  for  the  production  of  wine. 

ILKINOIS.* 

Boundaries. — This  fertile  and  highly-faToured  state 
is  bounded  N.  by  Wisconsin ;  E.  by  Lake  Michigan 
and  Indiana ;  S.  by  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it 
from  KeiKucky ;  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi,  which  se- 
parat4?8  it  from  Missouri  and  Iowa. 

It  is  divided  into  87  counties,  and  contains  55,000 
square  miles. 

Lake. — Lake  Michigan  lies  on  the  N.  E.  boundary 
of  this  slate. 

Rivers.  —  The  Kaskas'kia,  Illinois,  and  Rock,  fall 
into  the  Mississippi. 

The  San'gamon  and  Fox  fall  into  the  Illinois. 

Des  Plaines  and  Kankakee  form  the  Illinois. 

Saline'  falls  into  the  Ohio. 

The  Wabii'ih  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
this  state  and  Indiana. 

The  Little  Wabash  and  Embarras  fall  into  the  Wa- 
bash. 

Towns. — Springfield,  near  the  Sangamon,  is  the  seat 
of  government. 

Kaskaskia  and  Vanda'lia,  on  Kaskaskia  River. 

Sliaw'neRlown,  on  the  Ohio. 

Alton,  Qiiincy,  and  Nauvoo',  on  the  Mississippi,  the 
last  of  which  was  formerly  inhabited  by  the  Mormons. 

Na'pli;8,  Beardstown,  Feo'ria,  Peru',  and  Ot'tawa,  on 
the  Illinois.  * 

Gale'jia,  near  the  Mississippi,  in  the  N.W.  corner 


•  n-l'-noy. 


Whero  is  Zuncsvillc  ? 
What  towns  on  branches 
of  ihe  Muskingum  I 

Whero  Is  Snndusky  ? 
What  is  said  of  Cleveland ! 

Whero  ia  Toledo? 

How  is  communication  Af- 
forded hi'twecn  L.  Erie 
and  tlio  Ohio  ? 


What  is  said  of  tho  growth 
of  Ohio » 


How  is  Indiana  bounded  ? 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  ? 

Whoro  is  Lake  Michigan  t 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 

Ohio? 
What  into  the  Wabash  T 

What  form  the  White  ? 
What  form  the  Maumee  f 

What  rivers  rise  in  this 
slate  t 

What  is  said  of  Indianapo- 
lis I 

What  towns  on  the  Ohio? 


What  on  the  Wabash  f 

Where  is  Fort  Wayne  I 

What  is  said  of  Bloom- 
ington I 


What  is  said  of  the  prairie 
land  of  this  stale  7 

What  of  the  Vevay  vine- 
yards t 


How  is  Illinois  bounded  ? 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  I 

Where  is  L.  Michigan  f 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Mississippi  ? 

What  into  the  Illinois? 
What  form  the  Illinois  J 
Where docsthc  Saline  fall? 
What  is  said  of  the  Wa- 
bash ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  it  ? 

What  is  said  of  Spring- 
Held  ? 

What  towns  on  Kaskaskia 
River? 

Where  is  Shawneetown  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi ? 

What  towns  on  the  Illi- 
nois  7 

WUui  is  SttiJ  of  Galena  ? 


of  this  stale,  is  famous  for  the  lead-mines  found  in  iis 
vicinity. 

Chicago*  (She-kaii'-go).,  on  liake  Michigan,  is  the 
most  important  town  in  Illinois,  and  is  noted  for  its 
extensive  and  rapidly  increasing  commerce.  It  is  con- 
nected with  Illinois  I'iver  by  a  canal,  and  is  tiiu  ciiicf 
seat  of  the  trode  on  I,ake  Michigan. 

Jacksonville,  an  inland  town  W.  of  Springfield,  is 
the  seat  of  Illinois  Cullrgc. 


Illinois  consists  chiefly  of  vast  prairies,  which  are 
renowned  for  their  great  and  inexhaustible  fertility. 
Abundant  harvests  of  grain  ore  produced,  and  vast 
numbers  of  all  kinds  of  stock  raised,  with  less  labour 
and  attention  than  are  required  in  almost  any  other  part 
of  the  world. 

Lyell,  the  celebrated  geologist,  asserts,  that  "  there 
is  more  coal  in  the  single  state  of  Illinois  than  in  all 
Europe." 

The  numerous  navigable  streams  afford  great  com- 
mercial facilities.  Tlie  trade  of  the  Illinois  River  is 
already  very  extensive.  In  1846,  a  greater  number  of 
steamboats  arrived  at  St.  Louis  from  this  river,  than 
from  the  Ohio. 

SBNTUOS'T. 

Boundaries. — Bounded  N.W.  and  N.  by  Ohio  River, 
which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio  ;  E. 
by  Big  Sandy  River  and  Cumberland  Mountains,  which 
separate  it  from  Virginia ;  S,  by  Tennessee ;  and  W.  by 
Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Missouri. 

It  is  divided  into  00  counties,  and  contains  40,000 
square  miles. 

Rivers. — The  Tennessee,  Cumberland,  Green,  Salt, 
Kentucky,  and  Licking,  fall  into  the  Ohio  River. 

The  Tennessee  forms  a  small  part  of  the  boundary 
between  this  state  and  Tennessee. 

The  Big  Barren  falls  into  the  Green. 

The  Rolling  falls  into  Salt  River. 

Towns.  —  Frankfort,  on  Kentucky  River,  is  the 
capital. 

Louisville,  Covington,  Newport,  and  Maysville,  on 
the  Ohio,  the  first  of  which  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
state. 

Hopkinsville,  on  a  branch  of  the  Cumberland. 

Bowling  Green,  on  the  Big  Barren,  north  of  which 
is  the  celebrated  Mammoth  Cave. 

Bardstown,  on  a  branch  of  the  Rolling. 

Georgetown,  on  a  branch  of  the  Kentucky. 

Par'is,  on  a  branch  of  the  Licking. 

Lexington,  24  miles  S.  E.  of  Frankfort,  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  state,  and  is  noted  as  the  seat  of  Transyl- 
va'nia  University. 

Harrodsburg,  an  inland  town,  near  Kentucky  River. 


What  of  Chicago  t 


Jacksonville? 


What  is  said  of  Illinois  t 


What  is  said  of  tho  quan- 
tity of  cuiil  found  in  Illi- 
nois ? 

What  is  snid  of  its  navi- 
gublu  strciinis? 


How  is  Kentucky  bound- 
ed? 


How  many  counties  and 
siiuuro  miles? 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Ohio? 

What  is  said  of  tho  Ten- 
nessee ? 

Whero  does  the  Big  Bar- 
ren fall  ? 

Tho  Rolling  f 

What  ia  said  of  Frank- 
fort ? 

What  towns  on  the  Ohio? 


Where  is  Hopkinsville?     i 
Bowling  Green? 

Bardstown  ? 
Georgetown  ? 
Paris  ? 

What  is  said  of  Lexing- 
ton? 

Where  is  Harrodsburg? 


Haniiii'jth  C»Te,  Kentucky, 


Kentucky,  like  all  limestone  regions,  abounds  in 
caves.  Mammoth  Cave  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  wonderful  in  the  world. 


•The  population  of  Chicago,  in  1810,   was  4853;  in  1843 
it  was  7580  j  in  1845  it  was  12,088  j  in  1848,  about  20,000. 


What  is  said  of  the  cnres  | 
of  Kentucky  ? 


I      Iowa  contai 

'•  important  of  w 

Pottawatomies, 


Imt  of  Chicngof 


liat  is  said  of  Illinois  t 


lint  is  said  of  tho  quan- 
iiy  III'  cuiil  found  in  llli- 
tois  ? 

Imt  is  snid  of  its  navi- 
;ubIo  siruuuis? 


w  is  Kentucky  bound- 
ed f 


w  many  counties  and 
K^uiiro  inilcB  ? 

hai  rivers  fall  into  the  | 
JhioJ 

hitt  is  said  of  the  Ten- 
lessee  ? 

here  does  the  Big  Bar- 
en  fait ) 
\B  Rolling  t 

lint  13  said  of  Frank- 
orl  ? 
hat  towns  on  the  Obiot 


here  ia  Hopkinsvillo  I 
wling  Green  I 

rdstown ! 

lorgetown  ? 

ris? 

hat  is  snid  of  Lexing- 

;onf 

here  is  Ilarrodsburg  t 


hot  is  said  of  the  cnres  | 
jf  Kentucky  f 


_te^essee-iowa-missouiu-arka1v.saV 


TBSrNBSSIIB. 

Boundaries.-Bounded  N.  by  Kentucky  and  Vir- 
ginia ;S.E.  by  N.  Carolina ;  S.  by  Georgia,  Alabama, 
and  Mississippi ;  and  VV.  by  Mississippi  UiJer 

It  IS  divided  into  72  counties,  and  contains  45,000 
square  miles.  ■•")""" 

Tennessee  is  also  divided  by  the  Cumberland  Moun- 

Zll  T^T"'^'^'*"  ""°  "'"="  P""'  known  by 
he  names  of  East  Tennessee,  Middle  Tennessee,  and 
West  lenncssee.  ' 

Mountainf.—A  range  of  mountains,  under  the  va- 
rious names  of  Stone,  Iron,  Bald,  and  Unaka  or  Smokv 
Maintains,  separates  this  state  from  North  Carolina. 

•  7'.V^  Wolf,  Hatch'ee,  Forked  Deer,  and  Obion,  fall 
into  the  Mississippi.  ' 

Jel'iiJjrrtotntf;'^"'^  ""^  "•-«•'  '^^^ 

the'^TL^e'ste."'^"""'  ^^'""='"  ""'^  «"'«'-'  «»»  '•"" 
Powell's  River  falls  into  the  Clinch. 
French  Broad  falls  into  the  Holston 
!      The  Nolechncky  fail.,  into  the  Frencii  Broad. 

land  Th?  ilif  r",''  r**  N-^hville,  on  the  Cumber- 
land the  latter  of  which  is  the  seat  of  government 
and  the  largest  town  in  the  state.  ({""ernraeni, 

Franklin,  on  a  branch  of  the  Cumberland. 

S.SX'::i  sLio'n'."^  "^'"^  ^^"-'-"'P''  "  «  U""^'' 

Columbia,  on  Duck  River. 

Knoxville,  on  the  Holston. 

Bol'ivar,  on  the  Hatchee. 

Jonesboro,  in  the  N.  E.,  Mur'freesboro,  in  the  centre 
and  Wmchesler,  in  the  S.,  are  inland  to^ns  ' 


According  to  the  census  of  1840,  Tennessee    nro- 

XOWA. 

Bfl«nrf«r;e,.-Bo,,nded  N.  by  Minisotah  Territory: 
E.  by  Mississippi  River;  S.  by  Missouri;  and  W  by 
Missouri  and  Sioux  (Soo)  Rivers  " 

squ':;:  mis.^' '"'°  '^  •=°"""«^'  -"  -»♦--  57,000 

con1:,ra"d"lni'rois''"'"'^P'  "^P"™'^'  I°-from  Wis- 
The  Des  Moines  (De-Moin'),  and  Lower  and  Upner 
Fowa,  fall  into  the  Mississippi.  ^^ 

MiJsour?"'"""  "'"'  ^"""^  "''  '"  '"^"""'J  ?«'«  in'o 

caph^!^"'""'*  ^">''  ""  '^^  ^°'^«^  I"*^".  "  the 

hnf.?»'/^*''r";  ,^"^""e">n,  Bioomington,  and  Du* 
bitque  (Du-Booke'),  on  the  Mississippi;  the  last  of 
Mhich  IS  famed  for  the  lead-mines  in  iu  vicinfty 

I .    Iowa  contains  several  tribes  of  Indians,  the  mn«i 
Pmr"'"'  -^  '"«  «-^  and.FoxVtdT 


How  is  Tenneaaes  bound, 
cd  ? 


How  many  counties  and 
squure  miles  f 

How    is    Tennessee    di- 
vided t 


What  mountains  separate 
this  stale  Irom  North 
Carolina  f 

Whnt  is  said  of  the  Cum- 
berland mounmins  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi I 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Mississippi; 

What  rivers  flow  through 
this  stale) 

What  fall  into  the  Ten- 
nessee f 

Whore  does  Powell's  R 
fall  ( 

Thi?  Frenrh  Broad  J 

The  Noleehucky  ( 

What  towns  on  tho  Cum- 
berland ? 

Where  ia  Franklin  ? 
What  is  said  of  Memphis  1 

Where  is  Columbia  ? 

Kno.xvillo  t 

Bolivar? 

What  inland  towns? 


thelS-;;;.'"  '''™'""'  *'--". -d  Salt,fall  into 
Big  River  falls  into  the  Maramee. 

into  the  Miwf '  '''"'"°'"  °'''«^''  ""'^  «""'''  <•"" 
The  White  Water,  St.  Francis,  Big  Black,  and  Cur- 

r '^ans-as'."^  ^°""'""  P"'  °^  ''''  --'  -^  P- 

w!'''^^rh°7''  ''."i"'"  ""^  ^"««'""  boundary. 

y otCTM.— St.  Charles,  Jefferson  City,  Boone'ville  and 
Lexington,  on  Missouri  River.     Jeffe'rson  City  is' th 
seat  of  government.  ^ 

New  Mad'rid,  Cape  Girardeau',  St.  Genevieve'  Her- 
ctda  i^um,  and  St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississi,"     ,h'e    a 
of  which  IS  a  p  ace  of  extensive  trade,  and^he  larjes 

Pot'o's    '  ^"r'''  t''"^  '''''  °f  the'Mississ  ppi  ^  " 

in  hr'^i^i^tr     '  ' '"  '''""°"  '"  '"^  '"''■'"'"^' 

of'[he'S;"ir'rr^  Mr-^i-inAewestem  part 

01  tlie  state,  IS  noted  as  the  point  from  which  the 

aravans  of  Missouri  merchants  trading  To  Sa2  Fe 

in  Texas,  take  their  departure.  •^anare, 


20 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 
MiasisMJppi  ? 

Where  docs  Dig  R.  faJU 

Whnt  fall  inio  the  Mis- 
souri f 

Whnt  rivers  rise   in  this 
Slate  t 

What  is  said  of  tho  Mis- 

souri  1 
What  towns  on  the  Mis- 

souri  t 

What  towns  on  the  Mis, 

SISSIppi  1 


What  is  said  of  Potoai  f 
Independence  f 


What  IB  said  of  the  amount 
of  corn  produced  in  Ten- 
nessee i 


How  is  Iowa  bounded  t 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  ?  | 

What  is  said  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
luiBsissippi  f 

What  rivers  rise  in  Iowa  1 
What  is  said  of  Iowa  Cityf 


Load  Mines. 

ceSZf  ■'  '"T"''  ■^°'  "*  '"'"««'  ''^asures.  The 
ce  ebra  ed  mineral  region  around  Potosi  contains  inex! 
haustible  mines  of  the  richest  lead  and  iron  ores 


What  ia  said  of  the  mipi- 
ral  treasures  of  Misso^  if 


ARBAWSAS. 


^ 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N  bv  lVTi«.n.„i .  p  u    ht- 
VV   by  lexas  and  the  Indian  Territory 
sq,L':mS'  '"'°  ''  ''°""''^^'  -''■-"'--  55,000 

cor-:tT;;:i;T2^  ^""''  ^°""'^'"' "-  '»•«  n.  w. 

MiSiJjt"'"' '''""'"""^  St.  Francis,  fan  into  the 

Tl"'*^"l„^"l,^^_^'«^^  r^!  -j-  '!>«  whi,e. 


na  on  the  Mis- 


What  is  said  of  the  Indian 
tribes  of  Iowa  ? 


MISSOURI. 

.BoKnrfaWes.— Bounded  N.  by  Iowa;  E.  bv  Missis 
^  PP'  R'ver,  which  separates  it  from  lllinot  Kentu  k' 

I  .q uari'mtf '  "'"  ''  '=°"""^''  """  *'°"'«'"''  «*.0«C 

It^Hoii^Sir^SiSLS""^  ''"""'^'"^ 

I  the  sZ!^?""'"  ""''  ^"°'  ^"°''' '"  'he  eastern  part  of 
l^e  state,  are  immense  ma.se.  of  the  riche.t  iroS  ore 


.-- „„  ij,g  uiacK  laii  into 

Ti     w/'^i.?""  '"'"  "'^  Big  Black. 
I  he  White  Water  is  a  branch  of 


How  is  Missouri  bounded? 


How  many  counties  and 
square  miles? 

What  mountains  traverse 
the  southern  part  ? 

What  is  said  of  Iron  Mt 
and  Pilot  Knob  ? 


Tk     i.r'T-  ■■ """:'  '"  "  "™"cn  01  the  St.  Francis 
Lo^sLr""""'  "^^'  '"  '^'^  """«  -'J  P--  into 

1  he  Red  River  flow,  through  the  S.  W.  corner  of 
thie  Slate,  and  passes  into  Louisiana.  '^ 

of  Jirnmeni"'^  "°"""  °"  "^^^"^  «'-' "  ">«  -at 

Jiilton,  on  Red  River. 

res!!r"dt'bfinrand^^''*«'^«'''-P^ 

^^  Fayetteville,  an  inland  town,  in  the  N.  W.  corner  of 


large  rivers  are  very  fertile,  but  .ubject  to   nundation 
The  o^er  portion,  of  the  ..ate  are  hilly  and  barren 


How  is  Arkansas  bound- 
ed? 

How  many  counties  and 
square  miles  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Oiark 
Mountains  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Mis. 
eissippi? 

What  rivers  fall  into  it  t 

What  fall  into  the  White? 
Where  docs  tho  Current  I 

fall  ? 
The  White  Water  ?  | 

What  is  said  of  tho  Wa-  ' 

shila  ?  I 

What  rivers  fall  into  it  ?     I 
What  is  said  of  Red  River  ? 

What  is  said    of    Little 
Rock? 

What  towns  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi ? 
Where  is  Batesvillo  ? 
Fulton  ? 

What    is    said    of    Hot 
(springs  ? 

Where  is  Fayetteville  ? 


What  is  said  of  Arkansas  ? 


J 


30 


MINISOTAII,    MISSOURI,    INDIAN,    AND   OREGON    TERRITORIES. 


GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  WESTERN  STATES, 

The  climate  of  the  Western  States  is  mild,  and  the 
soil  is  renowned  for  its  fertility. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit.  The  chief  pro- 
ductions are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  hemp,  and 
live  stock ;  and  cotton  in  Tennessee  and  Arkansas. 

Salt  is  obtained  in  ci>nsidernblo  quantities  from  sail 
springs  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky ;  and  coal,  iron,  and 
lead  are  found  in  great  abundance. 

The  trade  of  this  great  and  rapidly  improving  sec- 
tion of  the  Union,  in  carried  on  chiefly  with  New  Or- 
leans by  means  of  the  Mississippi,  and  with  New  York, 
through  the  lakes  and  the  Krie  Canal. 

Slavery  exists  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Missouri, 
and  Arkansas. 


Whit  ii  said  of  tho  cli- 
mate and  aoll  of  the 
western  states  1 

What  is  said  of  their  ag- 
rirulturCj  and  which  are 
the  chiel  productions  ) 

What  is  said  of  sah,  &.c.t 


How  is  the  trade  of  this 
section  carried  on  1 


In  which  of  these  states 
docs  slavery  exist  I 


QUESTIONS  ON   THE   WESTERN   STATES. 

1.  Name  the  Western  States,  with  their  capilols.  2.  Nome  them  in  the  order  of  their 
sizes?  Am.  Mo.,  Mich.  &  Wis.,  lo.,  111.  &  Ark.,  Ten.,  O.,  K.,  and  In.  3.  How  many 
square  miles  do  they  contam  ?  Ant.  51fi,000.  4.  What  are  the  principal  mountains  in  the 
Western  btates  ?  5.  What  lakes  lie  between  these  states  and  Upper  Canada  I  8.  Where 
does  Lake  Michigan  lie  f  7.  Which  of  these  states  are  bounded  W.,  and  which  E. 
by  the  Mississippi  River  f  8.  Which  S.,  and  which  N.,  by  the  Ohio?  9.  What  rivers 
fall  mto  the  Mississippi  in  these  states?  10.  What  into  the  Ohio  I  11.  Wabash?  12. 
Lake  Erie  ?  13.  What  is  the  direction,  and  how  would  you  travel  by  naturol  water-courses 
from  Cincinnati  to  Booneville  1  14.  Nashville  tc  Knoxville  ?  15.  Indianapolis  to  Jcllcrson 
City  ?  16.  Columbus  to  Vandalia  ?  17.  Frankfort  to  Little  Rock  ?  18.  Dayton  to  Peo 
ria  t    19.  Zanosville  to  Memphis  ?    20.  Logansport  to  Bowling  Green  ? 


WESTERN  TERRITORIES. 
MZNZSOTAB  TBRRZTORT. 


(See  Map  of  the  United  States.) 

Boundaries.— Bounded  N.  by  the  British  Posses- 
sions; E.  by  Lake  Superior  and  Wisconsin;  S.  by 
Iowa;  and  VV.  by  Missouri  Territory. 

It  contains  100,000  square  miles. 

Minisotah  is  inhabited  by  numerous  Indian  tribes, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Chippeways  and  Sioux. 

Lakes.  —  Lakes  are  very  numerous,  particularly 
around  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 

Lake  Superior,  Rainy  Lake,  and  I-,ake  of  the  Woods, 
lie  on  the  N.  E.  boundary. 

Rivers. — The  Mississippi  rises  in  Itasca  Lake,  and 
flows  through  tlie  heart  of  this  territory.  The  navi- 
gation of  this  river  is  here  interrupted  by  the  falls  of 
St.  Anthony. 

The  St.  Croix,  St.  Peters,  and  Rum,  fall  into  the 
Mississippi. 

The  Red  rises  in  the  central  part  of  this  territory, 
and  flows  north  into  British  America. 


How  is  Minisotah  Terii- 
tory  bounded  ? 

How  many  square  miles 

does  it  contain? 
What  is  said  of  the  Indian 

tribes  ? 

What  of  the  lakes  f 

What  lakes  lie  on  the  N. 
E.  boundary  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi ? 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Mississippi  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Red  ? 


Fort  Snelling,  a  United  States'  military  post,  near  What  of  Fort  Snelling  1 
the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  is  noted  as  being  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Mississippi. 

MISSOURI  TERRITORV. 


Hunter  and  Trapper. 


Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  the  British  Posses- 1  How  is  Missouri  Territory 
sions ;  r,.  by  Minisotah  territory  and  fowa ;  S.  by  ihei     bounded  i 
Indian  Territory;  and  W.  by  the  Rocky  iMounlains.    I 


It  contains  400,000  square  miles. 

The  sdutliern  part  of  this  extensive  region  is  some- 
times called  Nebraska  Territory. 

This  country  is  uninhabited,  except  by  wandering 
tribes  of  Indians,  who  subsist  chiefly  by  hunting. 

The  principal  of  these  tribes  are  the  lilackfeet, 
Ricarees,  Crows,  and  Pawnees. 

Companies  of  trappers  and  traders,  from  the  western 
slates,  visit  this  country,  for  the  purposes  of  hunting 
and  of  trading  with  the  Indians  for  the  furs  taken  by 
them. 

Mountains. — The  Rocky  Mountains  separate  Mis- 
souri Territory  from  Oregon. 

The  Black  Iliils  traverse  this  territory  from  N.  E. 
to  S.  W. 

River.1. — The  IMissonri  flows  through  this  territory. 

The  Platte,  Sioux,  James,  Running  Water,  Sliienne, 
Little  Missouri,  White  Earth,  Yellowstone,  and  Marias, 
fall  into  the  Missouri. 

Gallatin's,  Madison's,  and  Jeflerson's,  form  the  Mis- 
souri. 

The  Platte  flows  through  the  heart  of  the  territory 
of  Nebraska.  One  of  the  branches  of  this  river  rises 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  at  a  very  noted  point  called 
the  South  Pass.  At  this  pass  emigrants  to  Oregon 
usually  cross  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Big  Horn  falls  into  the  Yellowstone. 


How  many  squnre  miles 
does  it  coninin  ? 

What  is  the  Roiiihern  por- 
tion uf  this  territory 
called  ? 

By  whom  is  this  country 
iriliiihilod  ? 

Which  are  the  principal 
tribes? 

By  whiim  is  this  country 
visited  t 


What  is  said  of  the  Rocky 
Mtmiitains  t 

The  Black  Hills? 

What  is  said  of  Missouri 

River? 
What  rivers  fall  into  it  ? 


What  form  it » 


What  is  said  of  Platte  R., 
and  the  South  Pass  ? 


Where  does  Big  Horn  fall  ? 


IWDIAir  TERRITORV. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  Missouri  Territory ; 
E.  by  Missouri  and  Arkansas;  S.  and  W.  by  Texas. 

It  contains  120,000  square  miles. 

Desert. — The  American  Desert  lies  partly  in  this 
territory,  and  partly  in  Texas. 

Rivers.  —  The  Missouri  flows  on  the  north-eastern 
boundary  of  this  territory. 

Tho  Kanzas  falls  into  the  Missouri. 

The  Arkansas  and  Red  form  part  of  the  boundary 
between  this  territory  and  Texas,  and  pass  into  Ar- 
kan.'<as. 

The  Canadian  is  a  branch  of  the  Arkansas. 

Settlements,  S(c. — This  territory  has  been  set  apart, 
by  the  United  Slates  Government,  as  the  abode  of  the 
Indian  tribes  which  have  been  removed  from  within 
the  limits  of  the  states. 

The  principal  tribes  inhabiting  this  territory  are  the 
Del'awares,  Shawnees,  Osa'ges,  Cherokces',  Creeks, 
Seininoles,  Choc' taws,  and  Chickasaws'.  Most  of  these 
tribes  are  considerably  advanced  in  civilization. 

Fort  Leavenworth,  on  the  Missouri,  Fort  Gibson, 
on  the  Arkansas,  and  Fort  Towson,  near  Red  River, 
are  United  States'  military  posts,  established  for  the 
purpose  of  preserving  peace  among  the  Indians. 

Council  Blufls,  on  the  Missouri. 


How  is  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory bounded  ? 

How  many  square  miles  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Ame- 
rican Desert  t 

What  of  the  Missouri  R.l 

What  falls  into  the  Mis- 
souri ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Ar- 
kansas and  Red  1 

Where  does  tho  Canadian 

fall? 
For  what  has  this  territory 

been  set  apart  I 


Which  are  the  principal 
tribes  ? 


What  military  posts  in  this 
territory,  and  why  were 
they  established  ? 


Where  is  Council  Bluffs  t 


ORHaONT  TBRRITORT. 


By  a  treaty  concluded  in  the  year  1840,  that  por 
tion  of  Oregon  lying  north  of  the  49th  parallel  of 
latitude,  was  ceded  to  the  British  government. 

Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  the  British  Posses- 
sions ;  E.  by  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  S.  by  California ; 
and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

It  contains  about  300,000  square  miles. 

Mountains. — Oregon  is  traversed  by  lofty  ridges  of 
mountains,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Rocky 
Mountains  on  the  east,  the  Blue  Mountains  in  the  in- 
terior, and  the  Cascade  Mountains  or  President's 
Range,  in  the  west. 

Strait. — The  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  separates  Van- 
couver's Island  from  Oregon  Territory. 

Capes. — Flattery,  Disappointment,  and  Orford,  are 
t!ie  principal  capes. 

Rivers. — The  Columbia  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Willamette,  Lewis,  and  Flathead  or  Clark's, 
fall  into  the  Columbia. 


What  is  said  of  thot  por- 
tion of  Oregon  north  of 
the  49th  parallel  of  lati. 
lude? 

Bound  the  portion  which 
belongs  to  the  U.  States. 

How  many  square  miles 
dues  it  contain  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  moun- 
tains of  Oregon  ? 


What  of  the  Strait  of  Juan 
de  Fuca  ? 

Which  are  the  principal 

copes  ? 
Where  does  tho  Columbia 

(>,ll  ? 
What  fall  into  the  Colum- 

bio? 


1.  How  are  thi 

I  and  Gulf  of  Me.\i 

square  miles  docs 

1  lie  third  ?    (i.  '1' 

rilory  of  the  Unil^ 

\Am.  Tex.,  Va     J 

M"».  N.C,  Al„  I 

IJv^.C.nndMai 

iJ.  Ine  smallest 

New  England  Sin 

I      .fountains.— \a, 

laniic,  from  those  i 

I  mountains?     17.  V 

I  L.,  and  C.     is   W 

J  I"    19.  What  Stat 

I  mountains  in  the  t 

|8lalea  arc  trnversct 

Gulft,  ^ 2'Z.  ' 

I'jnys  aiu  uii  ihu  A 

|8oundsonthe  Atlni 

iMkeit — 2e.  Wlia 


ic  Illack  UiWa  ? 


here  does  Big  Horn  Tall  t 


Imt  of  the  Missouri  R.t 


icre  is  Council  Bluff's  f 


.liIi£^i_£ALIJ'ORNlA   AND   NEW 


the  British    r,,-  ,,,„     ""^'■'^'"'^^^'""•ments  made  by       oniho  Columbia f 

MBZZOO. 

When  and  by  whom  were 
Upper    California    and  f 
New  Mexico  ceded   to  I 
the  United  States  ? 


i!!Zii!fl2zl£.^IIl!iL ^  **  E  R  I C  A  -  N  F.  VV 


BRITAIN. 


30.  Hudson,    .ul>:ZZr^^"r'''' r '''''•'''' '^'''^'"''''^■ 
Roanoke?     .W.  Orrat   IvITi     i, '  S'''''''"''"""» '     33.  Poio,„„c  i    q.    ru 

,anuyf     -JJ.  t.rcat   Kanawha  f    56. 


Aip„   L       •'*•  <^i'nilicrland !    53.  VVnhnsh »     rj    ii       o'^'i'^nnsf    50.  Ohio?    51   T«n 
n^oi's^'fi^  Ro^M^TT'"""  ' .  '«  'Vll'l,;;/!  "  §.  Sr?    II-  «-»>  Kana'wh'iv'^rfi 


Upper  California  Ind  trMeS^att"  Tede^J 
by  the  Mexican  Gover.itnent  ,„  the  Unhed  St^L 

by  SrilvT'''^'^  ^'  ''^  ?'^S°"  Te"^°  J ;  E. 
Ocean       •  ^      "'""° '   "'"'  ^-  ''X  'he  Pacific 

They  contain  about  500,000  square  miles.  How  , 

e  fr  ,"h""vr.'^  "■"«''  "''  "'«  "-"^ky  Mountains  in  ^^.l' 
e  east,  the  VVahsalch  in  the  interior,  and  the  Snowv  ^''''^'' 
oimtains  •  <  the  west,  are  the  nrinci.  ,i  ""'•^      '»'"" 


,   ".  Philadelphia  to^IZtors  c" ',  ^  bT  '"  '""*-- 
'°^r'^'DlL«'^l:"lS™i.-:?''5'??5ii'"  "tC^ti^^^  Orleans 


How  are  they  bounded  ? 


the 


Mountains  ■ .   the  west,  a;e  iiie"  prTndpal. 

f  alley- the  country  between  the  Wahsatch  ami 
Snowy  Mountains  is  called  the  Great  Intert  etro' 

barTe*!,''  '27.""^^^'^  '"  '"  '°""  I^^'"  «ndy  and 
irivers'siof  f'ri:''°"'  "'""""'  '"  lakes^  and 
uTesea  "^  *"*'"  "°  communication  with 

LipSTayT''"''"'"""'"  ""'^  Monterey  are  the  prin. 
bo.mty"''""  """  '"'''  '"'  "^"  "-^  "-'hern 

licofa^^d^rrttTo?^^^^^^^^^ 

The  Sacramento  falls  into  the  Bay  of  St.  Francisco 

nniBrl  ,,.  irancisco,  on  ban  Francisco  Bav.  is 

noted  as  possessing  one  of  the  finest  harbo«7^^|he 

Monterey  (Mou-ia-ray),  on  Monterey  Bay. 
^^^San  Diego,  on  the  Pacific,  near  tlie  southern  boun- 


How  many  square  miles 
do  they  contain  7 
'hich  are  the  principal 
mountains  1 

Where  is  the  Great  Inte- 
rior Basin? 

What  is  said  of  this  im- 
mense valley  ? 


Which  are  the  principal 
bays  ?  ' 

Where  is  G.  Salt  Lake  ? 

What  is  Mid  of  the  Rio  I 
Colorado  f 


9^  cTshT"'  '^"■'    «'-'i.'J""«^»'"OB«  oiSnanoli'r"^^'^'  l'"' '    «»■  Concord   jJ^h' 
91.  Charleston,  Va.,  to  Booneville,  Mo.  ?  ^rChlillf  tofefdrTa,  u' J" ''™"'' 

Possessions  ^  "'"*"  ^"'"'  '""'   «"««*«" 

British  America  contains  about  2  inn  nnn  . 

ritorv^hi.  ^l     i  i'?  '"""f"'*'  •'"'  ''•^ak  and  barren  ter 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  is  said  of  this  im- 
menso  territory? 


What  does  British  Amo- 
nca  mclude  I 


The  Gila? 

The  Sacramento  ? 

What  branch  has  the  Sa- 
cramento ? 

What  is  said  of  San  Fran- 
cisco ? 


»raw  BRITAXN. 


Where  ia  Monterey  ? 
San  Diego  ? 


ll^H'!''  '.''   ^^STERN  TERRITORIES. 


'    Te°r  itSrv/^r'^/  '"  "■''^"  '"'^^ories  ? ''ii.tel'rirVl^rf  f     '■  WhL  riv"e?  I 

cou^ciakf  ^:'s^^orcr^ry%Uo!£?F"'''  --"  '^r:^t:i'^^ 


f^  contoins  nearly  2,000,000  of  square  miles 
fur  trade.  P"  P°'^  °*^  <=''"y"i&  "n  the 


miles 


How  many  square 

uoos  it  contain? 
By  whom  is  this  cold  and 

fled  ?  '"   "*'""  '"''"'*■ 


QUESTIONS  ON   THE   UNITED  STATES 


irc.— J.;.  VVIint  cniU  wash""  *^-  -      i' 

1'  •rM^'l?""^  ™a«  ?  •2V."5,rheTn:.?"'f"[i''^.U?«ed  states  ? 


hat 


S;;-o'i«  Cvit  kk?°r  ',  "  """  "'  ™""^° '    25-  What  I 

^^ :^VI.at  lakeshe^^een  the  United  States  and  Canada  W..,.    „.  Where 


Oatheco^-^rG^iFM;:!^^?^;^^;;^ 


Hunting  tlie  Bearer. 


the  Crx,\"'fiUrytd  d^^^^^^^^^^  'y\  ^t '"^-7^abit  the 

w|rSroF^:;£;:^Mo,.ntain3tr«vor.etho 

and^S->^3'a;St  S  oTst'f ""'  """-"'^' 
i!!!ii2i!he^ulfof';^^^L:;^;,^^e  m^e 


coasts  ? 
The  interior  ? 

''Moun".:r;;^?'"**"'«-"y 

^^'a^s?"*  ""  P"""'?*' 


32 


CANADA  — NEW    BRUNS  W  ICK  — NO  V  A    SCOTIA. 


Strails. — Da'vis'  Strait  unites  Baffin's  Bay  with  the 
Atlantic. 

Hudson's  Strait  unites  Hudson's  Bay  with  the  At- 
lantic. 

The  Strait  o(  Belleisle  is  an  inlet  into  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence. 

Lakes.  —  Bear  Lake,  Slave  Lake,  and  Lake  Atiia- 
bas'ca,  discharge  their  waters  by  Mackenzie's  River. 

Lake  Win'nipe^  and  Lake  of  the  Woods  discharge 
their  waters  by  Nelson  River. 

Islands.  —  Numerons  islands  lie  on  the  northern 
coast,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  North  Georgian 
Islands  and  Prince  William's  Land. 
•  Queen  Charlotte's  and  Vancouver's  lie  on  the  west- 
ern coast,  in  the  country  recently  acquired  by  treaty 
from  the  United  States. 

Rivers. — The  Mackenzie's  falls  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

The  Severn,  Nelson,  and  Churchill,  fall  into  Hud- 
son's Bay. 

The  Saskatch'awan  and  Red  fall  into  Lake  Winnipeg. 

Frazer's  River  falls  into  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

OAITADA. 


WImt   is  iaiil    of  Dsvia' 

Hi  rail  J 

Iludion's  Strait  t 


The  Strait  of  Bultoislot 

What  lakes  diiirhargo  ihcir 
waters  by  Maclienzie'i 
Uiver  t 

What  by  tho  Nelson  t 

What  is  nid  nf  the  islands 
on  the  northern  coast  I 


What  islands  on  tho  west- 
ern coast  t 

Where  does  the  Mockcn- 

zie's  fall? 
What  rivers  fall  into  Hud- 

Ron's  Bay! 
What  into  L.  Winnipeef 
Where  does  Fraiers  K. 

tall  ? 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  New  Britain ;  E.  by 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence ;  S.  E.  and  S.  by  New  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  New  York, 
and  Lake  Erie ;  and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Michigan  and 
New  Britain. 

Jt  contains  350,000  square  miles. 

Canada  is  divided  by  Ot'tawa  River  into  two  parts, 
called  Canada  East  and  Canada  West. 

Lakes.  —  Lake  St.  John  discharges  its  waters  by 
Saguenay  River. 

Lake  Memphremagog  communicates  with  St.  Fran- 
cis' River. 

Superior,  Huron,  St.  Clair,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  lie 
partly  in  Canada  West,  and  partly  in  the  United  Slates, 

Lake  Nipissing  and  Manitou'line  Lake  communicate 
with  Lake  Huron. 

Islands. — The  Island  of  Anticos'ti  lies  at  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Or'leans  and  Montreal'  lie  in  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Rivers. — The  St.  Lawrence  forms  part  of  the  boun- 
dary between  Canada  West  and  New  York,  flows 
through  Canada  East,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

The  Saguenay,  St.  Mau'rice,  St.  Francis,  Sorelle,  and 
Ottawa,  fall  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Niagara  flows  between  Canada  VVest  and  New  York. 

The  St.  Mary's,  St.  Clair,  and  Detroit,  flow  between 
Canada  West  and  Michigan. 

The  Trent  falls  into  Lake  Ontario. 

The  Ouse  falls  into  Lake  Erie. 

The  Thames  falls  into  Lake  St.  Oair. 

Towns. — Montreal,  on  the  Island  of  Montreal,  is 
the  capital,  not  only  of  Canada,  but  of  all  British 
America.     It  is  noted  for  its  flne  cathedral. 

Kingston  and  Toron'to,  on  Lake  Ontario. 

Quebec  and  Three  Rivers,  on  the  St.  Lawrence ;  the 
former  of  which  is  noted  for  its  ffreat  military'  stren'*th. 

London,  on  the  Thames. 

Port  Goderich,  on  Lake  Huron.  '' 


Bound  Canada. 


How  many  squore  miles 

does  it  contain  ? 
How  is  Canada  divided  ? 

What  is  said  of  Lake  St. 
John? 

Lake  Memphremagog  t 

What  lakes  lie  partly  in 
Canada,  and  partly  in 
the  United  Slates  I 

What  lakes  communicate 
with  Lake  Huron  ? 

Where  is  the  island  of  An- 

ticosli! 
What  islands   in  tho  St. 

Lawrence  ( 
What   is  said  of  the  St. 

Lawrenco  { 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 
St.  Lawrence  ( 

What  is  said  of  the  Nia- 
gara? 

What  rivers  flow  between 
Canada  West  and  Alich- 
igiin  ? 

Where  does  the  Trent  fsllP 

The  Ousel 

The  Thames  1 

What  is  said  of  Montreal  1 


What  towns  on  Lake  On- 
tario ) 

What  towns  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  f 

Where  is  London  7 

Port  Goderich  ? 


Conada  formerly  consisted  nf  two  separate  pro- 
vinces, known  as  liower  and  Upper  Canada;  but  in 
1941,  they  were  uniteil  under  otie  government,  and 
called  Canada  EuHt  and  Canada  West. 

A  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  Canada  East 
are  of  French  extraction.  They  speak  the  French 
language,  and  profess  the  Catholic  faith. 


What  is  said  of  Canada  1 


What  is  said  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  Canada  East  I 


XmW  BRUMSWZOB. 


New  firuniwick,  Nura  Scotia,  Jtc. 

Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  Ristigouche  River 
and  Chaleur  Bay,  which  separate  it  from  Canada  East; 
E.  by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence ;  S.  by  Nova  Scotia 
and  the  Bay  of  Fun'dy;  and  W.  by  Maine. 

It  contains  20,000  square  miles. 

Bays.  —  Chaleur  and  Miramichi  (Mir-a-ma-shee') 
Bays  on  the  east,  are  arms  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. 

The  Bay  of  Fundy  lies  between  New  Brunswick 
and  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  tides,* 
which  sometimes  rise  to  the  astonishing  height  of  60 
or  70  feet. 

Rivers. — The  Miramichi  falls  into  Miramichi  Bay. 

The  Ristigouuhe  falls  into  Chaleur  Bay. 

The  St.  John's  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Toints. — St.  John's  and  Fred'erickton,  on  St.  John's 
River,  the  latter  of  which  is  the  seat  of  government. 

St.  Andrew's,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix. 


New  Brunswick  is  noted  for  the  exportation  of 
lumber. 

NOVA  SOOTXA. 

Boundaries.  —  The  Peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  W.  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  New 
Brunswick;  N.  by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ;  E.  and 
S,  by  the  Allaiilic. 

Nova  Scotia,  including  Cape  Bre'ton,  contains 
19,000  square  miles. 

Cape.  —  Cape  Sable  forms  the  S.  W.  extremity  of 
this  province. 

Island. — The  Island  of  Cape  Breton  lies  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  and  is  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  by 
the  Gut  of  Canseau. 

River.  —  Annapolis  River  falls  into  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

Towns.  —  Halifax  and  Tiiverpon],  on  arms  of  the 
Atlantic,  the  former  of  which  is  the  capital. 

*  See  General  Views,  p.  70,  article  "  Tides." 


Bound  Now  Brunswick. 


How  many  square  miles 

does  it  contain  f 
What  bays  on  the  east  1 


What  is  said  of  the  Bay 
of  Fundy ! 


Where  does  the  Miramichi 

falU 
The  Ristigouche  t 
The  St.  John's  t 
What  towns  on  St.  John's 

River  I 

Where  is  St.  Andrew's  ? 

For  whot  is  N.  Brunswick 
noted  1 


Bound  Nova  Scotia. 


How  many  acquire  miles 
docs  it  contain  ? 

What  is  said  of  C.  Sable  ? 


Where  is  the  island  of  C. 
Breton  J 


Where  does  Annapolis  R. 

fall  ?  " 


What   lowna  on 
the  Atlantic? 


arms  of!l 


It  ii  uid  of  Ctnsdt  t 


itii  laid  or  the  inhab- 
inta  of  Canada  Eaat  I 


^N*^ 

n 

'^ 

CT 

nd  Now  Brunawick. 


'  many  aquare  milea 

lea  it  contain  1 

at  baya  ou  the  eaat  t 


at  ia  said  of  the  Bay 
"  Fundy  t 


ere  doea  the  Minmichi 

lU 

I  RIsiigouche  t 

1  St.  John's? 

at  towna  on  St.  John'a 

ivcrT 

ere  ia  St.  Andrew'a  t 


what  ia  N.  Brunawick 
>tedt 


nd  Nova  Scotia. 


r  many  sf^uare  miles    i 
ics  it  contain  1 

at  is  said  of  C.  Sable  t 


ere  ia  the  ialand  of  C. 
reton  1         > 


ere  doea  Annapolia  R. 

11! 

at   iGH'Rs  Qxi  itms  of  !i 
e  Atlantic? 


NEWFOUNDLAND- 


Halifax  poaaeaae.  one  of  tlio  fmeat  harbori  in  the 
worl(l,  an.l  ta  the  moat  important  naval  alation  in  Bri- 
tish America. 

coalimi'nw""  "'"  °""'°''^'-  ^'^^ncc,  ia  noted  for  its 
Annapolia,  formerly  ralle.I  Fort  Royal,  on  Annapolia 

America  European   aeltlement  in  North 

Sydney,  on  the  Island  of  Cape  Breton. 
I.-iiisburg,  on  ihe  same  island,  was  once  a  place  of 

much  importance,  but  is  now  entirely  deserted! 

Nova  Scotia  abounds  in  coal,  and  plaster  of  Paris, 
States'      ''°""'^*™'''«  quantities  are  sent  to  the  United 


!j^lfLCE_Er)VVAHD-BERMUDAS-GUEENLANrr^;^;^ 


What  ia  aaid  of  Halifax  f 

What  of  Pictou  I 
Annapolia  ? 


Where  iy  Sydney  f 
What  iaaaidof  Louiaburgf 


With    what    doea    Nova 
Scotia  abound ) 


33 


ARimiVLASrD. 


NHWroUNDSAND. 


/)«««d«ne,._  Bounded  N.  by  the  Strait  of  Belle- 

le,  which  separates  it  from  I.tbrador';  E.  and  S.  by 

the  Atlantic ;  and  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  S  .  Lawrence   ^ 

It  conlninM  30,000  square  miles  ^"''ence. 

The  interior  and  western  parts  of  this  large  and 
barren  island  are  very  liiile  known 

The  Graiul  R„„k  is  an  extensive  submarine  moun- 
ta.ii,  or  elevalion  of  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  000  n.des 

o  New  ou.ulland.  I,  ,,  compose.l  of  solid  rock,  and 
hore'cr  thLci""''  "^  "'^'  •'^^''«'""'  •■•'S^  -'-" 
A.£r7oa;.""P"°"  "'"'  ^'"""'"''  ""^y  '-  -  'he 

r"«>ns._St.  John's,  on  the  Atlantic,  is  the  capital 
Harbor  Grace,  on  Conception  Rny.  ^ 


Bound  N     foundlond. 


What  ia  its  extent  f 
What  ia  aaid  of  Ihe  inferior 
and  western  parts  I 

What  of  the  Grand  Bank  1 


What  bays  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast  ? 

What  ia  said  of  C.  Race  1 


What  is  said  of  St.  John'ar 
Where  ia  Harbor  Grace  ? 


C»tcliin«  Senld. 

BoundariM.  — Bounded  N.  by  unexplored  Arctic 

regions;  E.  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic ;  and  W.  by  dIv  1' 

Strait  and  Baffin's  Ray.  ^ 

I      The  northern  boundary  has  not  been  ascertained- 

but  Greenland  is  believed  to  be  an  island  ' 

fnr^I'r"'''?'!-''^'''"^''  '°  I^'^nmark,  and  is  valuable  only 
for  the  seal  fisheries  carried  on  along  the  roasts.        ^ 

rl'nf"7."'  "  "^^  ^-  ^-  "'^'^'""y  "f  ""*-  "laud. 
Greenland  has  no  towns.     There  are  a  few  Danish 

«et.len.en.s,and  Moru'vian  missionary  stalions,aTo„ 
the  western  coast.  "'""o 

The  Esquimaux,  who  inhabit  this  excessively  cold 
and  barren  island,  are  an  inoffensive,  but  filtliv  and 
Ignorant  race,  scarcely  5  feet  in  height  ^ 


Bound  Greenland. 


What  iasoid  of  the  north, 
ern  boundary  I 

To  whom  dooa  Greenland 
belong,  and  Ibr  whol  ia 
>!  valuable? 

Where  is  Cape  Farewell  t 

WImt  IS  said  of  the  settle- 
inenis I 

Wliatof  thoEaquimauxf 


^^^^^^^W^v 


RVSSZAN  POSSBSSZONS. 


Cod  Fisliery. 

Newfotindland  is  valuable  for  ita  cod  fisheries,  which 
oTanTlT  T  r^^r'My  in  the  shallow  water  7  he 


For  what  ia  Newfoundland 
valuable  1 


mZMroS  SDWARD. 


The  Wand  of  Prince  Edward  lies  in  the  Gulf  of  St 
Lawrence,  and  is  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  by  Nor- 
tniiniberland  Strait.  ■' 

It  contains  8000- square  miles. 

sou';l;::lrci';"""" ""  ^^p"^'' "  ^'"""^'^ "«"  '•>« 


Where  ia  the  island  of  P. 
Edward  7 


What  is  its  extent  ? 
Where  ia  Charlotte  Town? 


2?o«nrfanM.-.Bounded  N.  W.  and  N.  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean;  E.  by  New  Britain;  8.  by  the  PacificV  and 
W.  by  the  Pacific  and  Bhering's  Strait  ' 

lb.  hiT"!'"-"*"--^''.^""''  "^'"-  'he  Pacific  coast,  is 

H  on.1  /  .  T""'r  "  ^""h  America,  being  nearly 

18,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  ' 

.J.»  p '"'■~^u  "'"^''  ^'"'''  3^  ""''^  w«'e,  separates 
the  Russian  Possessions  from  Asia 

Peninsula.-rhe  Peninsula  of  Alaska  forms  the  S 
W.  extremity  of  this  territory. 

Cap^Ts?'  ^"'"^^  °^  ^'''-  "-  °PP-'«  to  East 

the'Situi;!?  ^vilE''^"  °'  ^-  '''-'^^  ''«  ^-  °f 

coa^sf  ^  °'  ^'"^  ^^°'^'''  '"'""'^  ^'*'  °"  'he  S.  E. 

I»lf'f'""fi"''~^'''^.^"'hangel,  on  King  George's 
Island,  13  the  principal  settlement.  ^ 

tr«I'"'  '^■'a'^  ""T'y  ''  ^^'"''''le  only  for  the  fur 
trade  carried  on  with  the  Indian  narives. 


Bound  the  Russian  Pos- 
sessions. 

What  ia  said  of  Me.  St. 
Eliaa  ? 

WhatofBhering'aStniitt 
The  Peninsula  of  Alaska  f 

'wXsi'''""^"™'"'^ 

The  Aleutian  or  Fox  Is.  f 

SitkaorKingGeorge'al.f 

Which  is  the  principal  eet- 
ilement? 

For  what   ia  this  dreary 
country  valuable  I 


t- 


MSZXOO. 


BERMUDAS. 


The  Bermudas,  or  Som'ers'  Islands,  lie  in  the  At- 

'    earlv?"'?',"""  '"''"  ^"  "^  ^outh  Carolina,  and  at 
nearly  equal  distances  from  Nova  Scotia  and  the  West 

These  islands  contain  onlv  about  •>(!  .f,,.^rr  mil- 
vernm'em.'""''"'''""'  ""  *^«''>''""''  ''«  ">e  seat  of  g„- 
the'caSr  °"  •'"  ''■""''  "<■  «'•  «-'g«.  -a»  formerly 


Where  are  the  Bermudaa 
or  Somers'  Islands  I 


What  do  they  comprise  1 

Wliai  is  their  extent  7 
What  is  aaid  of  Hampton? 


St.  George  ? 


Vera  Crui. 

in  S'Tn  Jl'  ^"'  "'l^'l  y'""  "  ""'""y  "f  Spain  ;  but 
in  1B4I,  toe-ether  wth  '^iiitimala  ;»  ■-'    .^    •  j 
dent  of  that  country.     """™''''  "  -^«^""^  '"depen- 

Uoi/nrfanes.- Bounded  N.  I.y  the   Territories   of 
Upper  California  and  New  Mexu-o;  E.  by  Texasand 

the  Pacific        '""'°'  '•  'y  ^'"''""''''!  «"««  «.  Wby 


What  if  said  of  Mexico » 


34 


GIIATIMALA— WEST   INDIES. 


It  conlaiiK  750,000  iquore  milcii ;  and  a  popiilution 
of  8,000,000,  consimiiig  of  whiles,  Indiuii*,  aiiiJ  the 
mixed  racci. 

Mountains.  —  The  Cordilleraa  Mouiitaini  extend 
through  Mexico  from  N.  to  S. ;  aome  of  the  highest 
gummits  of  which  arc  Oriza'ba  and  Popocatepetl',  both 
volcanoes. 

Bays. — The  Day  of  Campcach'y  is  the  southern 
extremity  of  (he  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  Bay  of  Honduras  forms  the  eastern  boundary 
of  Yucatan'. 

The  Gulfs  of  California  and  Tahuantepec  lie  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Capet.  — %X.  Lucas  and  Corrientes  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  are  the  principal  capes. 

i'eninsulat.  —  The  Peninsula  of  California  lies  on 
the  W.,  and  that  of  Yucatan  on  the  S.  E.  of  Mexico. 

Plains. — In  the  central  and  southern  prU  of  Mexico, 
the  Cordilleras  Mountains  form  a  double  chain,  the 
space  between  which  is  an  elevated  plain,  called  the 
Plateau  of  Analiuac,  from  six  to  eight  thousand  feel 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  On  this  plateau  most  of 
the  large  towns  are  situated. 

Rivers. — The  Uio  del  Norte  (lows  between  Mexico 
and  Texas,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  Conchos  is  a  branch  o''  the  Del  Notte. 

The  Rio  Grande  falls  into  the  Pacific. 

Lake. — Lake  Chapala  communicates  with  the  Rio 
Grande. 

Towns. — The  city  of  Mexico,  near  the  small  Lake 
Tezcuco,  is  the  capital,  and  one  of  the  most  splendid 
cities  in  America. 

Guadalaxa'ra,  on  the  Rio  Grandu,  is  the  second  city 
in  Mexico. 

Zacate'cas,  San  Lu'is  Potosi', Guanaxuato  {Gwan-a- 
hiear-to),  and  Querelaro  (Ker-a'-ta-ro),  are  large  in- 
land towns  on  the  Plateau  of  Anahuac,  north  of  the 
City  of  Mexico.  The  first  three  of  these  towns  are 
famous  for  the  silver  mines  in  tlieir  vicinity. 

La  Pueb'la  is  a  large  town  S.  E.  of  (he  City  of 
Mexico,  and  near  the  volcano  of  Popocatepetl. 

Matamoras,  on  the  Rio  Del  Norte,  near  its  mouth. 

Monterey  {Mon-la-ray'),  an  inland  town,  west  of 
Matamoras. 

Chihuahua  (CAe-tcar'-war),  near  the  Conchos. 

Tampico  (  Tam-pee'-co),  Vera  Cruz  (  Va'-ra-crooce), 
and  Alvarad'o,  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
are  the  principal  seaports. 

Jalap'a,  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  N.  W.  of  Vera 
Cruz. 

Campeach'y,  on  the  Bay  of  Campeachy. 

San  Bias  and  Acapul'co,  on  the  Pacific. 

Guaymas  and  Mazatlan,  on  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Mer'ida,  on  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan. 

Oaxa'ca,  on  a  small  river  emptying  into  the  Pacific, 
in  the  S.  of  Mexico. 


Balije  (Ba-Ueze')  is  an  English  settlement  in  1\  - 
catan,  on  the  coast  of  Honduras  Bay,  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  logwood  and  mahogany. 


Whnl  nrn  im  rxtant  and 
population  I 

Wha(  is  said  of  (he  Cor* 
dilteriu  Mountaiiu  t 


When!  ia  the  Bay  of  Cam- 
peachy  t 

The  Bay  of  Honduras  ( 


What  guirs  on  the  Pacific 
coaatt 

Which  art  the  principal 
capea! 

Where  do  the  peninaulas 
oS  Cahfornia  and  Yuca- 
tan lief 

What  is  said  of  the  Plaiiiat 


What    is  aaid  of  the  Rio 
del  Nurte  ? 

What  branch  haa  it  ? 
Where doeatho  K.CJrandi) 

Ihll  t 
Where  is  Lake  Chapala  t 

What  ia  said  of  (he  City 
of  Mexico! 


Guadalaxara? 

What  towns  north  of  the 
Ciiy  of  Mexico  t 


Where  is  La  Puebia  r 

Matamoras  I 
Monterey  I 

Chihuahua? 

What  towns  on  the  Mexi- 
can cooat I 

Where  is  Jalapa  I 

Campeachy  • 

What  towns  on  the  Pacific? 
On  the  G.  of  California  ? 
Where  is  Merida  i 
Oaxaca  ? 


What  ia  said  of  Belize  t 


OUATIMAXiA/ 

OR   THE  REPUBLIC   OF   CENTRAL   AMERICA. 

What  is  said  of  Guatimalal 


After  becoming  itulependent  of  Spain,  Guatimala 
remained  for  three  years  united  with  Mexico;  but  in 
IS'ii  it  was  formed  into  a  se|mrato  republic. 

Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  Mexico  and  Honduras 
Bay  i  E.  by  the  Caribbean  ( Car-ib-be'-an)  Sea  and 
New  Grenada;  and  S.W.  by  tha  Pacific  Ocean. 

It  contains  200,000  square  imles,  and  2,000,000  of 
inhabitants. 

Mountains. — The  Cordilleras  or  Andes  traverse  this 
country  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  They  abound  in  volca- 
noes, 21  of  which  are  in  consbint  action.  The  Water 
Volcano,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  country,  is  one 
of  the  most  remarkable. 

Bays.— The  Bay  of  Honduras  lies  on  the  northern 
boundary  of  Guatimala. 

Amatiquc  Bay  is  the  western  extremity  of  Honduras 
Bay. 

Ijokes,  Sfc. — Lake  Nicara'gua  (JVic-a-raZ-gwa)  and 
t^ke  I^'on  communicate  with  the  Caribbean  Sea  by 
St.  Juan  River. 

Towns.  —  St.  Salvador',  New  Ouatima'la,  and  Old 
Guatima'la,  near  the  Pacific,  the  first  of  which  is  the 
seat  of  government. 

Leon,  on  Lake  Leon. 

Truxil'lo  and  Omoa,  on  the  Bay  of  Honduras. 

Cartago,  an  inland  town,  m  (he  S.  of  Guatimala. 

Only  one-fourth  of  the  inliabitants  are  whites,  the 
rest  being  Indians  and  Mestizoes. 

The  climate  is  hot,  and  the  soil  fruitful. 

Indigo  is  one  of  the  principal  products. 

Guatimala,  like  Mexico,  contains  many  wonderful 
remains  of  cities  and  temples,  constructed  by  nations, 
of  whose  former  existence  we  have  no  other  evidence. 


How  is  it  bounded  f 


What  are  its  sitent  and 
population! 

What  ia  aaid  of  lbs  Cor- 
dilleraa ! 


Where  ia  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
duroa  ! 

Amatique  Bay ! 


What  ia  aaid  of  the  lakes ! 


What  towns  near  the  Pa- 
cilic  I 


Where  ia  Leon ! 

What  towna  on  the  Bay  of 

Honduras ! 
Where  is  Cartago  I 

What  is  aaid  of  the  inhab- 
it anta  I 

What  of  the  climate  and 
•oil? 

What  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal producta  I 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  an- 
cient cities  and  temples 
of  Guatimala! 


Pyraiiiid  of  Cliolula. 

Mexico  containa  many  very  interesting  remains  of 
antiquity,  of  which  the  ruins  of  Palenque  (Pa-hnk'-a) 
and  the  Pyramid  of  Cholu'la  are  among  the  most  re- 
markable. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

1.  He  V  ia  North  America  bounded!  2.  How  many  square  milea  doea  il  conlcin!  3. 
Tell  i\  '  i  .and  divieions  of  N.  America  in  tbe  order  of  their  aizea.  An:  V.  H.,  B.  A. 
Max.  anrt  liual.    4.  What  Is  the  pupnlation  of  each  of  these  !    5.  Of  North  America! 

JWounlatn*.— fi.  Which  ore  the  higher  and  longer,  the  Rocky  or  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains !  Ant.  The  Rocky.  7.  Through  what  countries  would  you  pass,  commencing  in 
the  Ruaaian  .Settlements,  and  travcllmg  the  whole  extent  of  the  Rocky  Mo»intainal  8. 
Which  ia  the  highest  mountain  in  North  America  t 

9.  What  five  large  bays  and  gulfs  in  N.  America!  10.  Between  what  two  peninaulos 
does  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  lie  !  Am.  Florida  and  Yucatan.  11.  Which  ia 
tbe  largest  lake  in  North  America  t    An$.  Superior. 

12.  What  atrait  aoparates  North  America  from  Asia,  and  what  ia  its  width  f  13.  Which 
Ilea  farther  north,  Cape  Farewell  or  Cape  Prince  of  Walea  !  14.  In  what  lone  ia  Cape 
Prince  of  Walea!  Atu.  Just  within  the  Frigid.  13.  Cape  St.  Lucas!  16.  Cape  Sable, 
in  Florida!  17.  What  two  very  large  islands  in  the  N.  E.  of  N.  America !  An$.  G.  and 
N.  18.  Which  ia  the  longest  river  in  N.  America!  19.  The  largest  ?  .4n».  St.  L.  20. 
What  ia  the  courae,  and  how  would  you  travel  by  water  from  New  Orlcana  to  Vera  Cruz ! 
21.  Halifax  to  Belize  ?  22.  Chicago  to  Leon?  23.  Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Winnipeg! 
21.  Slave  Lake  to  the  Gulf  of  California !  25.  Whol  ia  the  courae,  and  bow  would  you 
travel  by  land,  ao  aa  to  cross  no  river,  from  the  City  of  Mexico  to  Boston  !  Am.  The  di- 
rection IS  N.E. ;  travel  between  the  head  waters  of  the  Colorado  on  the  W.,  and  the  Del 
Norte  and  Arkansaa  on  the  E. ; — along  the  Rocky  Mountains,  between  the  Columbia  and 
its  branches  on  the  W.,  and  the  Misaouri  and  ita  branches  on  the  E. ; — around  the  head 
waters  of  the  Miasouri  and  Mississippi,  through  New  Britain,  Miniaotab  and  Wisconsin  j 
— between  the  head  waters  of  those  atreams  which  How  into  the  lakes  and  St.  Lawrence 
on  the  N.,  and  thoae  which  flow  into  the  Miasiaaippi,  Ohio  and  Atlantic,  on  the  S.,  through 
the  states  of  UUnoia,  Indiana,  &c.,  dtc. 


WEST    INDIES. 

(See  Map  ofJVorth  America.) 

The  West  India  Islands  are  situated  between  North 
and  South  America,  and  lie  between  the  Atlantic  on 
the  N.  and  E.,  and  the  Caribbe'an  Sea  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  on  the  S.  and  W. 

They  contain  about  100,000  square  miles,  and 
3,000,000  of  inhabitants,  of  whom  more  than  three- 
fourths  are  negroes. 


What  of  the  remains  off 
antiquity ! 


*  In  pronouncing  the  proper  names  of  placea  in  Mexico, 
Guatimala,  and  the  countries  of  S.  America,  if  the  vowel  a 
ia  accented,  it  is  pronounced  or,  aa  in  Nicara'gua ;  in  like 
manner,  e  ia  commonly  pronounced  a,  aa  in  V^ra  Cruz;  and 
also  i  ia  pronounced  e,  aa  in  Bali'ze,  Tawplco,  &c. 


Where  are  the  West  India 
Islands  aituated  ? 


What  ore  their  extent  and 
population ! 


•  See  General  View 


ia  it  boundMll 


ara  ita  axlant  and 

ulallunt 

i«  uid  of  iba  Cor- 
araa  t 


e  ia  Iha  Bay  of  Hon- 

EUI  I 

ique  Bay  t 

ia  aaid  of  the  lakea  1 


:  lowna  naar  (ha  Fa- 


re  ia  Leon  1 

1  towns  on  tlio  Bay  of 

nduroa  t 

ro  ia  Cartogo  7 

I  is  saidof  tlie  inliab- 

Its? 

t  of  tiie  climale  and 

It 

I  is  one  of  t)ie  prin- 

al  products  I 

t   is  said  of  the  an- 

nt  cities  and  temples 

Guatimalat 


a  width?  13.  Which 
n  what  zone  is  Cape 
u  ?  16.  Cape  Sable, 
lerica  1  Ant.  G.  and 
SI  ?  Ant.  St.  L.  20. 
irlcana  to  Vera  Cruz  ? 

to  Lake  Winnipeg  ? 

and  how  would  you 
)Bton  1    Ant.  The  di-  \ 

the  W.,  and  the  Del  '• 
icn  the  Columbia  and  '• 
G.  i — around  the  head  j 
lotah  and  Wisconsin ;  i 
ice  and  St.  Lawrence  I 
tic,  on  the  S.,  through  i 


ire  are  the  West  India 
lands  situated? 


It  are  their  extent  and  { 
pulation  ?  | 


_BAH^AMA^^SM_NI)S_aREA.nN^Ll^!!!?? 


Th«fe  iilandi  ire  celebmted  fo7ai^~^iiidii&itoiir  v 
coffee,  iugar,  molaaaca,  uiid  ircpirnl  fuiita.* 


•"I  proditeilnns  v 
liandacelabratfu 


^('..niehTov         '.r  Ike  «,„,|,e,„  coaai,  i, 
■ifornmciit.  i  ' 

n.  oa  ihe  .oui>        caati.  much  the  larger 


tiitaeu 

Kin(. 


Whiii  iiiouniain  Iraversaa 
ihu  lolniid  ? 

What  i,  ,,id  of  Spaniab 
lownf 

Kingalon  I 


What   ia  aaid  of  the  cli- 
mate ? 

How  are   the  West  India] 
Islands  divided  I 


Wert  liKli,  I'ruluotiuiM. 

!     Tliey  are  aubject  to  earlhquakea,  and  frighiful  hur- 1  t     .,  .        ,. 
ncanes.  *        '  """^  |  To  what  are  ihey  subject  ? 

dpllMM™*'*"  •""  '"''  ""'"'allhy  in  aummer,  but 
delightful  III  winter.  ' 

Divmons—T\ie  West  Fridia  laiantla  are  conaidered 

till' r/7','";r"r>r:''''«  Balia'ma,,he  Great  An- 
tllle   (^„-eeO,  the  Car'ibbee,  and  the  Le„  Anlillea. 

pean",!!""  "'"'"'"'  ""P'  "'^'"'  '"'''"•8  '"  E"-|  ^"..t"' --.  do  they 

8ABAMA  ISLANDS. 

The  Bahama,  include  a  great  number  of  .mail 
islands,  y.ng  s.  E.  of  Florida,  from  which  thcv  are 
Sr       ^      ""''''  ^'""""''^  ""'yl'elo..gtdGreLt 

They  contain  abont  5000  square  miles. 

rnfr. ''"•"'"'?!'  "f."'""  '''"'"''  are  Abaco,  Bahama, 
Guanahan.  or  Cat  Island,  noted  a«  the  first  land  on  the 
western  continent,  discovered  by  Columbus'    Provi- 
dence,  and  Turk's  Islands,  famous  for  tbdr  saU- 
JMassau,  on  Providence  Island,  is  the  capital. 


OARIBStm  ZSLAIfDS. 

Jtwic!"  '"'""*  "'^"''  *■'-  P-'o  «'-  '" 

walf^lZ^t"''  '""^  ""  """'"''"'  •"'  "'•  '^'"'''- 
Dom'lnica.'""'"'''^"''''  "'"'"'  ^'""^  P"'**  «''=°  'o 
Am^elfca^^'"''""'"'   """''  ^'°"'.  •'"""'''=°  '"  South 


Where  are  tha  CaribUee 
Islonds  I 


How  are  ihey  divided  ? 
'"- -•re  ara  Ihe  Uewardf 
The  Windward? 


What  is  said  of  the  Baha- 
inaa? 


How  many  square  miles  j 
do  they  contain  ?  1 

Which  are  the  principal  ofl 
these  islnnda  ?  ,       ' 


AnJiu^^rSvio'^sfe  ".«  .H.  principal 

nica,«MaLico:  Tin  0'.^^^'^:  Tv^S      "^  *""  ^'"^^"" ' 
Grenada,  Tobn'go,  and  Trinidad'.  '  ' 

01  these  islands,  St.  Jinrlholomow  belong,  to  Sweden  •   -r      . 

Johns,  St.  Thomas,  and  Sailla  Cruz  to  the  Danes- 

Stfo  fZi^''"?'''','/!'^"''"'''""''''  «"'•   M"'i  5 
English  ''  ■""*  ""  ""  '^■""'"""g  "'■""'''  'o  «l'e 

Sincipanrnr'  '^"'«"°"'"'  *"  ^"'""'°-'  -, 


Which  are  the  principal 

I     towns  ? 


What  ia  said  of  Nassaa  t 


ailllAT  AMTZ&KBS. 


&BSS  ABTTILLBS. 

Jw.'^rTrh.iE.""  *"  •"•'  ■="«''  of  South  Ame-I  Where  are  th.  L...  An- 

The  principal  of  theae  islands  are  Mareari'ta  which   w?  ? '      u 
belongs  to  Venezuela,  ind  Uuen  Ayre  cS  Saa-'N^^'''---'' "« ''"'P^cipal? 
ra^so^a)^  Oruba,  which  belong  [o  the  Du'tch.^ 


n„v.    r\ '"'""'  l-^-^-  Porto  Rico  {PoMo-ree'-col 
llayti,  Cuba,  and  Jamaica.  " 

WeTundieT"'"  "'""'""""'  °^  «"  "'«  '^rritory  of  the 

Porto  Rico  and  Cuba  belong  to  Spain,  Havti  ia  in- 

foK.tlSr''^"'  "^«'°-'  -d^am'aicSeli; 

'sn!!y".  'I'ff  '"""""''^  '''^"''=''  ''«"^^««"  France  and 
and  h-Sv,  •  '8~  «'«^es  overpowered  their  masters, 
and  have  since  remained  in  possession  of  the  island. 

PoRTo  Rico  contains  about  4000  square  miles 
i.  iT^^I:  •''"'"  °'  ^'-  ■'"'"''*'  °"  "'^  »°'"'«">  -^o^^'. 
I     IIavti  contains  30,000  square  miles, 
the  caSr^''^  ""^'""''  °"  ""  '""■"'""  ~^«'' '« 

mlHl"  ""/a""'^""  "'^  '*^'"«™  ''O'""'  and  St.  Do- 

coasl  are"fhp^"'  ^^'''  (•^"■*''^')  °»  "'"  """'hern 
coast,  are  the  principal  towns. 

lieiP«r,'h""  "J""'  ''"P°^«'"  of  tl'e  West  India  Islands, 
ies  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between 
llie  Peninsula  of  Florida  on  one  side,  and  that  of  Yu- 
caian  on  tne  other. 

It  contains  50,000  square  miles,  or  one-half  of  the ' 
whole  territory  of  the  West  Indies. 

coasLTp"i;H'"!!i-'^''l''u''"T"'"'  °"  "'«  "orlhern 
coas^  the  latter  of  which  is  the  capital,  and  is  noted 
M  possessing  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  world! 
01.  Jago,  on  the  southern  coast. 
. ..    ."?"o  Principe,  an  inland  town  near  the  centre  of 

qimre  milt  "''  ''''^""^  ^'  °'^^"'"'  ""'^  '=''"'^''"'  *»°''" 


I  square  miles. 
^  General  Views,  p.  70,  Art.  '■  Vegetable  ProduclbiiT^ 


Of  what  do  the  Great  An- 
tillea  consist  ? 

What  li  said  of  Bicir  ex- 
tent f- 

To  whom  |lo  they  Bajong  1 

} 

What  ia  said  of  Hayti  \ 


How  many  square  miles 

docs  I'orio  Ricocontainf  I 
What  is  said  of  St.  Juan  or  ( 

St.  John's?  [ 

How  many  square  mileai 

does  Hayli  contain  ? 
What  is  aaid  of  Capo  Hav- 

lien  ?  ' 

Which  are  the  other  prin- 
cipal lowna  1 

Where  doea  Cuba  lie  t 


What  ia  said  of  ita  extent  ? 

What  towns  on  the  norlh- 
crn  coast. 


Where  is  St.  Jago  ? 
Puerto  Princips  ? 


ajESTIONS  ON  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


I  are  these  islands  situated  f  ^"'"  ''"'"' '"'""'!» '    ^"'^  Havana,    fa  In  wb.""  zone 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


Nor^h   4  '?  "."  '''"'  peninsula,  connected  to 

North  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  which    s 
only  28  miles  wide  in  its  narrowest  part 
^cmnrfam.     Bounded  N.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea; 
?±ra':ilv^:b''/t&ir''^^-''^'''^  Southern 


What  ia  aaid  of  .S.  Ame- 
rica ? 


How  is  it  bounded  f 


Where  does  Jamaica  lie, 
and  how  many  square 
miles  doea  it  contain  ? 


Tha  Aulw. 


Mountains -TJie  Andes  extend   throughout  the 
whole  length  of  South  America,  in  a  direction  nearly 


What  is  said  of  the  Andea? 


I'ia 


TO   ILLDiTSATa 


COMMOjy-SCHOOL  GEOGRJlPHYi 


portllel  to  the  P.cillc  cinmi,  and  from  60  to  ISO  inilei 
umMnt  Iroin  it. 

The  luminiu  of  llipue  mouiiUiinii  an  eavored  with 
eWn,:,l  tnowi,  hiuI  tower  iibo»o  ihn  cloud*. 

'I'll.-  \m\f»  niii^,.  ron«i»ii«  of  »eyif,nl  rlmiii»,  incliid- 
mK.i|M.r«  Iroin  4(1  to  600  mile*  in  hrciidlli, and  com- 
p.>..-d  ol  elcv.tr.'  .  „.„„,  ,„.  valley.,  ,>„„,  ..^  ,„  twelve 
thmimnd  Let  a'  •        l,u  level  of  the  lea. 

TliiH  im,iien»e  n.ouiilnni  range  cuniiiriaei  one-iixth 
()(  all  houili  AmiTU'n. 

The  »ru2il  Mouritainif  lie  in  the  K.  <,f  South  America 

Cupet.  —  CniH-.  St.  K(«,ue  f.irnm  the  eaatern,  and 
Capo  lloin  the  aouthorn  uxtreiiiity  of  South  Ame- 
rica. 

hiandi,  ^c.— The  Inland  of  Ter'ra  del  Fuego  Ilea 
in  till!  Konlhem  jxirt  of  .Soulli  America,  and  ia  ar,,,,. 
riled  from  iho  nmndnnd  Uy  the  Hlrnii  of  Magellan.  It 
i«  a  cold  aiKl  dreury  region,  inhabited  by  a  race  of' 
wretched  wivagea. 

The  Fidk  land  l»landa  lie  in  iho  Atlantic  Ocean, 
N.  K.  of  I  erra  del  Fncgo.  They  are  claimed  both  by 
Oieat  UriUiin  and  Hnenoa  Ayrca. 

S..utli  (Jeorgiii,  Sandwich  Und,  South  Ork'ney  and 
hoiiih  Shei'land,  lie  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  S.  E.  of  the 
!•«  klttiul  lalanda.  They  are  barren  and  uninhabited- 
ami  are  visiicd  oidy  for  the  pnrpoao  of  procuring  the 
«kms  of  aenis,  with  which  aninuda  lliey  abound. 

Tlio  Uallapagoa  lie   in    the   Pacific  Ocean,  VV.  of 
Ecuador,  to  which  country  they  belong. 
I      Plairu.  — The  central  portion  of  South   America 
coiiaiaU  of  vast  plains,  nearly  destitute  of  large  trees 
and  covered  with  tall  herbage,  which  aupporta  i.nmenae' 
herila  of  cattle,  horses,  and  niulea. 

The  principal  arc  the  Llan'oa  of  Venezuela  and  New 
Grenada,  the  Serlam  of  Brazil,  and  the  Pa.npaa  of 
uuenoa  Ayres.  ' 

i>iei..mn,.— South  America  is  divided  into  Guiana, 
Venezue  la.  New  Orena'da,  Ecuador',  Brazil',  Peru' 
Ho  IV  la,  Paraguay',  Uruguay',  Buenos  Ayres,  Chili 
and  Patagonia.  ' 

Venezue'la,  New  Grenada,  and  Ecuador,  formerly 
consiituted  one  governmen^  under  the  name  of  the 
licpublic  of  Colombia. 


UUIANA-VEWEZUEI.A-NKW    OIIERADA. 


37 


What  la  iisiij  of  iha  •nni' 
mita  oflheae  moiiiiUiiail 

Of  what  diwa   ihe  AnJaa 
rangn  itDnaiai  I 


How  larga  a  portion  of  S. 

America  ijum    it    com- 

prian  f 
Vvhoru  «ri)  Ihe  llraiil  .Mit.f 
VVIint  cniM)  forma  iho  K., 

and  what  the  H.  aiira. 

mlly  of  H,  America  f 

What  it  aaid  of  Terra  d«l 
I  uego  r 


What  of  the  Falkland  la.f 


What  iaianda  in  the  Suiiih. 
•rii  Ocean,  and  what  ia 
aaid  of  them  7 


What  ii  aaid  of  the  Gal- 
lapagofi  1 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  plaina 
ol  S.  Amcriuu  t 


Which  are  Ihe  principal  I 


ber  and  richnoM  of  iu  gold,  gij ,«,,  q.ickailver,  and 
ihaniond  mine*.  ' 

The  population  is  of  •  very  mixed  character,  con- 
auting  of  whites,  Indiana,  negroes,  and  the  mixed 
races.  The  whitea  conaiat  chiedy  of  the  deaeendanta 
ol  the  original  Sjianiah  and  Portngueae  coloniaU,  and 
are  the  ruling  race,  though  they  conatitnto  but  a  small 
portion  of  the  population. 

Education  ia  almost  entirely  neglected,  except 
among  the  weallhy  clasaes. 

The  Catholic  religion  prevaila  ihroughoul  S.  America. 


•aeol  Iha    real    of  ihs 
world  ( 

What  ia  aaid  pf  the  popa- 
laiioH  r 


What  la  Iha  alata  of  ada- 

caluin  t 
What  rnliuion  prevaila  in 

a.  America  f 


OVZAMA. 

/Jo«w/<|n>,,.-Bonnded  N.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean; 
L.  and  S.  by  Bra/il,  and  \V.  by  Veneziielo. 

It  contains  160,000  square  miles,  and  200,000  in- 
habitants, 

Guiana  ia  divided  into  French,  Dutch,  and  British 
uuiana. 

flifer*.— The  Oynpok,  Maroni,  Surinam',  Berbico', 
Ueinnraro,  and  Fjaequibo,  fall  into  the  Atlantic, 

laioTM.  — Cayenne  (Ki-en')  the  capital  of  French 
Uuiana,  situated  on  an  island. 

Purimar'ibo,  the  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana,  on  Suri- 
nam  Hiver. 

Georgetown,  the  capital  of  British  Guiana,  on  De- 
marara  Biver. 


All  the  countries  of  S,  America  were  formerly  Span- 
ish colonies,  except  Brazil,  which  was  settled  by  the 
Poriuguese,  and  Guiana,  which  belongs  to  the  French, 
Uulch,  and  British. 

The  greater  part  of  S.  America  lies  in  the  Torrid 
Zone. 

The  climate  of  all  this  portion,  except  the  mountain 
region,  is  very  hot  and  unhealthy;  but  the  soil  is 
wc.nderfully  fertile,  protlucing  several  crops  annually. 

hiigar,  coffee,  cotton,  and  the  various  tropical  fmits, 
arc  the  most  valuable  productions  of  this  region  The 
forests  are  dense  masses  of  unfading  verdure,  enliv- 
ened by  vast  numbers  of  monkeys,  and  birds  of  unri- 
VQl  cd  beauty ;  and  infested  by  beasts  of  prey,  serpents 
and  swarms  of  noxious  insects.  ' 

The  climate  and  productions  of  the  mountain  re- 
gion vary  with  the  elevation  above  the  level  of  the 


Haw  ia  .Suiilh  America  di. 
vided  t 


What  countricB  formerly 
conaiiiuled  ihe  Repuh- 
lie  ot  Colombia  > 


Guiana  is  the  only  part  of  S.  America  now  under 
Luropean  control. 
The  population  consists  chiedy  of  negroes. 


Bound  Oulana. 

What  am  ji.  „,,nt  ,nd 
popiiluiion  t 

How  ia  it  divided  f 

What  rivora  fall  into  the 
Atlantic  ? 

Where  ia  Cajrano*  f 
f  arimaribo  I 
Georgetown  I 


By  what  people  were  the 
couniries  of  8,  Amori-n 
coloiuzed  > 


III  what  zone  doea  ho 
greater  part  of  S.  Ame- 
rica lie  7 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  cli- 
mate  and  aoil  of  ihis 
portion  7 

Which  are  the  most  valu- 
able produclaof  this  re- 
gion,  and  what  ia  aaid  of 
the  forests  7 


What  la  aaid  of  the  climate 
and  producliona  of  the 
mountain  rec  'on  7 


vBimzniiLA. 

BoM»i(/rtr/e».— Bounded  N.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea- 
E.  by  Guiana ;  S.  by  Brazil ;  anil  VV.  by  New  Grenada! 
It  contains  425,000  square  miles,  and  1,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

JMb«n/ain».— The  eastern  choin  of  the  Andes  tra- 
verses the  N.  VV.  part  of  Venezuela. 

Gulfs.— The  Gulfs  ofParia  ond  Maracay'bo  or  Ve- 
nezuela lie  on  the  northern  coast. 

Lakes,  Sfc. — Valen'cia  and  Maracaybo  are  the  orin- 
cipal  lakes.  "^ 

flii>er*.  — The  Oriiio'co,  after  n  very  circuitous 
course,  flows  into  tliti  Atlantic  Ocean  by  about  (ifiy 
mouths,  the  largest  or  which  is  15  mUos  wide.  It  is 
the  third  river  in  Soudi  America  in  point  of  size. 
The  Carohi  falls  into  tho  Orinoco. 
The  Rio  Negro  flown  through  the  southern  part  of 
Venezuela. 

The  Cassiquiare  forms  a  communication  between 
the  Orinoco  and  the  Negro, 

P/ain*.— Venezuela  consists  chiefly  of  vast  plains 

or  Llanos,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  called  Llaneros. 

TotOTw.— Caraccas,  near  the  Caribbean  Sea,  is  the 

capital.     It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in 

Cu mana»  (C«-ma-nar')  and  LaGuayra(I,a  GwV-ra) 
on  the  Caribbean  Sea.  '^' 

Coro,  on  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela, 

Maracaybo,  on  a  strait  which  connects  Uke  Mn  -• 
cay  bo  with  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela. 

Valencia,  an  inland  town  VV.  of  Caraccas. 

Angostura,  on  the  Orinoco. 


What  ia  aaid  of  Guiana  f 
What  of  the  population r 

Bound  Veneiuela. 

What   are  ita  extent  and 
population  7 

What  mountain*  traverse 
the  N.  W.  part; 

What  gulfa  on  the  north- 
crn  coaat  7 

VVhich  aro  the  principal 
lakoa  7 

What  ia  aaid  of  tha  Ori- 
noco 7 

What  river  falla  into  it  f 

What  ia  aaid  of  the   Rio 
Nogro  ? 

The  Cassiquiare  f 

^Vhat  is  said  of  the  plains 
ol  Venezuela  7 

What  is  said  of  Caraccaa  7 


Kope  Brklfi. 

Rosds  SFc  almost  unknown,  and  liaveliinir  is  verv  ,  «ru  .•      -j  i-  l 
diflicult  and  dangerous,  especially  among  Ihf  '^^^^jj:   W''at«..ulof,hero«U7 
tains. 

S.  America  excels  the  re«t  of  the  world  in  the  num- 1  in  what  doe,  S.  America 

7  ~~^ 


Vast  herds  of  cattle  feed  on  the  Llanos;  15,000 
head  sometimes  belonging  to  one  man. 


What  towns  on  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  J 

VVnero  is  Coro  7 
Maracaybo  7 


Valencia  7 
Angostura  f 


What  is  said  of  the  herda 
ol  cattle  on  the  Llanos  7 


IVBW  ORBNikDA. 


Boundaries.-BomiM  N.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea; 
E.  by  V^enezuela;  S.  by  Brazil  and  Ecuador;  and  VV 
by  the  Pacific  and  GuaUmala. 


•  See  Note  to  page  34. 


Bound  New  Grenada. 


li 


W 


38 


ECUADOR  — BRAZIL. 


It  contains  450,000  square  miles,  and  1,750,000  in- 
i  habitants. 

Mountains.  —  The  Andes  pass  through  New  Gre- 
nada in  several  ranges,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
eastern,  which  passes  into  Venezuela,  and  the  western, 
which  runs  parallel  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Bays,  Sfc. — The  Gulf  of  Durien  lies  on  the  northern 
coast ;  and  Panama  i^Pan-a-maT')  and  Choco  Bays  lie 
on  the  western  coast. 

Cape. — Cape  Gallinas  is  the  most  northerly  point 
of  South  America. 

iiicers.— Tlie  JIagdale'na  falls  into  the  Caribbean 
Sea. 

The  Cauca      Is  into  the  Magdalena. 
The  Caqiie'ta  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
New  Grenada  and  Ecuador. 

The  Meta  and  Guaviare  fall  into  the  Orinoco. 
The  Negro  rises  in  New  Grenada. 
Plains. — All  the  S.  E.  of  New  Grenada  consists  of 
immense  plains  or  Llanos. 

Towm.  —  Bogota 
{Bog-o-tar'),  on  a 
plateau  formed  by 
the  eastern  Andes,  is 
the  capital. 

St.  Martha,  Car- 
thage'na,  Porto  Bel- 
lo,  and  Chagres,  on 
the  Caribbean  Sea. 

Panama',   on    the 
Bay  of  Panama. 
Mompox'  and  Hon- 
da,  on   the   Magda- 
lena. 

Popayan'  and  Pas- 
lo  are  inland  towns 
in  a  valley  of  the 
Andes. 


1k 


The  falls  of  Te- 
quendama',  650  feel 
high,  and  the  natural 

The  Bridp.  of  Icononro.  ,^^jj,gg    ^f    JconoUZO, 

both  in  the  Bogota  valley,  are  great  natural  curiosities. 


BCUADOR.* 

Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  New  Grenada  and 
Brazil;  E.  by  Brazil;  S.  by  Peru;  and  W.  by  the 
Pacific. 

It  contains  300,000  square  miles,  and  000,000  in- 
habitants. 

Mountains. — ^The  Andes  cross  the  western  part  of 
Ecuador  in  two  chains,  forming  an  elevated  valley  from 
SO  to  100  miles  in  breadth,  and  more  than  9000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


What  nro  its  extent  and 
population  1 

What  is  said  of  the  Andes? 


What  gulf  on  thi>  north- 
ern, and  what  bays  on 
lUe  western  coast  1 

What  is  aaid  of  Cape  Gal- 
linas I 

Whore  does  the  Magda- 
lena fall  ? 

What  river  falls  into  the 
Magdalena  1 

What  is  said  of  the  Ca- 
(jueta  f 

Wlial  rivers  fall  into  the 
Orinoco  1 

What  river  rises  in  New 
Grenada  1 

What  is  said  of  the  plains? 

What  is  said  of  Bogota  ? 


What   towns  on  the  Ca- 
ribbean Seat 


Where  is  Panama  f 


What  towns  on  the  Mag- 
dalena ? 


Wheri  are  Popayan  and 
Pai.to ! 


What  two  great  natural 
curiosities  in  the  valley 
of  Bogota  t 


Cotopaxi. 

The  principal  summits  are  the  tremendous  volcanoes 
of  Antisa'na  and  Cotopax'i,  the  former  of  which  is  ihe 
loftiest  volcanic  mountain  in  the  world,  on  the  eastern 
cltain '  and  Pir.hinca  and  Chiiiibora'zOi  whose  to'^  is 
more  than  four  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on 
the  western  ciiain. 


Bound  Ecuador. 


Whot  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Andes? 


'  Ek-wa-dore'. 


Which  are   the   principal 
summiis? 


Gulf. — The  Gidf  of  Guytquil  (Gwi-a-keel')  lies  on 
the  wti'tern  const,  between  Ecuador  and  Peru'. 

Rivers. — The  Tungura'gua  and  Ucayale'  unite  in  the 
southern  part  of  Ecuador,  and  fbrm  the  Amazon  or 
Maranon. 

Towns. — Quito  (Kee'-to),  in  the  Andes  Valley,  at 
the  foot  of  Mt.  Pichinca,  is  the  capital. 

Otabalo,  north  of  Quito,  and  Riobamba  and  Cuen'^a, 
south  of  Quito,  in  the  same  valley. 

Guyaquil,  on  the  Gulf  of  Guyaquil. 

Jaen',  on  the  Tungiiragua. 


The  climate  of  the  mountain  valleys  is  the  most 
delightful  in  the  world,  the  temperature  being  that  of 
constant  spring.  In  these  valleys  the  white  popula- 
tion chiefly  reside. 


Where  is  tho  Gulf  of 
Guyaquil  f 

What  rivers  form  the  Am- 
azon i 

What  is  said  of  Quito  I 

Whiit  other  towns  in  the 
same  valley  t 

Where  is  Guayaquil  T 

Jucn  7 

What  is  said  of  the  cli- 
mate of  the  mountain 
valleys,  &c.  ? 


BRAZIL.* 


Brazil  is  a  very  extensive  empire,  embracing  nearly 
one-half  of  South  America,  being  the  largest  country 
on  the  western  continent.  It  was  once  a  Portuguese 
colony,  but  is  now  independent. 

Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  New  Grenada,  Ve- 
nezuela, Guiana,  and  the  Atlantic;  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the 
Atlantic ;  and  \V.  by  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  Bolivia,  Peru, 
Ecuador,  and  Venezuela. 

It  contains  3,000,000  square  miles,  and  6,000,000 
of  inliabitants. 

The  western  part  of  Brazil  is  sometimes  called 
Amazonia. 

Mountains. — Several  ranges  of  mountains  traverse 
the  S.  E.  portion  of  Brazil. 

Capes. — St.  Roque  and  Fri'o  are  the  principal  capes. 

B:iy. — The  Bay  of  All  Sainta  lies  on  the  eastern 
coast. 

Lake. — Lake  de  log  Palos  lies  in  the  southern  part 
of  Brazil. 

Island.  —  The  Island  of  Joannes  lies  at  the  mouth 
of  tlie  Amazon. 

Rifers.  —  The  Amazon,  Para'  or  Tocantins',  Par- 
naibn,  and  St.  Francisco,  fidl  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  Amazon  is  the  largest  river  in  the  world,  being 
180  miles  wide  at  its  mouth.  The  region  drained  by 
this  river  and  its  tributaries,  is  as  large  as  the  entire 
territory  of  the  United  States. 

The  Xiiigu,  Tapajos,  Madei'ra,  Negro,  and  Caqueta, 
full  into  the  .\inazon. 

The  Araguay'  is  a  branch  of  the  Tocantins. 

The  Parana'  and  Paraguay'  rise  in  Brazil. 

The  Cuyaha  falls  into  the  Paraguay. 

Towns.  —  -Maranham',  Pernambu'co,  and  Ri'o  Ja- 
neiro, coinmonly  called  Ri'o,  on  the  Atlantic;  the 
last  of  which  is  the  capital,  and  the  largest  town  in 
South  America. 

Para',  on  Para'  River. 

Bahi'a  or  St.  Salvador',  on  All  Saints'  Bay. 

Vii  la  Ki'ca  and  San  Paulo, arc  inland  towns  N.and 
Vf.  of  Rio. 

Cuyaba,  on  Cuyaba  River. 

•  Brat-tir. 


What  is  said  ol  Brazil  ? 


IIow  is  it  bounded? 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  is  the  western  part 
called  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  moun- 
tains? 

Which  are   the  principal 

capes  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  All 

Saints? 
Lake  de  los  Polos  t 

The  Island  of  Joannes  ? 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Atlantic  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Ama- 
zon? 


What  rivers  fall  into  it  ? 

What  bronch  has  the  To- 
cantins? 

What  rivers  rise  in  Brazil  ? 

What  river  falls  into  the 
Paraguay  1 

What  towns  on  the  At- 
lantic? 


Where  is  Para  ? 
Bahia  or  St.  Salvador  t 
U'htit  nituiij  tiiwiiK  N,  and 
W.  of  Rio? 

Where  is  Cuyaba  t 


B  laid  of  Quito  1 


ia  snid  of  the  clU 

of   I  lib  mouniain 

ya,  &c.  ? 


ia  aaid  ot  Brazil  ? 


s  it  bounded  I 


are  ita  extent  end  { 
ilalion  1 


ia  eoid  of  the  moun- 
)t 

1  are  the  principal 

:s? 

3  is  the  Bay  of  All 

ilat 

lu  los  Palos  I 

aland  of  Joannea  t 

rivers  fall  into  the  | 
intic  r 

ia  said  of  the  Ana- 
I 


rivers  fall  into  it  t 

branch  has  the  To-  | 

ins? 

rivers  rise  in  Brazil?  I 

river  falls  into  the  | ; 
ngimy  ( 

towns  on  the  Al- 
io* 


e  is  Para! 
or  St.  Salvador? 
ihtuiiii  luwiiH  i^'.  and  i 
of  Rio  1 

e  is  Cuyabat 


Tcjuco,  near  St.  Francisco  River,  in  a  district  famous 
as  contanimg  the  richest  diamond  mines  in  the  world. 

4nnnnLVfi!"''"""'"°'"'  °"  "'^  P'"'""  "f  Brazil, 
40/100  head  being  sometimes  found  on  a  single  farm 

slaveTrad"  '       """""'"'^'y  *'"g''ged  in  the  inhuman 

Brazil  is  the  only  independent  country  in  America, 
under  a  monarchical*  government.  "'cni-a, 


ruRu.t 


^^iii^ii^^^iiiiiizZ^fZZ^^ 


AYRES. 


What  is  said  of  Tcjuco  1 


What  is  said  of  the  cuttle 
on  the  plains  of  Brazil? 

What  is  aaid  of  the  slave 
trade ) 

What  of  the  government 
of  Brazil  I 


At.  Sorata  and  Mt.  Ilhma'ni,  near  Lake  Titicaca,  are 
the  highest  summits  ot  the  Andes,  and  the  most  lofiv 
mounlaiiism  America;  Mt.  Sorata  being  25,400,  and 
Illimani  84,250  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea 

botrnX"'""^''"  ^"""^"^y  ^°'""'  pa"  of  "'e  eastern 
Various  branches  of  the  Madeira  rise  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Bolivia,  and  the  Pilcomayo  rises  in  the 
southern  part.  '  "^ 

_    Desert.— Thai  part  of  Bolivia  lying  W.  of  the  Andes 
18  a  barren  desert,  called  the  Desert  of  Ataca'ma 

tnJn  i    n~^'""'i"'""^''  (CAu-te-sar'-ta),  an  inland 
town,  IS  the  capital. 

La  Paz,  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Illimani. 

Cobija,  on  the  Pacific,  is  the  only  seaport  in  Bolivia. 

Cochabamba,  an  inland  town  north  of  Chuquisaca. 

rotosi,  tj.  W.  of  Chuquisaca,  is  situated  at  the  foot 
o(  a  mountain,  famed  as  containing  the  richest  silver- 
mines  in  the  world. 


39 


Bolivia  is  named  in  honor  of  the  celebrated  Simon 
Bohvar,  the  S.  American  Liberator. 


WhalisaaidofMt.Sorato 
and  Mt.  Illimani  ? 


What  river  forms  part  of 
the  eastern  boundary  ? 

What  rivers  rise  in  Boli- 
via? 


What  ia  that  part  of  Boli- 
via  weat  of  the  Andes 
called  ? 

What  is  said  of  Chunui- 
saca  ?  ' 

Where  is  La  Paz  f 
What  is  said  of  Cobija? 
What  inland  town  N.  of 

Lhucjuisaca  7 
WhatiasaidofPotoeiJ 


In  whose  honor  is  Bolivia 
named  ? 


Liir'. 


Bo»mrfar(>s.— Peru  is  bounded  N  Sv  Ecuador  •  E 

by  Brazil  and  Bolivia;  S.  by  Bolivia,  and  S.w'  bv 

!  the  Pacific.  ^ 

Peru  contains  500,000  square  miles,  and  1,500,000 
,  inhabitants.  ' 

[     Mounlains.— The  Andes  traverse  Peru  from  N.  to  S. 

Cope.— Cape  Blanco,  in  Peru,  is  the  nost  westerly 
point  of  South  America. 

Lake.— lake  Tiiica'ca  lies  partly  in  Peru  and  partly 

in  Bolivia.  ^    ■' 

,      It  is  the  largest  lake  in  South  America,  and  is  noted 

lor  Its  great  elevation,  being  13,000  feet  above  the  level 

of  the  sea. 

Rivers.~The  Ucnyale  and  Tunguragua  rise  in  Peru, 
llie  1  aro  and  Apunmac  form  the  Ucayale. 
Towns.  — U ma,  on  the   Rimac,  necr  the  Pacific 
Ocaan,  is  the  capital  of  North  Peru. 

^V^^  Lnmbayeque,  Truxil'lo,  Calla'o,  and  Ari'ca, 
on  the  Pacific.  ' 

Caxaniarca,  near  the  Tunguragna. 

Ciizco  and  Guamaiiga  are  inland  towns  in  the  valley 
of  the  Apuriniac.  ' 

Cerro  Pasco  and  Guancavelica,  on  the  Andes  Plain, 
the  former  famed  for  its  silver-mines,  and  the  latter 
lor  iia  mines  of  quicksilver. 

Arequipa  {Jlr-a-kce'-pa),  on  the  Andes  Plain  in  the 
south  of  Peru. 

Puno,  on  Lake  Titicaca. 


Peru  has  always  been  renowned  for  its  rich  mines 
01  the  precious  metals. 

Before  its  conquest  by  Spain,  it  was  inhabited  by  n 
race  of  Indians,  who  had  made  considerable  advances 
in  civi  ization.  Their  kings  were  called  Incas,  and 
claimed  to  be  descendanu  of  the  Sun. 


Bound  Peru. 

What  are  ita  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  mountains  traverse 

Peru  ? 
What  is  said  of  C.  Blonco  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Titicaca? 

What  is  said  of  it  ? 


What  rivers  rise  in  Peru  1  \ 
What  form  the  Ucayale  ? 
What  is  said  of  Lima  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Pacific?  | 

Where  is  Caxamarca  ? 
What  inland  towns  in  the  I 

valley  of  the  Apurimac? 
What  two  towns  on  the! 

Andes  Plain  famous  for  I 

their  mines  f 


PARAOVA'T. 

-BoundaWes.— Bounded  N.  by  Brazil ;  E.  and  S  bv 
Parana  River;  and  W.  by  the  Paraguay'.  ' 

It  contains  80,000  square  miles,  and  250,000  in- 
habitants.  ' 

Rrcers.— The  Parana'  flows  between  Paraguay  and 
Hrazil,  Uruguay',  and  Buenos  Ayres. 

The  Paraguay  flows  between  Paraguay  on  the  east, 
and  itolivia  and  Buenos  Ayres  on  the  west 

ca  fT"*' ~  ^''"'"^"'°"'   °"   '''^   Paraguay,   is   the 
Villa  Rica,  an  inland  town  S.  E.  of  Assumption. 

The  most  celebrated  production  of  this  country  is 
iiiate  ,  or  Paraguay  tea,  which  is  extensively  used  in  S 
America. 

Paraguay  became  independent  in  1813,  and  was 
governed  from  that  time  till  1840,  by  the  celebrated 
Dictator,  Dr.  trancia.  He  excluded  foreigners,  but 
promoted  indoMry  and  education,  and  maintained  order 
among  the  people. 


Bound  Paraguay. 

What  are  its  extent  and 
populaiion  ? 

How  does  the  Parana  flow? 
The  Paraguay  ? 

What  is  said  of  Assumo- 
tion  ?  *^ 

Where  is  Villa  Rica? 

Which  is  the  most  cele- 
brated production  ? 

When  did  Paraguay  be- 
come  independent,  itc.t 


URUGVAT, 

OR    THE    BANDA    ORIENTAL. 

Bound  Uruguay. 


Where  is  Arequipa? 
Puno? 


What  is  said  of  the  mines 
ot  Peru? 

What  is  said  of  its  inhab- 
itants prior  10  the  Span- 
ish coniiuest  ? 


B  OKI  VX  A. 

bv'^wr"'';";;^"""''"'  ^-  ^y  P""  «"''  Brazil';  E.  I  Bound  Bolivia 
n,l  i'u;',.'^"?euay;    S.  by  Buenos  Ayres  and      '"'"'""""'"'• 

Cli  h  ;  and  VV.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Peru.  ' 

I  habitanto"'"'  ^^"'"""  "'"'"'^  ""'es-and  1,500,000  in- 

.¥o«iU,.<«*._Seve™l  chains  of  the  Andes  traverse 
I  the  western  part  of  Bolivia, 


•  See  General  Views,  page  74,  Article  '■Government." 
T  I'e-  roo  , 


nomdaries.— Bounded  N.  by  Paraguay;   E.  by 

„nTw'  K  •  "ir  "■"  ^"''""''  ""^  ">«  Ri'odeh  Pla'la ; 
and  W.  by  Buenos  Ayres. 

habita'iite'*'"^  ''MOO  square  miles,  and  150,000  in- 

Rivers— The  Uruguay  and  La  Plata  form  the  chief 

A  res  ''""'"'''■■y  between  Uruguay  and  Buenos 

Tl,'  T      ni   ,       •  I      =•-' "■""•"=">'»'» yresr 

1  he  La  Pin  ta  is  150  miles  wide  at  its  mouth   bpinir   wt,  .  ■        j    ,   , 
the  second  river  in  point  of  size  in  S.  Americl'        ^       '"•-"  ""*  °'  "■"  ^^ 
I    /";'■"«— Mal'lo'iado  and  Monte  Vi'deo,  on  the  Rio 

mem        "'        '"'"'  "'"  '''*'"''  ''  ""  *'""  °f  e°'""- 


Whot  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  rivers  form  the 
boundary  between  Uru- 
guay and  Buenos  Ayres? 


Uruguay  was  formerly  in  dispute  between  Brazil 
and  Buenos  Ayre..;  but  in  1828,  after  a  bloody  war, 
they  agreed  to  make  it  an  independent  state. 


Plata? 

What   towns  on   the 
Plata  ? 


La 


What  is  said  of  Uruguay? 


What  are  its  extent  and 
populntjotl  ? 

What  mounlaina  traverse 
the  western  part  ? 


BUBNOS  AYRBS.* 

OR  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 


BoMm/„r,V,.!.— Bounded  N.  by  Bolivia;  E.  by  Para- 
guay Uruguay,  and  the  Atlantic;  S.  by  PaLora 
^lliVVJO^the  Andes,  which  separate  it  from  Chdi     ' 


Bound  Buenos  Ayrea. 


40 


CHILI  —  PATAGONIA. 


It  contains  750,000  square  miles,  and  1,300,000  in- 
habitants. 

Rivers.— The  Rio  de  la  Plata,  Colora  do,  and  Negro, 
fall  into  the  Atlantic. 

The  Urugnay  and  Parana  unite  and  form  the  La 
Plata.  ,     „ 

The  Sala'do  and  Paraguay  fall  into  the  Parana. 

The  Vermejo  and  Pilcomiiyo  fall  into  the  Para- 
guay. 

The  Dulce  falls  into  Porongos  or  Salt  Lake. 

Plains. The  Pampas   comprise  the  central  and 

southern  parts  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  extend  entirely 
across  the  country,  from  the  AtUuilic  to  the  Andes. 

They  are  desli'lute  of  trees,  but  covered  with  high 
grass,  which  aiTords  sustenance  to  vast  herds  of  horses, 

cattle,  &c.  „  J  ^      , 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Pampas  are  called  Guachos. 


What  aro  il«  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 

Atlantic! 
What  form  the  La  Plata  I 

What  fall  into  the  Parana? 
What  into  the  Paraguay  J 

Where  docs  the  Dulce  fall? 
Where  aro  the  Pampas  ? 


What  ig  said  of  them » 


What  are  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Pampas  called  ? 


Where    ia    the   Island  of 
Cliilue  t 

Juan  Fernandez  ? 


Islandn.— The  Island  of  Chiloe  {Chil-o-a')  lies  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  of  Chili. 

Ju'an  Fernandez  lies  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  W.  of 

Rivers. — There  are  many  small  rivers  in  Chili,  all   What  is  said  of  the  rivers 
emptying  into  the  Pacific. 

Toivns.  —  Santiago,    on    Mapocho  River,   is    the 
capital. 

Coquiinbo  ( Co-kecm'-bo),  Valparai'so,  Concepcion, 
and  Valdi'via,  on  the  Pacific  coast. 


Chili  possesses  n  delightful  climate,  and  remarkably 
fruitful  soil ;  and  is  noted  for  its  rich  gold,  silver,  and 
copper  mines.  But  it  is  often  visited  with  destructive 
earthquakes. 


of  Chili  I 
What  is  said  of  Santiago? 

What   towns  on  the  Pa- 
cilic  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  cli- 
ninio,  productions,  tltc, 
of  Chili  ? 


'Hie  Citf  of  Bueii(»s  Ayi-cs. 

Towns. — Buenos  Ayres,  on   the  La  Plata,  is  the 
capital. 

Santa  Fe'  and  Corrienles,  on  the  Parana. 

Salta,  at  the  head  of  Salado  River. 

Tucuman',  on  Dulce  River. 

San  Juan  and  Mendo'za,  near  the  Andes. 

Cor'dova,  an  inland  town  N.  V/.  of  Buenos  Ayres. 


What  is  said  of  Buenos 
Ayres? 

What  towns  on  the  Pa- 
rana? 

Where  is  Salta  ? 

Tucuman  ? 

What  towns  near  the  An- 
des ? 

Where  is  Cordova? 


PA!S^A001I'XA. 

Bouwiarics.— Bounded  N.  by  Chili  and  Buenos 
Ayres ;  E.  by  the  Atlantic ;  S.  by  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan (Maj-eT-lan),  which  separates  it  from  the  Island 
of  Terra  del  Fue'go,  and  W.  by  the  Pacific. 

It  contains  375,000  square  miles. 

Patagonia  is  a  cold  and  barren  region,  but  little 
known. 

It  is  thinly  inhabited  by  tribes  of  Indians,  some  of 
whom  are  said  to  be  of  great  stature. 

Mountains. — The  Andes  intersect  Patagonia  from 

N.  to  S. 

Days.— Si.  Matthias  and  St.  George's  on  the  eastern 
coast,  and  the  Gulf  of  Penas  on  the  western  coast,  are 
the  principal  bays. 

Strait.— The  Strait  of  Magellan,  on  the  S.  of  Pata- 
gonia, is  named  in  honor  of  the  first  circumnavigator 
of  the  globe. 

Rivers.  —  The  Negro  forms  part  of  the  northern 
boundary. 

The  Caraaranes  falls  into  the  Atlantic. 


Bound  Patagonia. 


How  many  square  miles 

does  it  contain  ? 
What  is  said  of  Patagonia! 

What  of  its  inhabitants? 

What  mountains  intersect 
Patagonia  ? 

Which  are  the  principal 
bays  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Strait 
of  Magellan? 


What  river  forms  part  of 
the  northern  boundary? 

What  river  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  ? 


Catcliiii«  Wild  L'allle. 

The  Guachos  catch  the  wild  cattle  of  the  Pampas 
by  means  of  the  lasso.  This  is  a  long  rope,  with  a 
noose  at  one  end,  which  is  thrown  with  great  expert- 
ness  around  the  head  of  the  animal. 


How  do  the  Guachos  catch 
the  wild  cattle  of  the 
Pampas  ? 


OBIKX.* 

Boundaries.— Bounded  N.  by  Bolivia;  E.  by  Buenos 
Ayres  and  Patagonia ;  S.  by  Patagonia ;  and  W.  by  the 
Pacific. 

It  contains  170,000  square  miles,  and  1,250,000  in- 
habitants. 

The  southern  part  of  Chili  is  in  the  possession  of 
the  Araucanians,  a  very  brave  and  warlike  race  of 
Indians,  who  have  never  been  conquered  by  Eu- 
ropeans. 

Mouriimn^. Thr.  Amirs  fnr.-n  the  "astern  boun- 
dary; among  which  there  are  H  volcanoes  in  constant 
action. 


Bound  Chili. 


What  aro  its  extent  and 

population? 

In  whose  pnasesflion  is  the 
southern  part  of  Chili? 


What  is  suid  of  the  Ande«? 


QUESTIONS  G^   SOUTH   AMERICA. 

1.  How  is  South  America  bounded  ?  2.  How  many  square  miles  does  it  coiitain  ?  3.  How 
manrinhabitants  f  4.  In  what  zones  does  it  lie  ?  .<).  What  countries  does  it  include  ?  6 
Whfch  of  these  countries  lie  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?    7.  Temperate  ?    8.  Which  is  the  largest 

"°9"commencing  at  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  and  travelling  with  the  Andes  through  and 
between  what  coumries  would  you  pass?  10.  Where  would  you  meet  wuh  the  highest 
summits,  and  what  are  their  names  and  heights  ?  11.  What  is  the  elevation  of  the  Andes 
Valleys,  or  TaS/e  ianrf»  ?     12.  The  breadth?  ,.   .    ,,    «7i,».«  :. .i,„  <3ir»i. 

13.  Between  what  gulf  and  bay  does  the  Isthmus  of  Daricn  he  ?  14.  Where  is  the  Strait 
of  Magellan  ?     15.  What  cape  forms  the  northern  exiremUy  of  South  America?     16.  1  he 

eastern?    17.  The  southern  ?    18.  The  western  ?        ,     ,       ,  •    o     ,i    a 

T9  What  rivers  fall  into  the  Atlantic  ?  20  Name  the  f°" '""l^fV"^"' J"  ?»H'''/Cn; 
rica,  in  the  order  of  their  sizes.  An,.  Am.,  L.  Plat  Oo.,  and  Madeira.  21.  bailin"  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  to  its  source,  through  what  countries  would  you  pass  and  what 
branches  does  it  receive  in  each !  22.  The  same  with  resnect  .0  the  Orinoco.  23  1  he  La 
Plata  24  The  Parana.  25.  What  is  the  direction,  ani  how  »'Ould  you  travel  by  water 
from  Assumption  to  Jaen?  2G.  Porto  Bello  to  Panama?  27.  The  moulh  of  the  Ormoco 
to  that  of  the  Amazon  by  inland  navigalion  1 


•  Chil'-le. 


QUESTIONS  ON   AMERICA. 

1.  Between  what  four  great  oceans  is  America  situated?  2.  ^yhat  is  the  e^'ent  of 
America?  3.  Its  population?  4.  What  are  the  three  grand  divisions  of  America,  and 
wKHiro  the  extent  and  population  of  each?  5  Name  tF.e  four  '"^^  Vox"  fi'Tie  ^h  ce 
rica  in  the  order  of  their  sizes.    An>.  Brazd,  U.  S.,  Br.  Poss.,  and  Mcx.    b.  1  he  three 

"7"\'?nli:lThatlmeyi;'lhaf:hain''of  mountains  known  which  extends  from  Bhering', 
St  ait  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan  !  8.  In  which  ol  these  do  we  find  'l""  '■'RI"^,"'  »"""'■ 
and  what  is  the  name  of  this  summit,  and  Us  elevation  above  tho  level  of  the  sea?  J. 
What  is  the  length  of  this  chain  of  mountains?  ,    •  „. 

10  What  gulf  and  sea  lie  between  N.  and  S.  America?    11.  Name  •'■«  f"'"  »;8«»V'.'P| 
in  America    in  the  order  of  their  size.    Ana.  Am.,  I.n  PI.,  M.  L.,.  »nil  i\lis».     1.:.  1  le 
onmst  four,  "oIlovvinK  the  principal  branch.    An,.  Miss.,  Am.,  Missouri,  Mackenzie's 
longoBi  !'"";.'""""'"[;;' o  I',       '_;_^  j;„  f^^,jj  ^    Am.ri""'     '4.  What  is  tho  course  and 

how  wS^orsaiT'from  Boston  ^  l.VNew  York  to  Fort  Vancouver  (io. 

Namrthc  sU  Ingest  cities  in  America,  and  tell  the  population  of  each  .In..  New 
Yo"k.400,(X)0;  Philadelphia,  250,000 ;  Rio,  200,000;  Mexico,  Havana,  and  Bahia.  each 
140,000. 


!    ia    iho  Island  or 
uc  t 


is  snid  of  the  rivers 

hilil 

is  said  of  Santiago? 


towns  on  the  Pa- 


is sni'l  of  the  cli- 
0.  iiroduc'lions,  &c., 
Uiifi  t 


mony  square  miles 
BB  it  contain  ? 
it  is  said  of  Patagonia! 

It  of  its  inhabitants? 


It  mountains  intersect  | 
itagonia  ? 

ch  are  the  principal  | 
ys  ? 

U  is  snid  of  the  Strait  | 
Mogcllan? 

at  river  forms  part  of|| 
e  northern  boundary  ? 
at  river  falls  into  the  i 
tlantic? 


ic  Andes,  through  and 
meet  with  the  highest 
elevation  of  the  Andes 

U.  Where  is  the  Strait 
ith  America?    16.  The 

t  rivers  in  South  Amc- 
eiro.  21.  Sailing  from 
uld  you  pass,  and  what 

Orinoco.  23.  The  La 
lid  you  travel  by  water 

mouth  of  the  Orinoco 


What  is  the  estent  of 
isions  of  America,  and 


extends  from  Bhcring's 
nd  the  highest  uuniinit, 
ho  level  of  the  sea?    9. 

le  the  four  largest  rivers 
L.,  and  Miss.  12.  The 
Missouri,  Mackenzie's. 
Whnt  is  the  course  and 
0  tort  Vancouver  *  lo. 
m  of  each.  Am.  New 
avana,  and  Bahia,  each 


WnuUor  Citttle,  England. 


Europe  is  the  smallest  of  the  five  grand  divisions  of 
the  globe,  but  is  the  first  in  importance,  in  consequence 
of  its  superior  civilization  and  learning,  and  its  great 
commerce. 

Boundaries.— Bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  E. 
and  S.  E.  by  Asia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
U'ral  Mountains,  Ural  River,  Cas'pian  Sea,  Cau'casus 
Mountains,  Black  Sea,  Channel  of  Constantino'ple,  Sea 
of  Mar'mora,  Strait  of  Dardanelles',  and  the  Archipel'- 
ago;  S.  by  the  Mediterra'nean  Sea;  and  W.  by  the 
Atlantic. 

Europe  contains  3,650,000  square  miles,  and  230 
millions  of  inhabitants,  being  the  most  densely  popu- 
lated portion  of  the  earth's  surface. 

Seas,  (^c— Europe  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of 
Its  Seas,  Bays,  and  Gulfs. 

The  White  Sea  lies  in  the  North  of  Europe,  and 
communicates  with  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

The  Baltic  Sea  lies  between  Rus'sia  and  Pruc'sia 
on  the  E.  and  S.,  and  Sweden  on  the  W.,  and  com- 
mtinicates  with  the  Cat'legat  by  the  Sound,  the  Great 
Belt,  and  the  Little  Belt. 

The  Cattegat  lies  between  Swe'den  on  the  E.  and 
Denmark  on  the  W.,  and  opens  into  the  Sktger  Rack. 
The  Skager  Rack  lies  between  Nor' way  on  the  N. 
and  Denmark  on  theS.,  and  opens  into  the  North  Sea. 
Tlio  North  Sea  lies  between  Norway  and  Denmark 
on  the  E.  and  Great  Brit'ain  on  the  VV.,  and  opens  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  Black  Sea,  or  Eu'xine,  discharges  its  waters 
through  the  Bos'phorus  or  Channel  of  Constantinople, 
the  Sea  of  Mar'mora,  the  Dardanelles'  or  Hellespont, 
and  the  Archipelago  or  iEgean Sea,  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 

The  Sea  of  Az'of  communicates  with  the  Black  Sea 
by  the  Strait  of  Yenicale. 

The  Mediterranean  Sea,  the  eas'ern  part  of  which 
is  called  the  Levant',  communicates  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  10  miles  wide 

Gulfs,  ^-c— The  Gulfs  of  Bolh'nia  and  Finland  lie 
in  the  N.  of  Europe,  and  communicate  with  the  Baltic 
Sea. 

The  Bay  of  Bis'cay  sets  up  into  the  land  between 
r  ranee  and  Spain. 

The  Gulf  of  Ven'ice  lies  between  Austria  and  Turkey 
on  one  side,  anti  Italy  on  the  other,  and  communicates 
with  the  Mediterranean  by  the  Strait  of  Otran'to. 

Peninsula^.  — The  Scandina'vian  Peninsula  lies  in 
the  N.  of  Europe,  and  includes  Lap'land,  Sweaen,  and 
Norway. 

The  Peninsula  of  Jut'land  lies  in  the  N.  of  Den- 
mark. 

Crime'a,  More'a,  Italy,  and  thePeoinsula  of  Spain 
and  Por'tugal,  lie  in  the  South  oflStrfope. 

Plains.— Ml  the  cen&al  part  of  Europe,  including 
the  most  of  Russia;  and  Po'lund,  Prussia,  Denmark, 
tlie  north  of  Germany,  Hol'lnnd,  Bersiuiiu  the  nnrtli 
of  France,  and  the  cas't  of  England  (ing'-gland),  con- 
sists ot  vast  plains  but  little  elevated  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  and  occasionally  interspersed  with  hills. 

Southern  Europe  is  generally  mountainous. 


What  is  said  of  Europe  ? 


How  is  it  bounded  ? 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population? 

What  is  said  of  the  num- 
ber of  its  seas,  &.c.  I 

Whot  is  said  of  the  White 
Sea? 

The  Baltic  ? 

The  Cottegat  ? 
The  Skager  Rack  ? 
The  North  Sea? 

The  Black  Sea,  or  Euxinet 

The  Sea  of  Azof? 
The  Mediterranean  ? 


Whnt  gulfs  in  the  N.  of 
Europe  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Bay  of 
Biscay  ? 

The  Gulf  of  Venice  ? 


The  Scandinavian  Penin- 
sula? 


Where  is  the  Peninsula  of 
Jutland  ? 

Whnt  peninsulas  in  the  S. 
of  Europe  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  plains 
of  Central  Europe  ? 


What  is  said  of  Southern 
Europe  ? 


DiDWions.— Europe  is  divided  into  01  independent 
states.  These  may  be  considered  under  three  grand 
divisions :  the  Northern,  the  Middle,  and  the  Southern 
states. 

The  northern  countries  are  Russia,  Sweden,  Norway, 
and  Denmark.  " 

The  middle  countries  are  Prussia,  Austria,  Germany, 
Swit'zerland,  Holland,  Belgium,  France,  and  the  British 
Isles. 

The  southern  countries  are  Turkey,  Greece,  Italy, 
Spam,  and  Portugal. 

I^pland  comprises  all  the  northern  portion  of  the 
Scandinavian  Peninsula.  It  is  divided  between  Russia, 
Sweden,  and  Norway. 

Poland  is  situated  about  the  centre  of  Europe,  and 
was  once  a  large  and  powerful  kingdom.  It  was  con- 
quered in  the  year  1795,  and  divided  between  Ru.ssia, 
Prussia,  and  Austria.  In  1815  the  part  assigned  to 
Russia  was  formed  into  a  separate  kingdom,  called  the 
kingdom  of  Poland,  subject  to  the  emperor  of  Russia ; 
but  since  the  revolt  in  1830,  it  has  been  virtually  in- 
corporated with  the  Russian  empire. 

Great  Britain,  France,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia, 
are  called  llic  Jive  great  powers,  on  account  of  their 
superior  power  and  influence. 


How  is  Europe  divided? 

Which  ore  the  northern 
countries  ? 

The  Middle? 

The  Southern  R. 

What  ia  said  of  Laplimd? 

What  of  Poland  ? 


Which  are  the  five  great 
powers  of  Europe,  and 
why  are  they  so  called? 


Europe  enjoys  a  mdder  climate  than  the  correspond- 
ing latitudes  of  America.  The  northern  portion  is, 
however,  very  cold  and  barren. 

Europe  produces  great  quantities  of  wheal,  rye,  and 
other  grains,  and  potatoes.  The  southern  portion  is 
also  noted  for  its  wines  and  silks. 

The  iniiabitants  of  the  extreme  north  resemble  the 
Esquimaux  of  N.  America.  The  population  of  the  rest 
of  Europe  is  of  the  white  or  Cauca'sian*  race. 

Nearly  all  the  countries  of  Europe  are  under  mo-  wi,„.  «f  .i,. 
narclitcal government,  and  great  distinctions  are  made'     ''^  -    •'^'"'- '"""*■"' 
betweijn  the  nobility  and  the  lower  classes  of  society. 

Christianity,  under  the  various  names  of  the  Roman 
Catholic,  Prot'estant,  and  Greek  Catholic  Churches, 
prevails  throughout  Europe,  except  in  the  Turkish 
Empire,  where  Mohani'medanismt  is  the  established 
religion. 


What  is  said  of  the  cli- 
niHte  of  Europe  ? 

What  of  the  productions  ? 


Wha!  of  the  inhabitants  ? 


■  ..oj  Ml  iiie  governme 
and.  state  of  society  ? 

What  are  the  preTailing 
religions? 


NORTHERN  EUROPE. 
RnSSIAZr    BMPXRS. 


The  Russian  Empire  is  the  largest  in  extent  in  the 
world,  comprising  more  than  half  of  Europe,  one- 
third  of  Asia,  and  extensive  possessions  in  North 
America. 

It  contains  nearly  8,000,000  square  miles,  or  more 
than  one-seventh  of  all  the  land  on  the  globe. 


What  does   the  Ruiiian 
Empire  comprise  ? 


How  many  square  miles 
does  it  contain  ? 


RUSSIA    IN   BUROPB.I 


SI.  i'etcrBburj. 

Boundaries.— aoaniied  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  E. 
by  the  Ural  Mountains,  Ural  River,  and  the  Caspian 


+ 1!!  r!"""i  ^'''""'  P-  "■  1,'  Vafie'ieaof  the  Human  Race." 
t  See  General  Views,  page  74.  Article  "  Religion." 
I  Hoo'-ihe-a  or  Suih'-e-a, 


Bound  Russia  in  Europ*. 


WililiilU 


(  Sea ;  S.  by 

i  and  Turkei 

I  Baltic,  Gull 

It   conta 

I  55,000,000 

The  pop 

[  tribes  or  iia 

j  the  most  nc 

That  poi 

jin  1 809  by 

Mountain 

I  mines  of  irt 

I  twecn  Rusfi 

A  continii 

,  tween  the  M 

The  Cauc 

!  and  Black  S( 

Seas. — Ri 

'  N..  the  Casp 

Sea  in  the  S., 

Gulfs.— 

I  an-'  Ri'ga,  all 

Peninsula. 

;  S.  of  Russia, 

■sthmus. 

Islands. — 

I  Arctic  Ocean 

I    resorted  to  ii 

fishermen. 

Aland,  Da^ 

Lakes.  —  I 

I  with  the  Gulf 

One'ga  and 

llivers. — T 

Sea. 

The  Ka'ma 

The  Don  fa 

The  Donetj 

The  Dnie'i 

Dan'ube,  the  li 

I  between  Russi; 

The  Bog,  Di 

The  Pruth  I 

|:  falls  into  the  I 

The  Vis'tula 

and  passes  intn 

The  Bug  fall 

The  Nie'me 

Prussia. 

The  Dtma  fa 

The  Neva  i 

I  into  the  Gulf  oi 

The  Mezene, 

I  Sea. 

The  Petchora 
Towns.— St.  I 
I  is  the  capital,  an 
I  nificent  cities  in 
Cron'stadt,  on 
|ilie  port  of  St.  r 
Mos'cow,  the 
was  nearly  desti 
llie  French  inva 
been  rebuilt. 

Moscow  is  cei 
palace  of  the  Czi 
bell,  the  largest  i 


Astrachan',  at  t 
's  sturgeon  fisher 

Sfirntny^  Ka^.in 
le  Voigal 

Kalou'ga,  on  th 

Orenburg,  on  U 


^ 


^  I 


\>. 


mi 


Sea;  a  by  the  Cau'casus  Mountains,  the  Black  Sea 
Ba  t,c,  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  Sweden,  and  Norway 

r,,nnnn"nn"\T'"'y  2,000,000  .quare  miles,  and 
05,000,000  inhabitants. 

Tiie  population  is  composed  of  a  great  number  of 

Mountains—The  Ural  Mountains,  famous  for  their 
mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  the  precious  metals,  lie  be- 
tween Kusfia  in  Europe  and  Russia  in  Asia 

A  continuation  of  the  Do'frafield  Mountains  lies  be- 
tween  the  White  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  I 

andKa^kSer^''"""'^'"'  ""  ''^'^''«"  '"^  Caspian' 
S«a,.-Russia  in  Europe  has  the  White  Sea  in  the 
N..   he  Caspian  Sea,  the  Sea  of  Az'of,  and  the  Black 
Sea  m  the  S.,  and  the  Baltic  on  the  W 

^nfif^"'"..'^'"'  P""''!P«'  g'J"'«  are  Bothnia,  Finland, 
an-f  Riga,  all  arms  of  the  Baltic.  ' 

Peninsula,  S(>,^The  Peninsula  of  Crimea,  in  the 

'■.hmus!'"""''  "  •'°'"'''  '°  '^'  '""'"'""'J  ^y  «  """o^v 

I     Islands—NoWa  Zem'bia  and  Spitzberg'en  lie  in  the 

Arctic  Ocean.    They  are  uninhabi.ed,  but  are  much 

S^h™     '"  '"""""  "^  ""  «""'"'"»   »>""'"»  S 
Aland,  Dago,  and  Oe'sel  lie  In  the  Baltic. 

NvithlTG-K^Sn^  ^"'  ^'''"'  ^""-"""-'^ 
I     One'ga  and  Ilmen  communicate  with  Lake  Ladoffa 
\jlwers.-The  Ural  and  Vol'ga  fall  into  the  CaspTan 

The  Ka'ma  and  O'ka  are  branches  of  the  Volga.       I 
i  he  Don  falls  into  the  Sea  of  Azof.  * 

The  Donetz  falls  into  the  Don.  ' 

The  Dnieper  (Me'per),  the  Dnies'ter,  and   the 

Danube,  the  last  of  which  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
Thrp'^'n'  ""''  '^T^'y^  '■-"  •"'»  'he  Btack  Sea.  ^ 
The  ?r.f.'h  r""'  T"*  '^"  P^"'  '■*"  '"'°  'he  Dnieper. 
1  he  Priih  flows  between  Russia  and  Turkey,  and 

falls  into  the  Danube.  •""■cyi  ana 

The  Vis'tula  rises  in  Austria,  flows  through  Poland 
and  passes  into  Prussia.  ^    ^^oiana, 

I     The  Bug  falls  into  the  Vistula. 

Prussia.^"'"'"  ■■''''  '"  ^"'"'''  """J    P^^^"  into 

'T!'^  ?t""*  ''""^  '"'°  ""^  C!"!''  "<■  Riga, 
inti'the  GtilTof  tir.  "^  "^'"^  °'  ^"^  ^""^^ 
^  Jhe  Mezene,  Dwi'na,  and  One'ga,  fall  into  the  White 

The  Petchora  falls  into  the  Arctic  Ocean 
i,  ,hr"*'7.     P"'.'""''"'?'  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva 

ni«crcfi:i:  :-,?''■«  --' '««-'-  -'^  -^■ 
.i. ';:?;?fi..Terbtg. '" '''  ^"'^  "^  ^'"'-'^'  -« 

Moscow,  the  old  capital,  on  a  branch  of  the  Oka 
as  nearly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1812,  at  the  time  of 
tn^rXirt."""""  under  Bonaparle'.     ,t  U'Tmce 

Moscow  is  celebrated  for  the  Kremlin  «-  .„-•  ■ 
palace  of  the  Czars  of  RusJiafand  aAnt  g  " 
bell,  the  largest  in  the  world.  ^ 


RUSSIA  — SWEDEN. 


Whiit  uro  iis  extent  and 
population  f 

Whnt  is  eaid  of  ihe  popu- 
laiion  ? 

What  of  Finland  I 
The  Ural  Mountains  f 


.  Whnt  Mta.  between  the 
White  Boa  and  Gulf  of 
"oihniaf 

Where  do  Ihe  Caucasus 
Mountain»liof 

What  scaa  has  Russia  in 
Europe  ? 

Which  are  the  principal 
gulfs  ?  *^ 

What  is  said  of  the  Pen- 
insula of  Crimea  I 

What  islands  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  and  what  is  said 
of  the.Ti  J  ' 


What  in  the  Baltic  f 
What  lakes  communicate 

with  the  G.  of  Finland?  I 
Whot  withL.  Ladoga? 
What  rivers  fall  jnto  the  I 

t^aspiaii  Sea  f 

Into  the  Volga  f 
Where  docs  the  Don  fail  1 
What  falls  into  the  Don  1   I 
What  fall  into  the  Black 
oea?  ' 

What  into  the  Dnieper  1 
What  is  said  of  the  Pruth  J 


Tu'la,  on  the  Don. 
Orel',  on  a  branch  of  the  Don. 
^  Che^on,  Kiev,  Moghilev,  and  Smolensk',  on  the 

fnr^,?"''!''f',°1  r  ''"'"'■h  °''  ""^  ^"'"P"-  is  celebrated 

y  P^r  thl  ff  "'."r^''"'^'''^  ^"•'  ^'"^  °f  Sweden. 

im  '  ^""P""'  °^  ""*"*'''  i"  'he  y««r 

tio^oTwhe""'  '""''  '"'  *'  """"^  ""'  'he  exporta 
Ismail',  on  the  Danube. 

War'saw,  on  the  Vistula,  is  the  capital  of  Poland. 
R^ga,  on  the  Duna,  five  miles  from  its  mouth. 
VVilna,  on  a  branch  of  the  Niemen. 
A  bo  and  Rev'el,  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
JNovgorod',  on  Lake  Ilmen. 
Archan'gel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dwina. 
lor-nea,  at  Ihe  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

notTsm'^Th^J'"'  "'«"«r«a«'em  military  des- 
pot sm.      'The  lower  class  of  the  people,  called  pea- 

z:::;t'zs ''"" ""'  '^"•"'"''  ■""'  "^  ^^ 


Tulaf 
Oreir 

What  towns  on  the  Dnie- 
per I 

What  is  said  of  PoltSTa  f 


Of  Odessa  t 

Where  is  Tsmailf 

What  is  said  of  Warsaw  f 

Where  is  Riga ! 

Wilnaf 

What  towns  on  the  Gulf 

of  Finland  f 
Where  is  Novgorod  f 
Archangel  1 
Tornea  1 

What  is  said  of  the  gov- 
ernment  of  Russia,  nnrt 
of  Ihe  lower  class  of  the 
people  1 


SWBDBXr. 


The  Vistula  J 

What  falls  into  the  Vis- 
tula  t 

What  is  said  of  the  Nie- 
men? 

Where  does  the  Duna  fauf 

What  is  said  of  the  Neva  J 

What  fall  into  the  White 
Seat 

Where  does  the  Petchora 
fall  1 

What  is  said  of  St.  Peters- 
burg? 

Where  is  Cronstadt  ? 
What  is  said  of  Moscow  ? 


For  what  is  it  celebrated  ? 


Aeiwleei  Tnivalliiv;  in  Lapland, 


sia'°r''r''KT  «""["'"*'  ^-  hy  Norway;  E.  by  Rus- 
sia, the  Gu  f  of  Bothnia,  and  the  Baltic     S.  by  the 

s:?^;nrN^;:c^ '°"'"'' '''  ^'"''^^'' '''  ^'-^^ 

,   "^he  United!  Kingdom  of  Sweden  and  Norway  con- 
habha  "'"^''^  '°''^*'  *"^   4,000,000  of  in- 

fc/m?M._The  Dofrafield  Mountains  foira  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Sweden  and  Norway 

.Wanrfs._Goth'land  and  O'land  lie  in  the  Baltic  Sea. 
of  Swed^  '        ''"'  """^  ^en'ncf.  "e  in  the  S. 

BoEia'"''"'^""^''  ""''  ^^^'  ''^"  '""'  '"'6  Gulf  of 

in.o!he''calrega1."'"^"  ""  "^''"  of  I.ke  Wenner 

is  tJ'e'^S"""'''''"^"''  °"  '^'  °""^'  °f  Lake  Malar, 


Bound  Sweden. 


What  are  the  extent  and 
population  of  Sweden 
and  Norway  1 

What  Mts.  form  part  of 
the  boundary  between 
Sweden  and  Norway  ? 


What  islands  lie  in  the 

Baltic? 
What  lakes  in  the  S.  of 

Sweden  ? 
^jl;*'  "vers  fall  into  the 

Gulf  of  Bothnia?    ■ 

What  is  said  of  the  Gotha? 

W'hat   is  said  of  Stock- 
holm? 


Ore«t  Stnrf»on. 


ureal  stnroon.  "'-^i^^V^^Sl^l^HBBHBH 

le'vol^a.-  -"•^^^"'  ^^'^'-^^-gorod',  attd  Tver,  on  '  What  towns  on  the  Volga?     ^4^^^'^"^''  '"'  "^  """'"''''^  ^  '''"''''  '^  ^' 


S,^r«tov.  K.,.an,  Niz'nei-Novgorod',  aiH]  Tver,  on 

Kalou'ga,  on  the  Oka. 
Orenburg,  on  Ural  River. 


What  towns  on  the  Volga?  I  ^'"^•'''"'m- 

I      Got  tenburg,  at  the  mouth  of  Gotha  River. 
Where  is  Kalouga?  I       '^'"  ""ar  and  Carlscro'na,  on  the  Baltic. 

Orenburg  ?  ~  ~ 


_lf!'  O.neral  Vi'cws,  p.  74,  Art.  ■■  Gove^ent." 


OfUpealr 

Where  is  Gottenburg  ? 
What  towns  on  the  Baltic? 


44 


NORWAY— DENMARK  — PRUSSIA. 


Mal'mo,  on  the  Sound,  opposite  to  Copenhagen,  is 
a  strongly  fortified  place. 

Lund,  near  Malmo,  is  noted  for  its  university. 

Gefle,  on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Dahl. 

Fah'lun,  famous  for  its  copper  mines,  on  Dahl  River. 

Wisby,  on  tiie  Island  of  Gothland. 

Sweden  is  a  very  cold  and  barren  country.  The 
Laplanders  are  entirely  dependent  on  the  reindeer  for 
their  support.  Sweden  has  valuable  mines  of  copper, 
and  its  iron  is  celebrated  as  the  finest  in  the  world. 

IffORIVAT. 


What  is  SBid  of  Malrao  1 

LuncK 
Whore  ia  Gafla 

Fahlun  t 
Wiaby  t 

What  ia  aaid  of  Sweden  t 


Since  J 814,  Norway  has  been  subject  to  the  crown] 
of  Sweden,  but  each  country  enjoys  its  own  constitu- 
tion and  laws. 

Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  E. 
by  Russia  and  Sweden ;  S.  by  the  Skager  Rack ;  and 
W.  by  the  Atlantic. 

Mountains.  —  Norway  is  a  very  mountainous  and 
dreary  country.  The  most  noted  mountains  are  the 
Dofrafield,  which  form  part  of  the  eastern  boundary. 

Capes. — The  principal  capes  are  North  Cape  oxi  the 
N.,and  the  Naze,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Norway. 

Islands,  ^c— The  Loffo'den  Islands  lie  on  the  N.  W. 
coast  of  Norway. 

The  Maelstrom  (Male'-slmm),  a  very  famous  whirl- 
pool, lies  a  little  S.  W.  of  the  Loffoden  Islands.  It  is 
so  violent  in  rough  weather  as  to  engulf  whales  and 
small  vessels  which  come  within  its  current. 

Hiter. — The  Glom'men  falls  into  the  Skager  Rack. 

Toums. — Christiana,  on  a  bay  of  the  Skager  Rack, 
is  the  capital  of  Norway. 

Frederickshall  and  Chris'iiansand,  on  the  Skager 
Rack. 

Kongsberg,  a  little  S.  VV.  of  Christiana,  is  noted  for 
its  silver  mines. 

Dron'theim  and  Be/gen,  on  arms  of  the  Atlantic. 

Hammerferst,  on  the  Arctic  Ocean,  is  the  most 
northern  town  in  Europe. 


DBMrnXARS. 


stein  and  Lau'enburg,  is  l-ounded  N.  by  the  Skager 
Rack  and  Cattcgat ;  E.  by  Ihe  Callegal,  the  Sound,  the 
Baltic,  and  Germany ;  S.  by  the  Elbe,  which  separates 
it  from  Germany ;  and  W.  by  the  North  Sea. 

It  contains  22,000  square  miles,  and  2,000,000  of 
inhabitants. 

Bay.  —  Lymfiord'  is  a  large  bay  or  lagoon  in  the 
north  of  Jutland. 

Straits. — The  Sound,  through  which  vessels  pass 
going  into  the  Baltic,  lies  between  Sweden  and  Zea- 
land. 

The  Great  Belt  lies  between  Zealand  and  Funcn. 

The  Little  Belt  lies  between  Funen  and  Jutland. 

Biyer. — The  Eyder  falls  into  the  North  Sea. 

Islands.  —  Born'holm,  Zealand,  Funen,  Moen,  Fal'- 
ster,  Laa'land  {Law-land),  and  Lange'land,  lie  in  the 
Baltic. 

The  Fa'roe  Islands  lie  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  north 
of  Scotland. 

The  large,  but  cold  and  dreary  island  of  Iceland, 
also  belongs  to  Denmark. 

It  lies  east  of  Greenland,  and  in  a  line  with  Den- 
mark and  the  Faroe  Islands. 

Iceland  contains  about  40,000  square  miles. 


How    long    has    Norway 
been  subject  lo  Sweden! 


How  ia  it  bounded  t 


What  ia  said  of  its  moun 
tainat 

Which  are  the  principal 
capes  I 

Where  are  the  Loffoden 
Islanda  t 

What  ia  said  of  the  Mael- 
strom ? 


Where  does  Giommen  R 

fallf 
What  ia  aaid  of  Chriafianat 

What  towna  on  the  Sks' 
ger  Pack? 

What  ia  said  of  Kongs 
borg? 

What  towna  on  arms  of 
Ihe  Atlantic  t 

What  is  said  of  Hammer- 
ferst I 


Cop«nhaj^EL 

Boundaries.  —  Denmark,  including  the  Islands  of  1  Bound  Denmark. 
Zealand  and  Funen,  and  the  German  Duchies  of  Hoi- 1 


What  are  its  extent  and 
popuhttion  f 

Where  ia  Lymfiord  ? 
Where  is  the  Sound  t 


The  Great  Belt  f 
The  Little  Dolt  ? 
Where  docs  the  Eyder  falll 
What  islands  in  the  Baltict 

Where  are  the  Faroe  Is.  t 


What  large  island  belongs 
to  Denmark  t 

Where  does  it  lie  t 

How  many  si^uare  miles 
dues  it  contain  t 


Mount  (lecla  and  the  Ge]rs«n. 

It  abounds  in  mountains  and  volcanoes,  and  is  noted 
for  its  hot  springs  or  geysers,  the  largest  of  which, 
called  the  Great  Geyser  (Gi-ser),  throws  up  at  inter- 
vals a  stream  of  water  to  the  height  of  150  feet. 

Mount  Hec'la,  in  the  S.  of  Iceland,  is  a  noted  vol- 
cano. 

Toums. — Copenha'gen,  situated  on  the  Sound  in  the 
Island  of  Zealand,  is  the  capital,  and  is  a  handsome 
and  important  city. 

Elsinore',  on  the  Sound,  N.  of  Copenhagen,  is  noted 
as  the  place  where  all  foreign  vessels  trading  to  the 
Baltic,  pay  toll. 

Al'tona,  on  the  Elbe. 

Flens'borg,  Sles'wick,  and  Kiel  {Keel),  on  arms  of 
the  Baltic. 

O'densee,  on  the  Island  of  Funen. 

Skalholt  and  Rekiavik,  on  the  Island  of  Iceland. 


Denmark  is  a  low  and  flat  country,  with  a  moist 
climate  and  fertile  soil. 
The  inhabitants  are  moral  and  industrious. 


With  what  does  it  abound, 
and  for  what  is  it  noted  1 1 


What  ia  said  of  Mt.  Heclal  f 

What  is  aaid  of  Copenha- 
gen? 

or  Elsinore  t 


Where  ia  Altonaf 

What  towna  on  the  Ballict  i 

Where  ia  O  Jonsee  t 
What  towns  in  Iceland? 

What  is  said  of  the  climate  j 
and  soil  of  Denmark  i 

What  of  the  inhabitants? 


MIDDLE   EUROPE. 
PRUSSIA. 

The  Kingdom  of  Pbossia  includes  several  Ger- 
man states,  and  a  ptrt  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Poland. 

Prussia  consists  of  two  divisions,  called  the  Eastern 
and  the  Western,  between  which  lie  several  German 
states. 

Boundaries.  —  The  Eastern  Division  is  nearly  five 
times  as  large  as  the  Western,  and  is  bounded  N.  by 
the  Baltic ;  E.  by  Russia ;  S.  by  Russia,  Austria,  and 
Germany ;  and  W.  by  Germany. 

The  Western  Division,  consisting  of  the  two  Ger- 
man provinces,  Westpha'lia  and  Rhine,  is  bounded  N. 
and  E.  by  Germany ;  S.  by  France ;  and  W.  by  Bel- 
gium and  Holland. 

Prussia,  including  both  divisions,  contains  107,000 
square  miles,  and  14,000,000  inhabitants. 


What    does   Pruaaia   in- 
clude ? 

Of  what  divisions  dooa  it 
conaist  ? 

Bound  the  Eastern  Dlvi- 
aion. 


The  Western. 


What  are  the  extent  and 
population  of  Prussia? 


t!ie  Guif  of  Vcn 
Sardinia,  Swilzcr 
It  contains  20( 
inhabitants. 


nro  it!  extent  and 
lution  I 


I  ii  the  Sound  t 

roat  Belt  f 

ittle  Bolt  ? 

I  docs  the  Gydor  fall) 

islands  in  the  Baltict 

>  are  the  Faroe  Is.  t 


large  island  belongs 
'onmarkt 

a  does  it  lie  ? 

many  si^uare  miles 
1  it  contain  1 


what  docs  it  abound,  | 
1  for  what  is  it  noted  ( 


tissaidofMt.  Heclat  I 

t  is  said  of  Copenha- 
I? 


re  is  Allonaf 

t  towns  on  the  Ballicl 

re  is  Odensee  f 
t  towns  in  Iceland! 


it  is  said  of  the  climate  | 
d  soil  of  Denmark  f 

It  of  the  inhabitants  t 


tt    does   Prussia   in- 
jdet 

what  divisions  does  it 
nsisti 

nd  the  Eastern  Divi- 
]n. 


at  are  the  extent  and 
jpulalion  of  Prussia  ? 


^  *<:.-' 


■The  Gulf  of  Dant'zin  lies  on  the  Baltic 


coast. 

Chii'rische  (JCoo-riah-e)  IlafT  lies  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Niemen. 

Frisch'e  Hnfrcommunicales  with  theGulf  of  Dnnlzic. 
Island — The  Island  of  Ku'gen  lies  on  the  Baltic 
coast. 

Rivers.— The  Niemen  falls  into  Cliurische  Haffi 

1  he  Prcgel  falls  into  Frischo  UatT. 

The  Vistula  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Danlzic. 

The  O'llcr  falls  into  ilio  Baltic. 

The  Warllia  falls  into  tlic  Oder. 

The  Elbe  flows  through  the  western  part  of  the 
Mstern  Division. 

The  Havel  and  Saaro  fail  into  the  Elbe. 

The  Spree  falls  into  the  Havel. 

The  Ithine  (lows  in  a  N.W.  direction  tlirongh  the 
VVeslern  Division.  " 

The  Moselle'  is  a  brnnrh  of  the  Kl.jne. 

The  Ems  rises  in  the  WVstern  Division. 


Wlif^ro    is    the    Gulf   of 
itaiitzic  f 

Churischo  Ilaff? 

Frische  Ilaff  f 

The  Island  of  Rugen  f 

Where  does  the  Niemen 
foil  t 

Tlio  Progcl  f 
I  The  VialulaJ 
I  The  Odor  ? 

ThoWnrthaf 

How  does  the  Elbe  flow  t 

What  rivers  fall  into  it  1 
What  falls  into  the  Havel? 
How  does  tho  Rhino  (low  1 

Whot  branch  hoe  it  ? 
Whero  does  tht  Ems  rise  f 


The  population  comprises  many  distinct  races, 
speaking  differeni  languages. 

Mountaitu.  — The  Carpathian  Mountains  in  Hun- 
gary, and  the  Rhetian  Alps  in  the  province  of  Tv'rol 
are  the  principal.  ' 

Rivers.— The  Dan'ube  flows  through  Austria,  and 
passes  into  Turkey. 

The  Save,Theiss(rice),  Drave,  March,  and  Inn, 
fall  mto  the  Danube. 
The  Schwartz  is  a  branch  of  the  March. 

n  Je    /.'r^'  ^'""'^^  ^'^'8'''  ""''  P°»  ft"  inlo  Hie 
Gulf  of  Venice. 

the^'po   ^"'"°'  °^'''''  ^'^''^'''  °"''   '^'"""^  '"""   '"'" 

The  Vistul'a,  Oder,  and  Elbe,  rise  in  the  north  of 
Austria. 

The  Mol'dau  is  a  branch  of  the  Elbe. 

The  Dniester  and  Pruth  rise  in  the  east  of  Austria. 


What  does  the  population 
cuiiiprise  I 

Which  are  tho  principal 
mountains  t 


How    docs    tho    Danube 
flow  f 

What  rivers  fall  into  it  t 

Where  does  tho  Schwartx 

fall? 
What  rivers  fall  into  the 

dull  of  Venice? 
What  into  the  Po  ? 

What  rivers  rise  in  the  N.f 

Whcro  does  tho  Moldau 

fall? 
What  rivers  rise  in  the  E.» 


BerliiL 


TowTis.  —Berlin,  on  the  Spree,  is  the  capital,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  magnificent  cities  in  Europe. 
Mem'el  and  Stral'sund,  on  the  Baltic. 
Tilsit,  on  the  Niemen. 
Kon'igsberg,  on  the  Pregel,  near  its  mouth. 
Elb'ing,  near  Frische  Hali: 

Dantzic  and  Thorn,  on  the  Vistula,  the  former  of 
which  is  celebrated  for  the  exportation  of  wheat. 
Stettin',  Frankfort,  and  Brcslau,  on  the  Oder. 
Po'sen,  on  the  Wartha. 
Mag'deburg,  on  the  Elbe. 
Brandenburg  and  Pots'dam,  on  the  Havel. 
Halle,  famous  for  its  university,  on  the  Saale. 
Dus'seldorf,  Cologne  (Co-lone'),  Bonn,  and  Cob'- 
lentz,  on  the  Khino. 
El'berfield,  near  the  Rhine. 
Treves,  on  the  Moselle. 

Aix-la-Chapclle  {Mx-lar-shap-pelV),  between   the 
Khine  and  Meuse. 
Mun'ster,  on  a  branch  of  the  Ems. 


Prussia  IS  a  military  monarchy;  and  her  soldiers 
have  always  been  famed  for  their  discipline  and  valor 

Prussia  IS  celebrated  for  the  number  and  excellence 
ol  her  schools,  and  admirable  .system  of  public  in- 
struction; the  education  oi  every  child  in  the  kingdom 
heing  provided  for,  and  required  by  law.  I 


What  is  said  of  Berlin? 

What  towns  on  the  Baltic? 
Where  is  Tilsit  ? 
Konigah-irg  ? 
Elbinq? 

What  towns  on  tho  Vis- 
tula? 

On  tho  Oder  ? 

Where  is  Posen  ? 

Magdeburg  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Havel  ? 

Where  is  Halle? 

What  towns  on  the  Rhine  ? 

Whero  is  Elberliold  ? 
Treves  ? 
Aix-la-Chapollo? 

Munster  ? 


Whot  is  said  of  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  soldiers 
of  Prussia  ? 

V  .'.at  of  tho  schools,  &c.? 


'*"  ~  ~n'if%rwwv»<-tA<S»VM»<»(yHj<j 


Vionnii. . 

'rowns._Pest,Buda,  Pres'burg,  Vien'na,  and  Lintz, 
on  the  Danube.     Vienna  is  the  capital. 

Lem'berg,  in  the  N.  E.  of  Austria,  in  the  province 
ofGalicia.  ' 

Cracow,  on  the  Vistula,  near  the  northern  bonndary, 
was  once  a  free  city. 

Cronstadt  and  Her'manstadt,  in  the  S.  E.  of  Austria, 
in  the  province  of  Transylvania. 

Tokay,  on  the  Theiss,  is  celebrated  for  its  excellent 
wine. 

Debret'zen,  near  a  branch  of  the  Theiss. 
Ol'mutz,  on  the  March,  is  noted  as  the  place  where 
La  i  ayette  was  imprisoned. 
Brunn,  on  the  Schwartz. 

Aus'terlitz,  pear  the  Schwartz,  is  famous  for  the 
great  victory  gained  at  that  place  in  1805,  by  Napo- 
leon Boiiaparte,  over  the  combined  Austrian  and  Rus- 
sian armies,  under  their  respective  emperors 

Id'ria,  near  the  Save,  is  celebrated  for  its'  mines  of 
quicksilver. 
Gratz,  on  a  branch  of  the  Drave. 
Inn'spruck,  on  the  Inn. 
Salzburg,  on  a  branch  of  the  Inn. 
Prague,  on  the  Moldau. 
Trieste  ( Tre-esf)  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 
Milan,  between  the  Adda  and  Ticino,  is  the  capital 
of  Austrian  Italy,  and  is  famed  for  its  splendid  cathedral 
Man  tua,  near  the  Mincio. 
Cremo'na,  on  the  Po. 
Bres'cia  and  Ber'gamo,  near  the  Oglio. 
Lodi,  on  the  Adda,  is  famous  for  the  victory  here 
acliieved  in  1796,  by  Bonaparte  over  the  Austrian" 
1  ttvia  {Pa-vee'-a),  on  the  Ticino. 
Vero  na,  on  the  Adige. 
Pad'ua  and  Vicen'za,  near  the  Brenta. 


What  towns  on  the  Dan- 
ube? 

Whore  isLemberg? 

What  is  said  of  Cracow » 

What  towns  in  the  S.  E. 
ol  Austria? 

What  is  said  of  Tokay  t 

Where  is  Debretzen  ? 
What  is  said  of  Olmutz  t 

Whero  is  Brunn  ? 

What  is  said  of  Austerlitxt 


Of  Idria  ? 

Whero  is  Grati  I 

Innspruck  f 

Salzburg? 

Prague  ? 

Trieste  ? 

Whot  is  said  of  Milan! 

Whero  is  Mantua? 
Cremona  ? 

What  towns  near  the  Oir. 
lio?  * 

What  is  said  of  Lodi  ? 

Where  is  Pavia? 
Verona  ? 

What    towns    near    the 
Brenta  ? 


AnSTRlA. 

nJra^.r'^f  p'/V'Tr'*! '"''?''""' P"''°f«"-lWI-f  docs  Austria   i„. 

manj,  a  part  of  Poland,  the  kingdom  of  Lom'bardv      cludo? 

and  Veil  ice,  in  Italy,  the  kingdom  of  Ilun'gary,  anil 

several  other  provinces. 

Jiomaarie.,^-\^o^mM  N.  by  Germany,  Prussia,   How  is  it  bounded ? 

ami  Russia ;  E.  by  Russia  and  Turkey  ;  S.  by  Turkey  I 

the  vruli  oi  Venice,  and  the  Po  River;  arid  W    by 

bardm  la,  Switzerland,  and  Germany. 

inlmbrnu"'  '°"'*'"°  "'""'  "'"''''""'  35,000,000    What  are  its  extent  and 
innaDuants.  j     population? 


Venice. 


'_  Venice  is  a  most  remarkable  city,  situated  on  73  |  What  is  said  of  Venice  f 


I  40 


GERMANY. 


OBRMAMTY,  SBNIIIARX,  BO&LAND,  «io. 


small  islands,  connected  by  500  bridges,  in  a  large  la- 
goon near  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  U  was  once  famed  for 
its  power  and  great  commerce. 


The  government  of  Austria  was,  until  lately,  a  rigor- 
ous despotism,  except  in  Hungary,  and  a  few  other 
provinces;  but  in  1848  a  more  liberal  government 
was  esUtblished. 


What  is  said  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Austria? 


The  Salt  Minn  of  Galicia. 


sia.     It  is  famed 
banks. 


Austria  has  numerous  mines  of 
the  various  metals ;  and  the  salt 
mines  in  the  Polish  province  of 
Galicia  are  the  most  celebrated  in 
the  world. 


OBRMAlVy. 


What  of  ita  niinciT 


Gebmany  is  composed  of  nu- 
merous independent  kingdoms  and 
states,  united  for  their  common 
safety  and  welfare. 

A  part  of  Denmark,  two-thirds 
of  Prussia,  one-fnnrth  of  Austria, 
and  a  part  of  Itelgium,  are  in- 
cluded in  the  Germanic  Cunfcdc- 
ration. 

Desides  these,  Germany  contains 
four  kingdoms,  twenty-nine  smaller 
stales,  and  four  free  cities. 

Tlie  four  kingdoms  are  Ilan'over, 
Sax'ony,  Bavaria, and  VVir'tembiirg. 

Some  of  the  prhicipal  of  the  other 
stales  are  the  Duchies  of  Meck'len- 
burg,  Ol'dcnburg,  Bruns'wick,  the 
Duchies  of  Saxe  (Hax),  the  Slates 
of  Hesse  (Hess),  the  Duchy  of 
Nas'sau,  and  the  Grand  Duchy  of 
Ba'dcn. 

The  four  free  cities  are  Lu'bec, 
Ham'burg,  Brcm'en,  and  Frankfort. 
The  first  three  of  these  are  called 
the  Hanse  (Hans)  Towns,  anl  are 
all  that  remain  of  the  once  famous 
Ilanseatic  League. 

Boundaries. — That  part  of  Ger- 
many not  included  in  Denmark, 
Prussia,  Austria,  and  Belgium,  is 
bounded  N.  by  the  German  Ocean, 
Denmark,  and  the  Baltic ;  E.  by 
Prussia  and  Austria ;  S.  by  Austria 
and  Switzerland ;  and  W.  by  France, 
the  western  division  of  Prussia,  and 
Holland. 

It  contains  about  100,000  square 
miles,  and  15,000,000  inhabitants. 

Rivers. — The  Elbe,  We'ser,  and 
Ems  fall  into  the  North  Sea. 

The  AUer  and  Ful'da  fall  into  the 
VVcser. 

The  Lei'ne  falls  into  the  Aller. 

The  Bhine  separates  Baden  from 
Switzerland  and  France,  and  passes 
into  the  Western  Division  of  Prus- 
for  the  splendid  scenery  along  its 


Of  wliot  ia  Qsrmany  com- 
puBcd 1 


What  olhor  coumrica  aro 
pnnly   included    in   the 
(iirmanio    Confedcru- 
liun  ? 


What  does  Germany  con- 
tain besides  these  { 


What  are  the  four  king- 
duni3  I 

Which  are  some  of  the 
principal  of  the  other 
slates  1 


What  are  the    four  free 
cities  ? 


How  is  Germany  bounded? 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population? 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
North  Sea  ? 

What  into  the  Wceer? 

Where  does  the  Leine  fall? 
Wlmt  is  said  of  the  Rhino  7 


the  Falli  of  ths  Rhine. 


The  Mayn  (Mine)  and  Neck'ar  fall  into  the 
Rhine. 

The  Danube  rises  in  Baden,  flows  through  Wirtera- 
burg  and  Bavaria,  and  passes  into  Austria. 


What  are  its  branches  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Dan. 
ubo? 


is  Oermany  com- 


hcr  roiimrica  nro 
included  in  the 
inic    Conicdcra- 


i«i  Germany  con- 
laidca  tbeao  1 


e  tlin  four  king- 

uro  Bome  of  Ihc 
lai   of  the    other 


re  the    four  free 


ermany  boundcdt 


ro  ita  extent  and 
Ltion  t 

vera  fall  into  the 
Seal 

to  the  Wescr  ? 


loee  the  Leine  fall? 
aaid  of  the  Rhino? 


e  ita  branchca  ? 
aaid  of  the  Dan- 


Liibec,  oil  ail  arm  of  the  Baltic. 
Hremcn,  on  ilm  Wc'scr. 

B,"™  ""'""'"'"■'»■'■■""""■".  Duchy,  on  „„ 

i.  ~S'r,t  2"'°' '" "" ,""'" "  s-"-''.]™,, 
^c....,,  o„  F„i„.  „i,„,  I.  ,„.-4i,'.;":.rii..„. 

D.™  ;    the  formrof  wh' ""•  "'""^1  '"  "'«  """« 
whe^,.e^.'^rS,.:]|;;t^',;;^-'  -  "•«  P.ace 

mineral  waters         ^  '°  °"  '"^'=°'""  "'  »«  ^-^^^  and 
^__S..,fgartl,  near  tl.e  Neckar,  is  the  capital  of  Wirtem- 

in3;etS;^^i^-''""'"^'^"".-"'eBa„.tbe,| 
I      f|"'"«='.''  °"  "'e  I'ser,  is  the  capital  of  Bavaria 


SWITZKRLAND-IIOLLAND. 


What  rivera  fail  into  it? 
What  ia  said  of  the  Inn  ? 

What  ia  aaid  of  Hamburg  t 

Whore  is  Luboc  f 

llremcn  ( 

What  ia  aaid  of  Frankfort? 

WhuttownaonthoLoine? 


What   ia  aaid  of  Bruna- 
wickf 

Of  iichworin  f 

W;hnt  towna  on  the  naliic 
in  iho  same  Duchy? 

What  ia  aaid  of  Drcadcn  ? 
Of  Lcipaic? 


Of  Jena? 

Of  Cassel  ? 
Of  Darmatadt  f 

What  towna  on  the  Rhine 
111  the  aame  Ducliy  ? 

Wliat  ia  aaid  of  Wiabaden  ? 

Of  Stutgardf 

What  two  other  towna  in 
the  aame  kingdom  f        I 

WhatigaaidofCarlBruhe?) 

Whni  two  other  towna  in  I 

the  aame  Duchy  I 

What  ia  anid  of  Munich  ? 
Of  Hohonlinden  ? 


Moiinlains. — Stvilzerlniul  ia  il,o  ~     . 

France.        "    *'"'"""""   "^''"^'^   «vv.lzerla„.l   from 

of  ttoTTamt"  ''°"'''"'""  ""  °"  "•«  ^^-  E-  ''"u.-clary 
Lake  Ociie'va  lies  in  the  S.  W.  of  Switzerland 

wifh^t'h':^.':"^^"'"'  "■"'  ^-^^•'»'«''  — ni-e 
Rivers.— The  Rhine  rises  in  the  <5  P  „f  c    •. 

1  le  Aar  falls  into  the  Rhine, 
land  "^  '""  ""''  ™'"°  "««  i"  the  S.  E  7switzer- 

scats  of  government.  '  ""^  ^"^^"alely  the 

Basle  ( Dal)  on  the  Rhine.  I 


WImt  iaanidofihemoun- 
tuin",  ic,  of  Switzer- 
land ? 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Alpa? 


VVhnI  two  noted  paaaea  in 
the  Alpa? 

VVImt  mountains  apparato 
bwiizurland  Irom  France? 
Wlicro  ia  L.  Conatance » 

Geneva? 

What  lakea  communicate 
wilh  the  Aar? 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Rhine? 


What  river  falla  into  it? 
What  ia  aaid  of  the  Rhone? 

What  rivers  rise  in  the  S. 

t'-  of  Switzerland? 
What  lowna  are  alternate- 

'y  the  aeala  of  govern- 
Where  ia  Baale  ? 


-•'.jlJB'f--.^ 


".■'ii*-.;;#' 


tached  from  each  other  pa"s  entirely  dc-      ernments,  &e.,  of  Ger- 

^  The   ttniversities   and    schools   are   .v..1l„„.    .....    ..""'"''!  . 


Which  are  the  other  prin- 
cipal towna  in  Bavaria  ? 


the'laTeroVir?;.:';;  «;--'  ""  ^'^•'  «--«" 
clocks  and  watches  ^"'  ""  manufacture  of 

i.»«^'rb"idg'e:""''  °'""'  ^"''^  -"^brated  for 


What  towns  on  Lake  Ge. 
neva? 

What  is  said  of  Friburgf 


What  ia  aaid  of  the  scenery 
ol  Switzerland? 


excellent,  and 


The  ttniversities   and    schools   are 
German  literature  is  i„  high  repute. 


What  of  the  universities, 

Of  the  soil  and  produc. 
tions  ? 


bee?f:,f.:jrrTherS;;:''^"'«^"''  ^"'^  •^^^  ^'-^^   Wh.  of  the  Swus? 


HO&LAIVD. 


SWXTZERZAIVD. 

I        The  CoffFEDEBACr  op  SwiTZEnr  »vn    o,  .K.  JI 

AufZTri-^:^:''"'  7-  •'y  Germany;   E.  bv  U  i.,  i.  ,.oun,ed • 
France.  '         ^^   "'"*   Sardinia;    and    W.   by    /         -""""'"'• 

haWtaTs!"'"  '''""•^  "-^""^  •""-'  -"  2.000,000  in-    ''^ 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 


i„l,'2r"r  '*•»»»•'■•"»».., -.«Jn«,lj.  3,000,000 
Zeeby  WyeRUr     '"  •=°'"'"'""'==>'«'' -'"'  ZuyJer 


Wliat  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  is  said  of  Zuyder 
Zee  1 

Tlio  Lake  of  Haarlem  t 


48 


HKI.IJ  IIIM  — FUANM- 


Islands.  —  There  are  nimierdiis  i^lnnds  nlrniR  ll\c 
coast,  tlio  priiicipiil  of  wliicli  lire  Tuxil  uiul  Wiil'- 
cheren. 

Iliv'rrs. — Tlic  Uliiiic,  .Moiho  ur  iMacse,  niid  Scheldt 
(Sketl),  liill  into  the  North  Si'a. 

Tlic  I<ock  and  Woal  isuiio  Irom  llie  lUiiiic  and  fall 
into  the  Meuse, 

The  Ys'sel  iasucs  from  the  Hhine  and  Tails  into  the 
Zuyder  Zee. 

Uikci. — Holland  is  a  very  flat  roniilry,  almost  desti- 
tute of  hills.  A  larne  parlof  it  is  below  the  level  of 
the  sea  at  hi|;h  water,  and  i.s  protected  from  overflow 
by  immense  dams  called  Dikes. 

Towns.  —  The  llagne,  near  the  North  Sen,  is  the 
capital. 

Am'sterdam,  on  Wye  River,  is  a  city  of  much  im- 
portance. 

Lcy'diM  (Li"-(/rH),  and  U'Irecht  (U'-lrckt),  (amous 
for  their  universities,  (mi  the  llhinc. 

Iluar  lem,  near  1-ake  Haarlem,  is  noted  for  its  fme 
organ. 

Kot'lerdam  and  Maes  trirhl,  on  the  Mcusc,  the  former 
of  which  is  noted  as  tiie  birth-place  of  Erasmus. 

Port,  on  the  Waal. 

Gron'ingen,  an  inland  town  in  the  north  of  Holland. 

Middleburg,  on  the  Island  of  Walchcren. 


Wlini  i..iiiJof  iho  iainnilit  |  of  the  Moselle.     It  is  in  that  part  i>f  the  Duchy  which 
belongs  to  Holland. 

Wlmi  rivcri.  fall  into  the  The  soil  is  so  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  ihnt  Bel- 

Nurili  .Sou  J  gium  resembles  one  great  garden. 

Wlmi  i.  -nid  of  the  Lcck  Belgium  was  formerly  called  Flanders,  and  its  in 

una  Want  I  habitants,  Flemings, 
Tho  YsMlf 


Holland  has  a  very  fertile  soil,  and  is  noted  for  the 
excellence  of  its  butter  and  cheese. 

Canals  are  very  numerous,  and  constitute  the  chief 
medium  of  both  trade  and  travel  in  all  seasons  of  the 
year. 

The  inliabitants  are  called  Dutch.  They  are  re- 
markably neul  end  industrious,  but  greatly  addicted  to 
smoking. 


Wlinl  is  nitiil  of  iho  dikca 
uf  llullaiid  I 


What  is  said  of  the  Haguo  I 

Of  Amatordam  I 

What  towns  on  the  Rhine  1 

What  is  said  of  Haarliim  1 

W  Imt  towns  on  the  Mouse! 

Where  is  Don  I 
(■roningen? 
Middleburg  t 


What  is  said  of  the  soil, 
&c.,  uf  Ilullandt 

Uf  the  canaUi 


Whiil  ii4  ■  liil  of  ilin  Boil, 
Slc,  uf  llelgiuiii  ( 

WhnI    was    Ilrlgium    for- 
iiiirly  culled  ( 


The  inhabitants  t 


BBIiaiUM. 


Boundaries. — Belgium,  including  the  German  Duchy 
of  Luxemburg,  the  eastern  part  of  which  belongs  to 
Holland,  is  bounded  N.  by  Holland ;  E.  by  the  West- 
ern Division  of  Prussia ;  S.  by  France;  and  W.  by  the 
North  Sea. 

It  contains  12.000  square  miles,  and  4,000,000  in- 
habitants, being  tiie  most  densely  populated  country 
in  the  world. 

Rivers.  —  The  Meuse  and  Scheldt  flow  through 
Belgium  and  pass  into  Holland. 

Toitms. — BrusseLs,  on  a  branch  of  the  Scheldt,  is 
the  capital,  and  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  Eu- 
rope. 

Mech'lin  and  Louvain',  near  Brussels,  the  former  of 
which  was  once  much  noted  for  its  lace. 

Ant'werp,  Ghent,  and  Tournay',  on  the  Scheldt. 

Liege  and  Na'mur.  on  the  IMeuse. 

Ostend',  on  the  North  Sea,  is  the  principal  sea- 
port. 

Bru'ges,  near  the  North  Sea. 

Waterloo',  a  small  village  ten  miles  S.  of  Brussels, 
is  famous  for  the  defeat  and  final  overthrow  of  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte,  in  1815,  by  the  allied  army  com- 
manded by  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

Mens,  near  the  French  boundary. 

Lux'emburg,  the  capital  of  the  Grand  Dnchy  of 
Luxemburg,  is  a  strongly  fortified  town  on  a  branch 


Bound  Belgium. 


What   arc  il9  extent  and 
puimhuion  ? 

What  rivers  How  through 
Belgium! 

What  is  said  of  Brussels  ? 


What   towns  near  Brus- 
sels t 

What  on  the  Scheldt  f 

Wliat  on  the  Mcuso  ? 

Where  is  Ostend  ? 

Bruges  ? 

What  is  said  of  Waterloo  ? 


Where  is  Mons  ? 
What  is  said  of  Luxem- 
lurgf 


FRANOS. 


7?oiin(/(inc.?.— Bounded  N.  W.  and  N.  by  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  Strait  of  Dover.  North  Simi,  and  Bel- 
gium ;  E.  by  the  Western  Division  of  Prussia,  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  and  Sardinia;  S.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  Spain ;  and  W.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and 
the  Atlantic. 

It  is  divided  into  86  departments,  and  contains 
20.'>.000  square  miles,  and  31,000,000  iidiabitanls. 

Mountains.  —  The  Cevennes  {Sii-vrnn')  and  Au- 
vergno  (O-ucni)  .Mountains  lie  in  the  centre  of 
France. 

The  Jura  Jlountains  separate  France  from  Switzer- 
lanil. 

The  Alps  separate  France  from  Sardinia. 

Tlie  Pyrenees  separate  France  from  Spain. 

Bays,  i^c— The  Bay  of  Biscay  washes  the  west- 
ern, and  the  Gulf  of  Lyons  the  southern  shore  of 
France. 

Islands.— The  Island  of  Ushant  lies  on  the  N.  W. 
coast  of  France. 

Belle  Isle,  Be,  and  Oleron',  lie  in  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay. 

Cor'sica  and  the  Hieres  lie  in  the  Mediterranean. 

nivcrs.— The  Somme  {Somm)  and  Seine  (Snne)  full 
into  the  English  Chaimel. 

The  Loire  {Lwar)  and  Garonne'  ( Ga-ronn')  fall  into 
the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

The  Dordogne'  falls  into  the  Garonne. 

Tlie  Garonne,  below  the  mouth  of  the  Dordogne,  is 
called  Gironde'  Kivcr. 

The  Rhone  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Lyons. 

The  Saone  (Sone)  falls  into  the  Rlione. 

'Ilio  Rhine  forms  part  of  the  eastern  boundary. 

The  Moselle'  rises  in  France  and  passes  into 
Prussia. 

The  Meuse  and  Scheldt  rise  in  France  and  pass  into 
Belgium. 

Towns. — Havre,  Rou'en,  Par'is,  and  Troycs,  on  the 
Seine,  the  first  of  which  is  the  port  of  Paris. 

Paris,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Seine,  is  the 
capital.  It  is  the  second  city  in  Europe  in  point  of 
size,  and  the  gayest  and  most  magnificent  city  in  the 
world. 

Versailles',  nine  miles  S.  W.  of  Paris,  is  noted  for  its 
magnificent  palace. 

Rheims,  N.  E.  of  Paris,  is  noted  for  its  cathedral, 
in  which  many  of  the  French  kings  have  been 
crowned. 

Lille  (Led),  near  the  northern  boundary. 

Dun'kirk,  on  the  North  Sea. 

Cal'ais,  on  the  Strait  of  Dover. 

Am  tens,  on  the  Somme. 

Boulogne'  and  Cherbourg,  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel. 


Ifow  is  Franco  bounded? 


How  is  it  divided,  and 
what  nro  its  e.xteiit  and 
population  / 

What  iiiuiintainB  lie  in  the 
centre  of  France  t 

What  is  Baid  of  the  Jura 
Alnunlaina  ( 

The  Alps? 

'I'ho  Pyrenees? 

What  liay  and  E«lf  wash 
the  shores  of  France? 

Where  ia  the  Island  of 
IjHiiant  ? 

WhnI  island.s  in  the  Bay 
of  Biscay  ? 

What  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean ? 

What  rivora  fall  into  the 
Kngliah  Channel  I 

The  liny  of  Biscay  ? 

Where  does  the  Dordogne 
lull  ? 

What  is  ll.e  fJnronne  call- 
ed lieluw  the  inoulh  of 
the  Dordopne  ? 

Where doesthe  UhoncfalU 

What  river  lulls  into  the 
Khnnc) 

What  is  said  of  ihe  Rhine  1 

The  Moselle  ? 

What  rivers  rise  in  France 
and  puss  into  Belgium  ? 

What  towns  on  the  S«ino  ? 
What  is  said  of  Paris  ? 


Where  is  Versailles  1 
What  is  said  of  Rheims  ? 


Where  is  Lillo? 
Dunkirk? 
Calais  ? 
Amiens  ? 

What  towns  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  ? 


Caen  ( A 


Brest. 


oi 


terrnnean,  i 

Nantes, 

Borilenii: 

former  of  » 

L'Orient 

the  Bay  of 

Bayonnc' 

France,  ia  n 

vented. 

Marsoillei 

the  most  CO 

Montpe'li 

Avignon  | 

Lyons,  at 

is  famed  for 

Stras'burg 

dial,  the  spi 

being  405  (u 


CO 


58 


5fi 


^ 


M\ 


52 


^  Caim.hi 


50 


ilU 


10 


mill  <ir  ilin  aoil, 
I  lIvlKiuiii  ( 

HK  lloliiiuin  for- 
nilli'd  I 


Franco  bounded  t 


it  flividrd,  and 
iiro  ii»  I'.xit'iil  uiid 
ill  ion  f 

luiiniaina  lie  in  the 
)  of  France  t 

a  said  of  the  Jurn 
ituiiia  ( 

ps? 

rcncTs  7 

iny  nnd  Riilf  wash 

lores 

is  the  Island  of 
lit  7 

sliuids  in  llio  Bay 
scny  1 

in   the  Moditcrra- 

? 

rivers  fall   into  the 

itili  Channel  ( 

ly  oflliacoy  1 


»  li.e  Onronne  coll- 
elow  the  mouth  of 
)ordoBne  1 
docsllieUhoncfnIlf 
river  fulls  into  the 
ic7 

tsnidof  the  Rhine? 
oselle  1 

iverarise  in  France 
lass  into  itelgiuni  1 

owns  on  the  Seine  1 


Caen  (Kiirn),  nrnr  llin  Eni{li«li  (;|,aiini.|. 

Hreni,  „„  tho  Allnniir,  h,i,I  Tnuj,,,,',  „„  ,|,o  jVfp.ij. 
iPiraiifan,  aro  the  cliirr  Hiaimnn  uf  ,|,o  IVmrh  imw 

Name.,  An  KITH.  'I'luir.H,  uikI  Or  Iranc,  on  tho  I.o'irc 

Borilrmix'  nnd  Tonli-nsc,  „i,  tho  Oaronno,  llio 
rormnr  of  whtrli  m  „„t..,l  |„r  JIh  trnile  in  wine 

..     u^"r  (''"-'■'-'"'').  H"ch..Hf',  and  Jtochofort,  on 
the  Bay  of  Umrny. 

Bnyonnc',  near  tho  Hay  of  Hisrnv,  in  the  S  VV  of 
vemcT  "  """"'  "  "'"  ''''"^°  whoro'bayonola  were 'in 

MarHeilles  (^f<,r-ll„?.■^,■),  on  the  Gulf  of  Lyoni,  i-, 
the  moHt  ooininorrial  riiv  in  Krnncc. 

MoiitpuliiT,  nrar  tho  Gtilf  of  f,yoii«. 

Avignon  (Jlu-rvn'-ynn),  on  tho  Ulione. 

Lyon,  at  tho  ooi,(l„o,tro  of  the  Jthono  ant!  Saono, 
18  famed  for  its  »dk  iiiaimfacltirrs. 

Stranburs.  near  the  lUiino,  is  clohrated  for  its  nitho- 

iIit/{;;e:h;gh:''''''''*'''^'^''''-'''''''--H 


I  Where  ia  Caon  ? 
Whiih  lire  tho  chief  «la. 
tionaol  ilieKruiieh  navy( 
What  lowna  on  the  Loire  1 
On  thoUaronne  1 

On  the  BayofBi«coyf 

What  ia  aaid  of  Bayonno  f 


Maracillcs  t 

Where  ia  Monlpelior  ? 

Avijfnon  f 

What  ia  aaid  of  Lyona  f 


I 


Of  Sirasburg  J 


Melz,  on  tho  .Mosf.... 
Nnnry,  near  «  lirancl,  of  the  Moaolle. 
ianti  a  and  .Ajnocio,  on  tho  l-hiinl  of  Corsica,  the 
tpi.:""^''  -  ""'"''  ""  "-"-'-Pl- of  Napoleon 

It  .8  noted  for  its  ailj,,,  „„,|  excellent  winc«. 
l-ranco  was   formerly  a  kingdom;    litu    in    1H4H 
;:r„  ''   'Pf'"'  '"e   reigning  fovereign  "w      dS 

Tho  institutions  of  learning  are  very  fine ;  tlmse  ,if 
Par,,  betng  tho  most  eolebrated  in  the  world  jXel- 
tion  .8,  however,  not  very  generally  .lilluNod. 

TIte   Jrench    are   proverbial   for   their   polileneaa 
refinet^ent,  a,,d   vivacity;   and  have   long  C   "for.' 
midable   for  their   military   prowoHH.      Un.lcr   Bonn 
pane,  ^hoy  overran    and   co^iuered  .  large  par^Tf 


Where  in  Melz  I 
N.iiiey  i 

Whni  lowna  on  the  laland 
ol  Coraicu  I 

What   ia  said  of  tho  cli. 

male  niuUoil  of  France  f 
rur  what  productions  la  u 

noted  f 
What  ia  said  of  iho  poy. 

criiment  of  Franco  t 


What  ia  anid  nf  the  insli. 
tulioiis  of  learning  f 

What  ia  aaid  of  I  hu  French? 


BRITISH   ISXBS. 


The  British  Isles  include  Great 
Hriiain,  Ireland,  and  the  adjacent  isl- 
ands.  •* 

Foreign  Posneisions.— The  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
Iiolcls  vast  possessions  in  America, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  the  East  anil  West 
India  Islands,  besides  Australia,  nnd 
other  islands  in  the  Pnoilic  and  In- 
dian Oceans,  and  the  Mediterranean 
oea. 

The  British  Dominions  contain 
more  than  0,000,000  square  miles, 
and  150,000,000  inhabitants;  form- 
ing, with  the  exception  of  Russia, 
the  largest,  and,  with  the  exception 
Ol  China,  the  most  populous  empire 
on  the  globe.  j 

The  Island  of  Great  Britain  con- 
tains 88,000  square  miles,  and  more 
than  18,500,000  inhabitants. 

It  is  divided  into  Scotland,  Ent- 
land,  and  Wales. 


What  do  tho  British  Islos 
include  ? 

What  Is  aaid  of  tho  foreign 
posaeaaiuna  > 


What  la  aaid  of  the  estent 
"id  poiiiilniion  of  the 
Uritish  Dominions? 


What  arc  the  extent  and 
population  of  CJ.  Britain? 

How  is  it  divided  f 


SOOTXAND. 


^ounrfaWes.  — Boundeil  N.  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean ;  E.  by  the  North  Sea : 
S.  I)y  England ;  and  W.  by  the  North 
•channel  and  Atlantic  Ocean. 

''contains  30,000  square  miles. 
^  .Wountains.— Scotland  is  celebrated 
lur  lis  romantic  mounuin  scenery. 

The  Gram'pian  Hills,  about  the 
centre  of  Scotland,  contain  the  hii^hest 
summit  in  Great  Britain. 


Bound  Scotland. 


How  many  squtiro  miles  1 

does  it  contain  ? 
"  nRt  is  Bttid  of  the  moun-  j 

tain  scenery  of  Scotland?  | 
What    of  the    Grampian 

Hills  ? 


M) 


J,  lULANl) 


Tim  olhpr  prinrin«l  mountniim  arn  n<-ii  Nevw,  Ben 
I^>'moiul,  iii'ar  l,..cli  Lomoiul,  iiii.l  llic  Clmv  lol  llilli, 
betwcpn  Sriitlnii<l  anil  KiikIikkI- 

Tlml  porilon  of  Sci>tl»iul  north  of  iho  Ornmpinn 
IlilU  ii  a  bleak  and  moiinlninoii»  rP){'""i  «■•»"'"'  '''" 
lliffli'lsnil*.  , 

tVilhii  or  FiV/Aj..  — rtniUnd  Firth  nepamlci  the 
Orkney  UlancU  from  Scolliiiul. 

Dor'nocli,  iMiir'ray,  Tay,  and  Forth  Firthi,  lie  on 
the  pastern  roost. 

Clyde  and  Solway  Firthii  lie  on  the  western  ro««l. 

/j/amJi.— To  the  north  of  Scollunil  nre  the  Orkney 
Islands,  the  princi()al  of  which  are  Mnin'Innd  and  Hoy. 

Farther  to  the  north  lie  the  Shel  land  Islandii,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Yell  and  Mainland. 

The  Heb' rides  orWeslem  lalnmls  lie  to  the  west  of 
Scotland,  and  are  se|)aratcd  from  il  by  the  Minch. 

The  principal  of  these  iHlands  are  Lewis,  Skye, 
North  and  South  Uist,  and  .Midi,  and  the  small  island 
of  Stnflii,  celebrated  for  it«  remarkable  cavern,  called 
Fingal's  Cave. 


Whicli  »t*  the  other  prin- 

Cipitl  MIDUIIISirM  I 

Wlisl  is  snid  of  Ihe  pur- 
lion  iiorili  of  Iha  (irnm- 
IMBM  llilla  ) 

Wlisl  is  Mill  of  IVnlluni) 
Firili  I 

Whnt  flrllis  on  lha  osslern 

coast  t 
Wlmi  o»  ilici  weslern  cossit 

Whcro  nio  the  Orkney 
Ulanils  f 

Whore  nro  the  Shellsnil 
Isluiidst 

Tho  llsbrides  t 

Which  sre  the  principal 
of  those  t 


Laket  or  7/)<;/i«.— Scotland  abounds  in  lakes ;  the 
most  noted  of  which  are  Loch  Ness,  Loch  Katrine, 
and  Loch  Lomond. 

Cape.  —  i.^i>e  Wrath,  on  the  north  of  Scotland,  is 
the  principal  cape.  „       „        ^    .,        , 

Rivers.  — T\xe  Spey,  Don,  Dee,  Tay,  Forth  and 
Tweed,  fall  into  the  North  Sea. 

The  Clyde  falls  into  the  North  Channel. 

TotCTW.— Ed  inburgh  and  Falkirk,  near  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  the  former  of  which  is  the  capital  of  Scotland, 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  university. 

Leith,  on  the  Firth  of  Forth,  is  the  port  of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Stirling,  on  tho  Forth.  ,  ^  .  ,. 

Ban'nockburn,  three  miles  south  of  Stirling,  is 
famous  for  the  great  victory  gained  over  the  English 
by  the  Scotch,  under  the  celebrated  Robert  Bruce. 

Greenock  and  Glas'gow,  on  the  Clyde,  the  latter  of 
which  is  the  largest  town  in  Scotland,  and  contams  a 
noted  university. 

Fais'ley,  near  Glasgow. 

Kilmar  nock,  near  the  Firth  of  Clyde. 

Dundee'  and  Perth,  on  the  Tay. 

Aberdeen'  and  .Montrose',  on  the  North  Sea. 

Inverness',  at  the  junction  of  the  Caledonian  Canal 
with  Murray  Firth. 

Dumfries',  on  Nith  River,  near  Solway  i  irtti. 

Gretna  Green,  near  Solway  Firth,  is  noted  as  the 
place  were  fugitive  lovers  from  England  are  married. 

The  inhabitants  of  Scotland  are  a  moral  and  well- 
educated  people.  Some  of  their  literary  mea  are 
much  distinguished. 

BNO£  AND. 

Bm/nfirtrip.?.— Enirland,  including  the  principality  of 
Wales,  is  bounded  N.  by  Scotland  ;  t..  by  the  Nonii 
Sea ;  S.  by  the  Strait  of  Dover  and  English  Channel, 
which  separate  it  from  Franr  ,  am!  W.  by  the  Atr 
lantic,  St.  George's  Channel,  r.      ^'      '     'i  Sea. 


F.nglandnnd  Walei  are  divided  into  B!l  rountip^.and 
contain  BH,«00  sipmre  milfs,  and  10,II(M),0(U)  inhidut- 
ants. 

Jtf«HH/iiiiM.  — The  Chi'viot  Hills,  belwcen   England 

and    ■Srolland,   and    Saow'don    and    riyidiini in 

Wales,  are  the  pniirijial  nmnnlains. 

Cprn. Spurn  licad  lies  at  tho  entrance  of  the 

I 'umber. 

North  Foreland  lies  at  the  entrnnre  of  the  1  hnmes, 
and  forms  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Tlianel  Maud. 

Rcachy  and  St.  AIIkui'h  llnids,  I'.iitliind  Ihll,  and 
Lizard's  Voinl,  lie  on  the  somh  of  England. 

Uind's  End  forni.i  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  England. 
Islanila.  — The   Isle  of  Wi^ht  liis   in   the   English 
Channel,  near  the  coast  of  Englnml. 

The  Chaunil  hlanils,  tho  principal  of  which  are 
Al'dcrney,  (iuernsey,  and  .lirsey,  lie  in  the  English 
Channel,  near  the  coast  nf  Fraiiic. 

The  Isle  of  Man  and  Anglesca  lie  in  the  Irish 
Sea. 

The  Scilly  Isles  lie  near  Cape  Land's  End. 
Hayn,  V. — The  Wash,  on  tho  eastern,  and  Car'digan 
Ray  and  Hristol  Channel,  on  the  western  coast,  are 
the  principal  bays. 

The  Strait  of  Mcnai  separates  Anglesca  from  the 
main  land. 

Rivera. — The  Tync,  Ilumbcr,  and  Thames,  fall  into 
the  North  Sea. 
The  Ouso  and  Trent  form  the  Ilumber. 
The  Severn  falls  into  the  Bristol  Channel. 
The  A'von  falls  into  the  Severn. 
The  Mersey  and  Dee  fall  into  tho  Irish  Sea. 
Tho  Tweed  forms  |)art  of  the  northern  hoiindnry. 
Totms. — England  is  noted  for  the  number  and  size 
of  its  manufacturing  and  commercial  cities. 

Woolwich,  Qreen'wich,  London,  Winds  ir,  and  Ox- 
ford, famous  for  its  university,  on  the  Thames. 


I  low  urn  F.niilanil  anil 
Willi- ilivMli'il.nmlwhnI 
nri'  I  hi  II  I  iliniaiiil  |Hip. 

ulii'litii  f 
will.  Il   iir.i    Iho   pimciiml 
lliimntntlifl  t 


Whoii:  ia  Hpurn  Head! 

Niirili  Fiirelandf 

What  capoa  on  the  H.  of 
Kiitilniiil ' 

Whtru  la  l.nnd'a  End  1 

Whirn    ia    the    lale    of 
Wiiihlf 

Wliiii  In  anlil  of  ihe  Chan- 
iivl  Uliinilal 

Whnt    Itiliiniia    !ia  in  the 
Irbh  Scut 

WliiTc  arc  tho  Sci'.ly  laleat 
Whiili  nro  ihe   principal 
biiya  ( 

Whcro    ia    the   Sirnit    of 
Minui  t 

Whnt  riviTB  fall  into  tho 

North  .Sun! 
Whiii  lorni  iho  Humhcrl 
Whim  does   iho   aovern 

liilK 
WImi  I'lillii  into  the  Sevorn! 
Whnt  Inll  into  tho   Iriah 

Son  f 
Whni  isaniilofihoTwecill 
Wiinl  is  Hnid  ot  iho  citira 

uf  Kni(lnndl 

Whnt     towna    on    tho 
'I'hnmos  ? 


What  is  anid  of  iho  luki-^ 
ur  lui'ha  I 


Whcro  is  Cnpe  Wroth  » 

Whnt  rivers  fall  into  the 
Nurlh  Sua  t 

Where  docs  the  Clydu  fallf 

Whni  towna  on  the  Firth 
of  Furih  1 

Whnt  is  said  of  Loith  ? 

Whcro  is  >irling? 
What  is  Bind  of  Bannock- 
burn  t 

What  lowDiontUe  Clyde  f 


Where  is  Paisley  f 
Kilmarnock  1 
What  towns  on  tho  Tay  1 
What  towna  on  the  North 

Seat 
Where  is  Inverneast 

Dumfries  ? 

What  is  said  of  Oretna 
Green  1 


Whnt  is  said  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  t-cotland  t 


How  is  England  "    .  ndcd  t 


The  city  of  London,  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  is 
the  capital,  and  is  the  first  city  in  population,  wealth, 
commerce,   niv'    manufactures,  in   the  world.     It   is 

)ted  for  if  bridges,  and  also  for  its  splendid  cdi- 

ices,  of  wl  .St.  Paul's  rathedral,  and  West'minstcr 
Abbey  are  much  celebrateu. 

Liverpool,  on  tho  Mersey,  is  famous  for  its  great 

commerce.  .  ,  ,     .. 

Manchester,  near  the  Mersey,  is  noted  for  its  cotton 

manufactures.  ,•   ,     »t  p     r 

Blackburn,  Preston,  and  Bolton,  a  little  N.fc.  oi 

Liverpool. 

Chester,  on  the  Dee 

Berwick,  on  Tweeii  River,  n-^ar  its  mouth. 

Flod'den,  a  small  village,  a  .ittle  S.  of  Berwick,  is 
noted  for  the  great  victory  gained  by  the  English  over 
James  IV.,  King  of  Scotland,  in  1513. 

Newcastle,  on  the  Tync,  famous  for  the  coal  mines 
in  its  vicinity. 

Sunderland,  near  the  North  Sea,  on  Wear  River. 

Scarborough,  on  the  North  Sea. 

Hull,  on  the  Humber. 

Yor'K,  cr.  th?  Ot'.K.-. 

Leeds,  Bradford,  and  Sheffield,  on  branches  of  the 
Ouse. 

Not'tinghara,  on  the  Trent. 


What  is  said  of  London? 


Of  Liverpool  ( 

Manrheater  T 

WhatiownsN.E.ofLiy-| 

erpnol ( 
Where  is  Chester? 
Berwick  ? 
WhatisaaidofFloddent 

Of  Nowcaatle  t 

Whcro  is  Sunderland  t 

Scarborough  t 

Hull  I 

York? 

What  towns  on  nranchea 

of  ilw  Ouiet 
Whero  ia  Nottingham ! 


Boundaries. — U 
N-,W.,  and  S.;  am! 
North  Channel ;  a 
Iri.sh  Sea  and  :,i.  G 

It  conuiiiis  32,0( 
liabilants. 

Divisions.  —  Irel 
Jizt-Ul'ster,  Le 
These  are  subdividi 


rn  FtHKlnnd  iinil 
iliviilpd.nnilwlml 
'II' '  llt'iit  niul  pop- 
1  I 

iirii  iha  principul 
lima  I 


11  Hpurn  Head  1 

''iireland  t 

nppi  on  the  fl.  of 
mil  I 

in  I.nnd'i  End  t 

ii    Ibe    Ilia    of 
lit 

1  niiid  of  ihe  Chtn- 
iliinda  t 

inlnxdi   !ie  in  the 

DrothoBci'dylileil 
nro  tlio   principal 


I  li  the  Strait  of 
ait 

rivrrii  full  into  tho  { 
ih  Meal 

tiirm  tho  llumhcrl 
n   does    llio   Severn  I 
I 

I'iiIIh  into  the  Sovnrnl 
lull  into  the   Irieh  { 

iasaidortlieTwcoill  I 
in  Hnid  ol  llio  cilira  { 
•Inxlond  t 

lowni    on    tho 
itnea  t 


II  ii  aaid  of  London  t 


ttt  towna  N.E.  ofLiy- 

pool  i 

ere  ia  Chcfli'i"  t 

wicli  t 

atiaaaidof  Floddent 


lere  i»  Sunderland  t 

rborough  t 

II? 

rkt 

lat  towni  on  branchea 

f  tlw  Ouiet 

leru  ii  Notlinghtini  I 


Trini.""'"  '"''   B'''n'ingh.m,   on   br.nche.   of  .he 
Cotr'enlry,  an  inlnni!  town,  S.  K.  „f  (lirmii.ffl.am 

('iu::inF:.;i::''™'°' "-"'*'''•-«' -nil- of 

I'orl-inoud,  nn.l  r'jyniomli,  on  lli,,  Knaii.l.  Clmnnnl 

Gloucesior,  Worccslor,  ami   HIirewHlmrv     „„    .u 
Severnlho  laM  .if  „  ,„,,  i,  cH..|,„.:7         .^civl  wa™ 


)  — TUKKKy. 


Whiil  town,  on  broncheal 
"I  Iho  '1  rent  t 

Whrrn  ia  Coventry  f 

What  towna  on  V«ro  R. » I 

What  (own*  ere  much  re. 
•orioii   10  (or  aea-biih- 1 


What  i«  ',a;d  of  Cam- 
bridgo  t 

Where  ia  Dover  t 

Which  are  Iho  prinripaj 
alttliciiia  of  Iho  Ilritiah 
navy  1 

Where  in  Ejietcr  t 

What  inland  iiiwiia  ,„  the 
aoulh  of  Kngland  ( 


norlhorii  coaiit  of  Irclaiul.  ""■»>!  "«•  on  ihe      t.u.cway  t 


What   towna  on  Iho  Se- 
vern t 


.  ^>.,'"^  '"^'.W* 


What  near  Ihe  Severn  t 
What  in  laid  of  Towka- 
hury  t 

What  towna  on  Iho  Avon  f 


iiuh. 


Swan'  n., he  ,j,ig,„,  Channel,  in  Wale.  i  w.         c 

,i  TKvt,  and  Caer...a...th;n,  in  ihT.outh  of  K:r,Traouih 

..:Mr::^i;r°je!"'' ''""'  °^  ^'-''  --  ">«  ceie.  L;,:;^L_„, 

wjhr"'  '•^"'"^'  °"  "'«  """•■m    .oast  of  the  Isle  of|cowe,t 
Si.  Hclicr,  on  the  Island  of  Jersey. 


St.  Hsiier  f 


Wiiat  is  said  of  tho  rli. 
male,  aoil,  &c.,of  Knc- 
land  f  ' 

What  of  Iho  inhabitants, 


more  unequally  dislrihutod.  '    "'"'"', 

|.^.;n..and„.ostrL„.nedph,;::o;t'.;'!hf-^' 

IRBlaAlVD. 

N  w"andt!-~'7'""''  '•'■"'  ""^  Atlantic  Ocean  on  il.c 


~  Oiml'i  Ciiaewnjr, 

Capo  Clear,  on  the  southern  coast. 

Tl.o  Siiir  and  N„re  fall  in,o  the  narrow. 

into  the  AZi.ir''^^"  ""'  ""'"'■  °'-  ''""«•'  Neaghj 
The  Foyle  lidls  inln  Loujrh  Foylo.  ' 

I  he  Boyno  and  liify  fall  into  the  Irish  Sea. 
tSI,     ?;  m"'  '""'S'- George's  Channel. 

capSr  •"''"'"'"'  '"■  ''•'"'  »'''-  "f  '"«  Lilly,  i,  ,he 
Wexford,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Slaney. 
Waterford  and  Clonmtir,  on  the  Suir. 
Kilkenny,  on  the  Nore 

noSti;^£l;:j,S""''^  "'"-•>-'"«-." 

Bandon,  on  Uandon  Hiver. 
Killarney,  on  Lake  Killarney. 
L.mj;ric>.  and  .Athlone ,  on  the  Shannon. 
Oalway,  on  Gal  way  Bay 
Sligr.,  o"  Sligo  liav. 

Pl.c.  or  .l,e  ,cno,„„J  Si.  Pm,  "t  '  '""''"'«• 

The  bogs  of  Ireland  ocnipv  one-sevontl,  „f  •. 
tief  dent  in  wood.  '  '"'''""'  ''""8  ^^'X 


iwi'^;::r::r:.^«i!^^"«-"«w„,"and.he 


f^npo  Clear  f 


Whni  river,  fall  i„,o  n, 
Ailoiiiict 

I  What  into  Iho  Harrow  f 
Whai  iasaidofiheBannf 

WhrreduonilinFoylofallf 

"lrLV.C"  '""''■"""" 

^7niu'   ''"''"    "'"   ''"""«>' 
Whai  is  said  of  Dublin  f 

Where  in  Wexford  / 
Wliai  i„„.„n  „„  ,),„  g^j^  J 
Where  in  Kilkenny  f 
Corkt 

Bnndon  1 
Killarney? 

Where  is  Galway  | 
hllKo  f 

Londonderry  t 
Uelfasi  ? 

''.t"e'lrr"lea7  "™»  "^ 


Where  is  Droghedaf 


What  is  said  of  the  bogs 
of  Ireland  ?  '' 


on   account  of  the  richness  of 


its 


'^Emerald  hh 
verdure 

Ireland  has  labored  under  Ihe  oppressive  yoke  of 
England  for  many  centuries.  The  Ir  sh  nrlir  f 
hospiiable;  but  a  large  nonion  of    h  '^  ^"'' 

"...serably  iguoran,,  dfgratand    Itirr"'!"" 
seasons  of  scarcity  mai^  of  them  pSh  of  i^^^t.'"] 


What  i,  Ireland  somelimee 
called,  and  why  ? 

Under  what  has  Ireland 
1'il.oured  and  what  is 
said  ol  tho  Irish  ( 


North  Channel;  am,  ..J-^KnglaJnni;^^ 

.  I.  George's  Channel.  ' 


Irish  Sea  and  :  i.  uoorge'. 
It  contains  32,000  stiu.no 

nitaaita  * 


habitants. '"""  °''"'™  ""'^''  ='"''  8,000,000  in- 

rhesea^i'Siv^t^di;::;^'";;^:'""'^""-- 


Whoi  arc  tho  boundaries 
ol  Ireland  ? 


What  arc  its  oxiint  and 

pojiululioll  ? 

How  is  it  divided  ? 


SOUTHERN  EUROPE. 
TVRKXBOT    n«»«.~  — 

TuJie^rprur^eanSrX'rAS'"'"''    '-'""- |W,^».  L  .he  Turkish, 

It  contains  about  fion  nnn  ^  .,"  K.mpua  include  ? 

lion  inhabilanfs       '       "'"""  "'"'"^^  ""'"'""d  I^  "'U"   What  are  i.s  ex.ei.i  and 

population  ? 


62 


TURKEY— GREECE. 


TURKBT   IN    BUROFB. 


aRBBOB. 


Coiuttantinople. 


Boundaries.— TavVey  in  Europe,  including  Je  pro- 
vinces of  Moldavia,  Walkchia,  and  Ser  via,  which  are 
virtually  independent,  is  bounded  N.  by  Austria  and 
Russia'  E  and  S.E.  by  Russia,  the  Black  Sea,  and 
SMinor^froin  which^'it  is  separated  by  the  Channe 
of  Constantinople,  the  Sea  o  Maf  mora,  the  Strait  of 
the  Dardanelles,  and  the  Archipelago;  S.  by  Greece, 
and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  Strait  of  Otranto, 
Gulf  of  Venice,  and  Austria.  .nnnnnnn 

It  contains  200,000  square  miles,  and  10,000,000 

'""itlL—The  Balkan'  range  traverses  Turkey 

'^'"Mounlpindus  lies  in  the  S.W.  of  Turkey. 

Gulfs,  ^c— The  Gulfs  ol  Contessa  and  Salonica 
are  arms  of  the  Archipelago  or  ^gean  Sea. 

The  Gulf  of  Venice   lies   between  Turkey  and 

^Islands.— The  Island  of  Lem'nos  lies  in  the  Archi- 

'^Se  or  Candia,  lies  south  of  Greece,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea.     It  belongs  to  Egypt.  . 

Rivers.  — The  Danube  flows  through  the  N.  b.  ol 
Turkey,  and  falls  into  tlie  Black  Sea. 

The  Save  flows  between  Austria  and  1  urkey. 

The  Marit'za  falls  into  the  Archipelago 

The  Vardar  falls  into  the  Gtilf  of  Salonica. 

The  Drino  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 

Toiww.— Constantinople,  on  the  Channel  of  Con- 
stantinople, is  the  capital. 

Constantinople  is,  next  to  London  and  Paris,  he 
largest  city  in  Europe:  anH  :.  noted  as  containing  the 
mosque  of  St.  Sophia,  the  finest  Mohammedan  temple 
in  the  world. 

Gallip'oli,  on  the  Dardanelles. 

Adriano'plc,  on  the  Maritza. 

Ser'es,  near  the  Gulf  of  Contessa. 

Salonica,  on  the  Gulf  of  Salonica. 

Larissa,  and  Ya'nina  or  Joannina,  west  of  the  Gulf 
of  Salonica.  . 

Scu'tari,  near  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 

Varna,  on  the  Black  Sea. 

Shumla,  a  strongly  fortified  town,  west  of  Varna. 

Silis'tria,  Wid'in,  and  Belgrade',  on  the  Danube. 

Jassy,  near  the  Pruth.  ,        .         c  ,u„  n„n 

Bu'charest  and   Sophi'a,  on  branches  of  the  Dan 

"^Serajevo  or  Bosna-Serai,  in  the  N.  W.  of  Turkey. 
Candia,  on  the  island  of  Candia. 


Bound  Turkey  in  Europe. 


Grollo  of  Antipnroi. 


What  arc  ils  extent  and 

population  I 
What  is  said  of  iho  Balkan 

range  ? 
Wliere  is  Mt.  Pinduar 
What  gulfs  are  arms  of  the 

Archipelago  ? 

Where  is  the  G.  of  Venice? 

Where  is  the    Island  of 
Lemnos  ? 

Crete  or  Candia  f 

What  is  said  of  the  Dan- 
ube t 

The  Save  1 

Wliero  does  the  Maritza 

fall? 
The  Vardar  f 
The  Drino  ? 
Where  is  Constantinople  ? 

What  is  said  of  it  J 


Greece  formerly  belonged  to  Turkey,  but  ">  1828 
she  succeeded  in  achieving  her  independence  of  that 
tyrannical  and  oppressive  nation.  rr,    ,  „„ . 

Boundaries—Greece  is  bounded  N.  by  Turkey, 
E.  by  the  Archipelago;  S.  and  W.  by  the  Mediterra- 

"*h  contains  15,000  square  miles,  and  800,000  in- 
habitants. ,   ,       .      „.    , ,_ 

JWo»n(«ms.  — Greece  is  traversed  by  the  Pindus 
Mountains,  on  one  of  the  ranges  of  which  is  the  cele- 
brated Mt.  Parnns'sus. 

Gulfs E"ina  or  Ath'ens,  on  the  east,  and   L«- 

panto  and   Patras,   on   the    west,   are   the   principal 

^"^ Peninsuh,  cS'c— The  Peninsula  of  Morea  lies  in  the 
S.  of  Greece,  and  is  connected  to  the  main  land  by  tlie 
Isthnlus  of  Corinth.  . 

Cape.— Cape  Matapan'  forms  the  southern  extremity 

of  Greece.  ,  ,i    ,  u    ,1 . 

/stands.— The  Island  of  Neg  ropont,  called  by  the 
ancients  Euboca,  lies  in  the  Archipelago,  and  is  sepa- 
rated from  Greece  by  the  Strait  ol  Egripo. 

Svra,  Hydra,  Paros,  formerly  noted  for  its  beautitul 
statuary  marble,  and  Antiparos,  noted  as  containmg 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  grottoes  in  the  world.  He  &. 

°^  To,«^— Athens,  near  the  Gulf  of  Athens,  is  the 
seat  of  government.  It  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
cities  of  antiquity,  and  still  contains  astonishing  relics 
of  ils  ancient  grandeur. 


What  is  said  of  Greece? 


IIow  is  it  bounded? 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  is  said  of  ils  moun- 
tains? 

Which  are  the  principal 
gulfs  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Pen- 
insula of  Morea  ? 


Where  is  Capo  Matapan  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Island 
of  Negropont  ? 


What  islands  south  of  Ne- 
gropont I 


What  is  said  of  Athens? 


Where  is  Gallipoli  ? 
Adrianople  ? 
Peres  ? 
Salonica  ? 

What  towns  west  of  tho 
Gulf  of  Salonica? 

Where  is  Scutari  ? 

Varna  ? 

Shumla? 

What  towns  on  tho  Dan- 
ube? 

Where  is  Jassy  ? 

What  tovms  on  branches 
of  the  Danube  ? 

Where  is  Serajevo  or 
Bo^na-Serai  ? 

Caudia  ? 


The  government  of  Turkey  is  a  cruel  and  debasing 

desDotism.  ,  ,  ,  ,       rriL_.. 

The  inhabitants  are  indolent  and  scnsuai.      l-,^j 

keep  many  wives,  and  are  much  addicted  to  sraok- 

'"^Gv)>si«  abound  in  the  northern  provinces.  They 
are  a  curious  race  of  thievish  vagabonds,  that  infest 
almost  every  country  in  Europe, 


What  is  said  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Turkey  ? 
What  of  the  inhabiianis  ? 


Where  do  the  gypsies 
abound,  and  what  is  said 
of  them? 


Acropolia  »t  A'bena. 


Corinth,  on  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth. 

Trinoliz'za,  S.W.  of  Corinth. 

Napoli,  on  the  eastern  coast,  and  Navari  no,  on  the 

western  coast  of  Morea.  ,     „  ,.    r  Pnt™.  thn 

Missolong'hi  and  Patras',  on  the  Gulf  of  Patras,  the 
former  of  which  is  noted  as  the  place  where  Lord 
Byron  died,  in  1824. 

Syra,  on  the  Island  of  Syra. 

Hvdra,  on  the  Island  of  Hydra. 

Greece  contains  the  sites  of  many  celebrated  ancient 

cities. 

Ancient  Greece  was  the  centre  of  learning  and  civi- 
lization, and,  prior  to  its  conquest  by  the  Romans,  was 
the  ruling  kingdom  of  tlie  earth.  ,   ,       , 

Under  Alexander  tho  Great,  the  Greeks  invaded  and 
subdued  the  powerful  kingdom  ol  Persia. 


Where  is  Corinth  ? 

Tripolizza  ? 

What  town  on  tho  E.,  and 

what  on  the  W.  coast  ot 

Morea? 
What  towns  on  the  Gull 

of  I'uirus  I 

Where  is  Syra? 
Hydra? 

What  is  soid  of  the  sites 
of  ancient  cities? 


Wlwt  is  said  of  Ancient 
Greece  ? 

Under  Alex'r  the  Great, 
what  kingdom  did  the 
Greeks  conquer? 


The   Io'i 

islands,  jyin 
Corfu',  Pux( 
and  Cer'igo. 

These  islt 
200,000  inh 

Towns.  — 
capital. 

Zante,  on 

The  loni. 
Great  Britain 


Italv  is  di 
In  the  north 
and  Venice,  I 
Sardinia,  inclii 
and  the  Duel 
Lurca. 

The  Poped 
the  little  Kepi 
central  parts  o 
i  The  Kingdo 
and  the  Island 
Boundaries. 
bounded  N.  b; 
tria  and  the  Gt 
Sea ;  and  W.  h 

It  contains 
inhabilanls. 

Mountains,  i 
and  partly  divii 
Mount  Blanc 
elevated  siinimi 
being  15,748  fei 
sea. 

The  celebrat 

.Mt.  Blanc,  is  vi 

iradcd  by  the  a 

I  lie   Ap  cniii 

ludy. 

i\It.  Vesu'vins 

are  tlie  most  eel 

Oit/fs,  6fc. — 

King(li)iii  (,f  Sa 

lanto,  ill  ijie  Ki 

Lakes. — Lakt 

lie  on  tlie  conlii: 

Islands,  J/fc— 

Ilaly  by  the  Slrn 

The'larire  Isia 

nnm  wliicii  ii  IS 

It  belongs  lo  the 

Elba  lies  betw 

as  the  place  to 

Ills  first  «bdicdli( 


10 


!  aaid  of  Greece  t 


it  bounded  t 


are  its  extent  and 
laiion  I 

8  said  of  its  moun- 
? 


are  the  principal 


ia  said  of  the  Pen- 
a  of  Morca  1 


>,  ia  Capo  Matapan? 

is  aaid  of  the  laland 
[ogropont  ? 

ialanda  aouth  of  No- 

lOIlt  I 


is  said  of  Athena  t 


re  ia  Corinlh  t 

olizza  1 

i(  town  on  the  E.,  and 

lilt  on  the  W.  coast  ol 

'^'''^'^  ^  n 

It  towns  on  the  Gulf 

Putras  i 

;ro  is  SyraJ 
ra? 

It  ia  aaid  of  iho  aitiis 
ancient  citicaf 


nt  is  said  of  Ancient 
recce  ! 

ler  Aloit'r  the  Oreiit, 
hilt  kinjidom  did  the 
recks  coiuiuorf 


IONIAN    HEPUBLIC— ITALY. 


XOWXABT   RBPUB&XC. 


The   Ionian  Repubuc  consisU  of  seven  small 
mlattds,  ly,„g  „„  ,|,e  western  coast  of  Greece,  viz  ■ 

ami  Cer'i''o  °'      """  ^^^''"™'  "''°'"''  *^'^P''*'°n'a>  Zan'tej 

9nrnmf  •i"T''  """'"'"  ''''°"'  ^°°°  «1""e  miles,  and 
200,000  mhabiiants.  ' 

Towns.  — Corfu,  on   the   Island  of  Corfu,  is  the 
capital.  '  ' 

Zanie,  on  the  Island  of  Zante. 


Of  what  does  the  Ionian 
Republic  conaialt 


The   Ionian  Republic  is  under  th^   protection  of 
Ureal  Krilain. 


XTAKY. 


What  are  their  extent  and 
population  > 

What  ia  aaid  of  Corfu  1 

Where  ia  Zante  1 

The  Ionian   Republic    ia 

under  the  protection  of 

I     what  country  1 


53 


The  Li'pari  Islands,  a  little  north  of  Sicily,  are  cele- 
brated for  their  volcanoes,  of  which  that  on  the  Island 
01  tjtrora  boll  is    i  constant  action. 


The  Lipari  Islands  t 


Komo. 


Italv  is  divided  into  ten  kingdoms  and  states 

It.  the  north  titul  west  are  the  Kingdom  of  Lombard v 

nnd  Venice,  belonging  to  Austria;    the  Kingdom  of 

Sardinia,  mcl.uliiig  the  small  Principality  of  Monaco- 

and  the  Duchies  of  Mod'sna,  Parma,  Tus'cany,  and 

The  Popedom  or  Slates  of  the  Church,  including 
the  li  lie  Kepublic  of  San  JIari'no,  comprise  all  the 
<  central  parts  of  Italy. 

!      The  Kingdom  of  Naples  includes  the  south  of  Italy 
and  the  Island  of  Si'cily.  '' 

Boundaries— ha\y,  exclusive  of  Austrian  Italy,  is 
bounded  N.  by  Switzerland  and  Austria ;  E.  bv  Aus- 
tria  and  the  Gulf  of  Venice;  S.  by  the  Medilerranean 
bea ;  and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean  and  France 

It  coniains  100,000  square  miles,  and  17,000.000 
inliabilanls.  '       ' 

Mounlains,  ^c.-Tbe  Alps  pass  through  Sardinia, 
and  partly  divide  it  from  France  and  Switzerland 

Mount  Blanc,  in  fT»  Provit.ce  of  Savoy,  is  the  most 
cievateil  siimmil,  and  the  highest  mountain  in  Europe, 
being  15,748  feet,  or  three  miles  above  the  level  of  the 


How  is  Italy  divided  T 
Which  divisiona  lie  in  the 
north  and  weal  1 


What  does  the  Popedom 
comprise  I 

What  doea  the  Kingdom 
of  Naplea  include } 

How  is  Italy  bounded  t 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  1 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Alpa  ? 
What  of  Mount  Blanc  f 


I  he  celebrated  valley  of  Cha'mouny,  at  the  foot  of 
Mt.  J!  anc,  is  visited  by  many  travellers,  who  are  at- 
tracted by  thn  grandeur  of  its  natural  scenery. 

The  Ap'cniiines  traverse  the  whole  extent  of 
Italy. 

Ml.  Vesuvius,  near  Naples,  and  Ml.  Etna,  in  Sicily 
arc  the  most  ci>lrl)rnted  volcanoes  in  ihe  world. 

i"''p,  ^•i-—'^}}''  principal  gulfs  are  Gen'oa,  in  the 
IVM.gd.Hii  of  Sardinia,  and  Naiile.-,  Saler'no,  and  Ta'- 
lanlo,  in  the  Kingdom  of  Naples. 

I-a-i-cs.— Lakes  Maggiore  {Maj-jo'-ra)  and  Geneva 
he  on  the  confines  of  Sardinia. 

Islands  cSr.--The  Island  of  Sicily  is  separate.l  from 
Italy  by  the  Strait  of  .^[essina. 
^  The  large  Island  of  Sardinia  lies  scmh  of  Corsica 
■  mm  whid,  11  is  «eparaied  by  the  Sirait  of  Bonifu'cio' 
11  belongs  lo  the  Kingdom  of  Sardinia. 

Elba  lies  between  Tuscany  and  Corsica,  and  is  noted 
M  the  place  to  which  Bonaparte  was  banished  after 
Ins  lirst  abdication. 


The  valley  of  Chamouny  ? 

The  Apennines  f 

Mts.  Veauviua  and  Etna? 

Which   are  the  principal 
gulla  1  I 

What  lakea  on  the  confines 
ot  Sardinia  1 

What  ia  said  of  Sicily  1 
The  Island  of  Sardinia  f 

Elba? 


Strom  boll, 

Malta  lies  south  of  Sicily,  and  belongs  to  Great 
Brilain.  It  is  noted  as  ihe  island  on  whicli  St.  Paul 
was  shipwrecked. 

ffiwer*  -The  Rhone  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  Sardinia  and  France. 

The  Po  rises  in  the  Alps,  flows  through  Sardinia, 

"Aultirnafy"'  "'  ""  """"^''^^  ^«'--  ""'y  -" 
The  Tanaro  and  Dora  fall  into  the  Po. 
The  Arno  and  Tiber  fall  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

dinia!'^"'  '"'  °"  "'^  ^°'''  "'^  "P''«l  °f  Sar- 

Genoa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  is  noted  as  the  birth- 
place of  Christopher  Columbus.  . 

Alessandria,  on  the  Tanaro.   „ 

Maren'go,  near  Alessandria,  is  celebrated  for  the 
^^reat  wctory  gamed  over  the  Austrians,  by  Bonaparte' 

SarSa^"^""^'  °"  "'^  Mediterranean,  in  the  S.W.  of 


Monaco,  a  little  E.  of  Nice,  is  the  capital  of  Mo- 


naco 


Modena,   Parma,  and    Lucca,  are   capitals   of  the 
Duchies  of  the  same. 

Carra'ra,  near  the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 


Malta  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Rhonel 
The  Po  ? 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Pof 

What  fall  into  the  Medi- 
terranean f 

What  ia  aaid  of  Turin  ? 

Genoa  t 

Where  ia  Aleaaandria? 
What  is  said  of  Marengo! 


Where  is  Nice  f 

What  is  said  of  Monaco? 

What  three  towns  are  cap- 
itals of  duchiea  of  the 
aame  name  ? 

Where  is  Carrara  f 


'lorence. 


Pisa  (Pce-ia)  and  Florence,  on  the  Arno,  the  latter  wi.  . . 

of  which  is  the  capital  of  TtiscV     Pisa  is  VelebS  ^'"'"-'"  «'■"■«' Arno  f 
lor  Its  If  inning  tower,  or  Campani'le. 

Leg'horn,  on  the  Mediterranean,  in  Tuscany.  Where  is  Leghorn f 


tit    i't:tt;r"»  Churcli,  Humt!. 

bWeJ  for  ,„  „.U.  „m.i„.  „f  .„.i.,„  „,„;'„;*,  | 


64 


SPAIN— PORTUGAL. 


and  for  St.  Peter's  Church,  the  most  magnificent  struc- 
ture in  the  world. 

Peru'gia,  near  the  Tiber. 

Ferra'ra  and  Bologna  (no-hne'-ya)  are  inland  towns 
in  the  north  of  the  Popedom. 

San  Marino,  near  the  Adriatic  Sea,  is  the  capital  of 
the  Republic  of  San  Marino. 

Anco'na  and  Bari,  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 

Naples,  on  the  Gulf  of  Naples,  is  the  capital  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Naples,  or  the  two  Sicilies. 

Herculaneuiii  and  Pompeii  {Pom-pa' -e),  a  little  S.E. 
of  Naples,  were  buried  by  an  eruption  of  Mt.  Vesu- 
vius in  the  year  79.  They  have  been  partially  unco- 
vered, and  are  noted  for  their  ruins. 

Salerno,  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno. 


Fog'gia,  an  inland  town. 

Taranto,  on  the  Gulf  of  Taranto. 

Palermo  and  Tra'pani,  on  the  N. W.  coast  of  the 
Island  of  Sicily,  the  former  of  which  is  the  capital  of 
the  island. 

Messina,  on  the  Strait  of  Messina. 

Catania  and  Syracuse,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Sicily. 

Sas'sari  and  Cagl'iari,  on  the  Island  of  Sardinia,  the 
latter  of  which  is  the  capital  of  the  island. 

Valetta,  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Malta,  is  the  capital 
of  the  island. 


Where  is  Perugia? 

What  inland  towns  in  the 
north  of  the  Popedom  t 

What  is  said  of  San  Mari- 
no I 

What  towns  on  the  Gulf 
of  Venice  1 

What  is  said  of  Naples  t 

Of  Herculancum  and  Pom- 
peii > 


Wliere  is  Salerno  t 
Foggia ! 
Taranto  f 

What  towna  on  the  north- 
western coast  of  Sicily  I 

Where  is  Messina  1 
What  towns  on  the  eastern 

const  of  Sicily  1 
What  towns  on  the  Island 

of  Sardinia? 
Whatissaidof  Valotta? 


Italy  possesses  a  fine  climate  and  fruitful  soil.  It 
has  greatly  declined  from  its  former  prosperity,  but  is 
still  an  interesting  country. 

It  is  renowned  for  its  wonderful  history,  and  for  its 
magnificent  specimens  of  architecture,  statuary,  and 
painting. 


What  is  said  of  Italy  t 


For  what  is  Italy  renown- 
ed! 


sPAXir. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and 
France;  E.  by  the  Mediterranean;  S.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  Por- 
tugal ;  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic  and  Portugal. 

It  contains  180,000  square  miles,  and  12,000,000 
inhabitants. 

Mountains. — The  Pyr'enees  separate  France  from 
Spain. 

The  Cantabrian  or  Astu'rian  Mountains  are  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  Pyrenees,  along  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

The  Mountains  of  Castile'  lie  between  the  Dou'ro 
and  Ta'gus. 

The  Tole'do  or  Guadalupe  Mountains  lie  between 
the  Tagus  and  Guadian'a. 

The  Sier'ra  More'na  lie  between  the  Guadiana  and 
the  Guadalquiv'ir. 


How  is  Spain  bounded  t 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  T 

What  mountains  separate 
France  from  Spain  ? 

Where  are  the  Cantabrian 
Mountains  t 

The  mountains  of  Castile? 

The  Toledo  or  Guadalupe 
Mountains  I 

The  Sierra  MorenB  ? 


The  Sierra  Nevada,  or  Snowy  Mountains,  lie  be- 
tween the  Guadalquivir  and  the  Mediterranetn. 

Montserrat',  in  the  N.  E.  of  Spain,  is  inliabilcd  by 
numerbus  monks  and  hermits. 

Capes. — Pnlos  and  Gata  lie  on  the  Mediterranean 
coast. 

Orlegal,  Finislerre',and  Trafidgar',lie  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  the  last  of  which  is  celebrated  for  thr  great 
naval  victory  gained  over  the  French  and  Spanish  by 
the  English,  under  Lord  Nelson,  in  the  year  1805. 

Islands. — The  Balear'ic  Islands  lie  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, E.  of  Spain. 

The  principal  of  these  are  Minor' ca,  Majorca,  and 
Ivi'ca. 

Rivers. — ^The  E'bro  and  Segu'ra  fall  into  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

The  Minho  (Meen'yo)  rises  in  the  north  of  Spain, 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal, and  falls  into  the  Atlantic. 

The  Douro,  Tugus,  and  Guadiana  rise  in  Spain,  and 
pass  into  Portugal. 

The  Guadalquivir  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  in  the  S.  W. 
of  Spain. 

Towns.  —  Madrid',  tlie  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Manzana'res,  a  branch  of  the  Tagus.  Near  Madrid  is 
the  celebrated  palace  called  the  Escurial'. 

Toledo,  on  the  Tagus. 

Barcelo'na,  Valen'cia,  Alicant,  Carthage'na,  and 
Malaga,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

Torto'sa  and  Saragos'sa,  on  the  Ebro. 

Rlur'cia,  on  the  Segura. 

Grana'da,  an  inland  town,  N.  E.  of  Malaga,  is  noted 
as  containing  the  All'.ambra,  or  palace  of  the  ancient 
Moorish  kings. 

Gibraltar,  on  the  Promontory  of  Gibraltar,  is  famed 
as  being  the  strongest  fortress  in  the  world.  It  was 
taken  by  the  British  in  1704,  and  still  remains  in  their 
possession. 

Ca'diz,  on  the  Island  of  Leon,  in  the  S.  W.  of  Spain. 

Seville'  and  Cor'dova,  on  the  Guadalquivir. 

Badajoz',  on  the  Guadiana. 

Salamanca  and  Valladolid',  on  branches  of  the 
Douro. 

Bilbo'a,  Fer:.  r,  and  '  '^run'na,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 

Port  Mahon'  (Jl  "a-.Vin  • " ,  on  the  Island  of  Minorca, 

Palma,  on  the  Island  cf  Majorca. 

Spain  is  noted  for  its  tropical  fruits,  and  its  merino 
sheep. 

It  was  once  the  most  powerful  country  in  Europe ; 
but  bad  government  and  civil  dissensions,  together 
with  the  indolence  and  pride  of  its  inhabitants,  have 
reduced  it  to  rank  among  the  least  important. 

Spain  furnished  to  Columbus  the  ships  with  which 
he  discovered  America ,  and  afterwards  held  vast  pos- 
sessions in  that  quarter  of  the  globe.  Of  these,  Cuoa 
and  Porto  Kico  are  all  that  now  remain. 


The    Sierra    Nevada,   or 
Snowy  Mountains  ? 

What  is  said  of  Montser- 
rat? 

What  copes  on  the  Medi- 
terranean ? 

What    on 
coast? 


the    Atlantic 


Where  are    the  Balearic 
Islands  ? 

Which  are  the  principal? 

What  livers  fall  into  the 
Aledlterranean  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Minho  ? 


What  rivers  rise  in  Spain 
and  pass  into  Portugal  ? 

Where  does  the  Guadal- 
quivir fall? 

What  is  said  of  Madrid  ? 


Where  is  Toledo  ? 
What  towns  on  the  Medi- 
terranean ? 

What  on  the  Ebro  ? 

Where  is  Murcia  ? 

It 

What  is  said  of  Granada  ? 


Of  Gibraltar  ? 


Where  is  Tajii  i 

What  towns  on  the  Gua- 
tliilquivir  ? 

Wiiere  is  Itadajoz  ? 

What  towns  on  branches 
of  the  Douro? 

What  on  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay ? 

Where  is  Port  Mahon? 

Palina? 

For  what  productions  is 
Spain  noted  ? 

What  is  said  of  its  former 
power,  and  its  present 
condition  ? 


What  did  Spain    furnish 
Columbus,  &c.  ? 


PORTUOAXi. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Spain ;  S.  and  I  Bound  Portugal. 
W.  by  the  Atlantic.  | 


It  tnntai 

habitants. 
:       Capes.  - 

capes. 
I      Rivers.- 

diana  fall  ir 
I      Towns.- 
'  the  capital. 
Oporto, 

for  its  port 


Coim'bia, 
sity. 

St.  Ubes,  o 
tion  of  salt. 
i      Bra'ga,  an 

Portugal  w 
Europe,  but  1 
j      Portugal  an 
Peninsula." 


1.  Howia  Eur 

'  it  contain  ?    3.  I 

aono  ?    5.  What 

tains,  with  their 

four,  in  the  orde 

Mountains. — f 

11.  Carpathian? 

Gulf  of  Genoa, 

Europe,  where  it 

three  very  noted 

Seat,  Gulf,,  ^ 

Bothnia?     21.  Bl 

cay_?    25.  Irish  S 

Straiti,  (fc. — a 

Dover?    28.  Noi 

32.  Otronto  ?    J3 

37.  Little  Belt  ? 

Rtveri.—3S.  N 
Dan.,  Dnieper,  D 
source,  through  v 
1  The  same  with 
Rhone  ?  41.  Po  | 
Vienna?  4fi.  Pa 
Dublin  ?  4<.l.  Ver 
52.  Beriic  to  Lyon 


Boundaries:^ 
by  the  Pacific ;  i 
i  by  the  Red  Set 
Europe. 

Asia  is  the  lat 
,  divisions  of  the 
;  miles,  and  450,(1 
I  Asia  was  sett 
'  globe,  and  has 
:  events. 

Mountainn.  — 
itween  China  ant: 
The  llitniiia'h 
,are  the  liigli(!st  m 


errn    Nevada,   or 
y  Mouiiiaina  ? 

I  said  of  Montser- 


apes  on  the  Medi- 
lean  I 

on    the    Atlantic 
» 


are    the  Dalearic 
hi 

are  the  principal  f 


ivers  fall  into  the 
lerrttiioan  ? 

laaidoftheMinhor  ' 


ivers  rise  in  Spain 
ass  into  Portugal? 

docs  the  Guadal- 
r  fall? 

)  said  or  Madrid? 


is  Toledo  ? 

owns  on  the  Medi- 

lean? 

n  the  Ebro  ? 

is  Mtircia  ? 

9  said  of  Granada  ? 


raltar  ? 


is  CftJu  ( 

owns  on  the  Gua- 

ivir? 

is  liadajoz  ? 

owns  on  branches 

B  Douro? 

}n  the  Bay  of  Bis- 

is  Port  Mahon  ? 


bat  productions  is 
1  noted  1 

B  said  of  its  former 
r,  and  its  present 

ition? 


did  Spain    furnish 
mbus,  &c.  ? 


I 


5^- 


Portugal. 


!      It  coniains  38,500  square  miles,  and  3,600,000  in- 
^Capes. -Roca  and  St.  Vincent  are   the   principal 

Rivers.— The  Douro,  Monde'go,  Tagus,  and  Gua- 
diana  fall  into  the  Atlantic.  »  '      6    ' 

Towns.— Lis'hon,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus,  is 
the  capital,  and  a  city  of  considerable  commerce 

Oporto,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Douro,  is  famous 
for  Its  port  wine,  '       "*"'""» 


ASIA  — RUSSIA    IN    ASIA. 


What  are  its  extant  and 
population  ? 

Which  are  the  principal 
capes  ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Atlantic? 

What  is  said  of  Lisbon  ? 
Oporto? 


"jKltlo 


^.^Coim'bia,  on  the  Mondego,  is  noted  for  its  univer- jCoimbra? 
Bra'ga,  an  inland  town  in  the  north  of  Portugal 


P„mn?f'.?'  ""'^  "'•'  '""''  commercial  nation  in 
Europe,  but  has  since  greatly  declined. 

Penhis  T»  "''  ^'"''"  '°^"'""" ''°™  '"'''" '"  '='»"<"'  "  ">« 


Where  is  Braga  ? 

What  is  said  of  Portugal  ? 

What  do    Portugal    and 
Spain  form  1 


QUESTIONS  ON   EUROPE. 


It  contain?    3.  In  what  zone  does  it  chi>  fly  fie  (" 
zone?     5.  Whnt  nro  tl,o  .ii„:„:„...  _.  ^  '' ""  ' 


^.  - „.  .„,.„  J,  "chiXTrTYvi'"''  ""^  ho^n-any  inhabitants  does 

5.  What  arc  the  d^rs  ons  ot  E  ^nl  /  n„^  ^    l"'  P"'  °'  ^"'"P"  '*™  '"  ">e  frigid 
,  thnir  .»ni.„io     ",!?,"' ,°'.  t-l'ropc?  ond  tell  what  countries  each  division  con- 


A   iirV    '  ."  '"""y  "uiaoitonisdoes 

lone  1  5.  Whot  arc  thrdrvr8ion,"ot"p,',7„n',.%'  Ja  ,1"'  P"'  °'  ^""'P'=  ''«»  '"  ">e  frigid 
tains,  with  their  capi.ols.  T  WIn'oh  is  tl  XL^,  „'*''  *'!■"  ^^n'^ies  each  division  con- 
four  in  the  order  of  their  size     X,  A     F    TlT^''^  '"  ^""P"  '    ^-  N"'""  'h"  next 

Gulf  of  Genoa,,  describe  the  course  onheAiPBie'^WhaM,'  , '^' Cr™""'"^  "'  ""' 
Europe,  where  is  it  siiuated,  and  wha-  is  its  height  nhnv»  .h  i  ',''«  '"ghe"  mountain  in 
three  very  itoted  volcanoes  in  Europe?     XL   E^  V  ^nd  A  °'  ""  '""     '^-  '^V'"" 

Bofrnii?''t';Bt7L"i2.'Vuif%f^;tfr  2^^;'1f■  '"•  ''''■ii«'""<"  =«•  «"'f  of 

cay!    25.IrishSca?  "•  "uii  oi  Venice?    23.  Mediterranean  Sea  ?    21.  Bay  of  Bis- 

^yp'''^tF^:^HVLlli'f'^^^^^^^  and  Strait  of 

If.  Er 'bJu  'f-  °"''"-"-  '    ^^-  Crs'.a°nL''o;^r?""U.  ^t  a?  y  lire^arBeU ; 

Da^:rD'i;;fer,  I)o"n"':,;!l''ruri''  'Tc/imnin!."  ftT""  '"  "r  "/''r  °f  "'-•^  --•  ^''»-  Vol  . 
source,  thrSugh  what  cm,,,,  ics  v^ouK"  ;'<»"  an'd  wC''b?ln  f  "","'"'"  »"''  """'""K  '"  i'^ 
The  same  wTih  respect  to  tl,e  f(lWvi^hr!!4rRl,„»;,'^''i?M''°™ '"'""'''« '"each? 
Rhone?  41.  Po?  45  Whn,  .  fh„  i-  ? — 10-  Kh,ne  ?  41.  Elbe?  42.  Vistula  ?  41 
Vic,,na  ?  4«.  Paris  to  St'  PeTershurg  r"47"Berli  ''?:'  Th'^  T^.^''  f-"  i'""d<,n"„ 
Dublin  ?  4«,l.  Venice  to  Hanibiirr?  50  Tnm^.  i  ^'"''"i' '  *^-  t^onslaiuinople  to 
52.  Berne  to  Lyons?  """"""e'    •'0.  Tornca  to  Archangel?    51.  Munidi  to  furin? 


ASIA. 

fi9i/miaW«^Boundcd  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  E 
hv  .h!,  !?""«'  ^-  "y  ""  '■"''""  Oce.-... ;  VV.  an,!  N.  W. 
Euri  e  '     *''^''"'  "'"  ^'«'""'"«"ean  Set.,  and 

Asia  is  the  largest  and  most  populous  of  the  grand 
divisions  of  the  cnrlli,  containing  10,000,000  square 
miles,  and  450,000,000  inhabitaius.  ^ 

Asia  was  settled  before  any  other  portion  of  the 
globe,  and  has  been  the  scene  of  many  astonishing 

tw^n"nr"-~7l':  9"""'  ^""y'  M»""l«i'«  lie  be 
iween  Clii  na  and  Sibe  tin. 

^J,*!"  '!'',""'»''"'''  '""vveen  Thibet  and  Ilindoslan', 
are  the  liighcst  mountains  in  the  world. 


How  is  Asia  bounded  ? 


What  ifl  said  of  its  extent 
and  population  I 

When  was  Asia  settled  ? 


Where  are  ihn  Great  A|. 
tay  Mountains  ? 

What  i,  said  of  the  Him- 
inulch  t 


nrfTl'^^u~J^\^''  "^  Kamtschal'ka,  the  Sea  of 
Ociolsk  ,  the  Sea  of  Japan,  and  the  Yellow,  Eastern, 
and  China  Seas,  lie  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia,  and 
open  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  ' 

nJ!'^^*^  of  Bengal'lies  between  Farther  India  and 
ilindoslan,  and  opens  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

1  he  Ara'bian  Sea  lies  between  Ilindoslan  and  Arabia, 
and  opens  into  the  Indian  Ocean.  ' 

The  Per'sian  Gulf  lies  between  Persia  and  Arabia, 
and  eommunicates  with  the  Arabian  Sea  through  the 
uul?  01  Orinus. 

The  Red  Sea  communicates  with  the  Indian  Ocean 
by  the  Strait  of  Ba'bclman'del. 

s«l7u.!,^Vif '^''"'•l"''  ""^  ^"^'P'^"  Sea  are  two  large 
salt-water  lakes,  without  any  visible  outlet 

rn^',"T("''-~'^»^  t*''''P"""'«"'««  "«  Kamtschatka, 
Corea,  Malac;ca  Hindostan,  Arabia,  and  Asia  Mi'nor. 

A«I^To  ~;  i^'P^'"""  "'  "'^  N-  E-  extremity  of 
AmericS  ""  ^°'^^  ^"'"'°  °^  ^^"'^^  '" 

sch^a.^"'"'"'^  ''  ""^  '"""'""  ^^'f^mity  of  Kamt- 
dos^an.^  ^°'"'°"»  "  'he  southern  extremity  of  Hin- 
Divisions.— The  northern  and  middle  countries  of 
Tl^rv   AfT'"  !"/''"' Chinese  Empire,  Indepen.en 
EmSofC-r" '  '^"""  ^-"^y  '"  ^-.  «"d  .he 

BeScSn^id'St  '''''"  '"'''''  "'"^-'«"'' 

Ilindoslan,  Farther  India,  and  the  Asiatic  or  F^st 

Sriltf '  "'  "'^^  '"°""  "'"'^^  'he  name  of  the 


What  seas  lie  on  the  E. 
ot  Asia,  and  into  what 
do  they  open  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  ? 

The  Arabian  Sea  ? 
The  Persian  Gulf? 


The  Red  Sea  ? 

The  Sea  of  Aral  and  Cas. 
pian  .Sea  ? 

Which  are  the  chief  pen- 
insulas ? 

Where  is  East  Cape  1 


Cape  Lopatka? 

Cape  Comorin  ? 

What  are  the  northern  and 
middle  countries  of  Asia! 


The  countries  of  Asia,  particularly  those   in    the 

diamonds  and  other  precious  stones         P'°'""'='''  «"" 
The  governments  of  Asia  are  all  despotic.     The  in- 
habitants consist  of  various  races,  and  are  genera  Iv 
Ignorant,  and  only  half-civilized.  generally 

Mohammedanism  prevails  in  Turkey,  Arabia,  and 
other  portions  of  Western  Asia;  and  Fa^an.Tm  in  the 
remaining  countries.  "gai'ism  in  tne 


What  does  Southern  Asia 
include  ? 

What  countries.  Sec,  are 
known  under  the  name 
of  the  East  Indies  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  cli- 
mate of  Asia? 


For  what  productions  are 
the  East  Indies  famed  ? 

What  ia  said  of  the  gov- 
ernments and  the  inhab- 
itants of  Asia  ? 

What  are  the  prevailine 
religions  ? 


NORTHERN  AND  MIDDLE  ASIA. 
RUSSIA   ZXV   ASIA. 


Silrerion  Iluiilcr  aiiil  Kiile. 

The  Russian  Possessions  i.v  Asia  comnrise  Si- 

the  Ca'.':'''  "'"  ^r"^""""  P'°^'"«=''«'  ^^'"-h  lie  sou  1.  of 
the  Caucasus  Mountains. 

Ociir  Ftv;rh"'''"f  I'  '"'""''-''  ^-  ''y  "•"  Arctic 
schatka-  S  h^.^h"rf  *  ^'"';"""^  ""^  Sea  of  K am l- 
Tartlrv-  a'n^V  k  ^  ^'n  f'!."P'^'"  ""•'  I-'lepemient 
LZfil'^^n  ••  ^^  '^'^  ^^™'  Mountains,  which  sepa- 
rate it  from  Russia  in  Europe.  ' 


What  do  the  Russian  Pos- 
sessions in  Asia  com- 
prise ? 

How  is  Siberia  bounded  ? 


Siberia  i 
chiefly  of  ( 
is  valuable 
the  precioii 

The  Cai) 
and  Blacii  I 
tains. 

The  prin 
the  nnrthe 
The  inhahi 
many  of  lli 
and  Ptrsiuii 

Russia  ir 
6,000,000  i 

Mounlah 
ern  bouiida 

Tlie  Ural 

The  Can 
and  Blacli  i 

Seas  and 
the  land  in 
of  Kamtscli 

The  Gull 
opens  into  i 

The  Gul 
northern  co 

The  Sea 
separates  tli 
land. 

Islands.— 
and  belong 
of  Japan. 

Sirait.—] 
Siberia  from 
rica. 

Lake. — L 
by  Angara  !■ 

Rivers.  — 
gulfs  of  the 

The  IrtisI 

Towns.  — 
Georgia. 

Tobolsk' 
which  is  the 
sidence  of  r 
Siberia  by  tli 

Yakoutsk' 

Irkoulsk', 
Tomsk,  oi 
Ochotsk,  ( 
Kiach'ta,  e 
between  Sibc 


•f 

^ 


Boundaries 
the  world,  is 
the  Channel  c 
Eastern  Sea, 
GulfofTonqi 
and  VV.  by  In 


11 


60 

X 

\ 

Unnl 


'40 


.'30 


-cA'N' 


ret*"  I 


'20 


'10 


- 


,10 


''■^^..ut-r 


,  :to 


-=^J 


CHINESE   EMPIRE. 


Siberia  ia  a  cold  and  dcsoialc  region,  consisting 
chiefly  of  extensive  barren  plains,  called  Steppes ;  and 
is  valuable  principally  for  its  furs,  and  for  its  mines  of 
the  precious  metals. 

The  Cauca'sian  Provinces  lie  between  the  Caspian 
and  Black  Seas,  on  both  slopes  of  the  Caucasus  Moun- 
tains. 

Tiie  principal  of  these  provinces  are  CircaK'sia,  on 
the  northern  slope,  and  Georgia  on  the  southern. 
The  inhabitants  are  rcnmrknble  for  their  beauty,  er.d 
many  of  the  females  are  sold  as  slaves  to  the  Turks 
and  Ptrsiuns. 

Russia  in  Asia  includes  5,300,000  square  miles,  and 
5,000,000  inhabitants. 

Mountains. — The  Altay'  Mountains  lie  on  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  Siberia. 

The  Ural  Mountains  form  the  western  boundary. 
Tlic  Caucasus  Mountains  lie  between  the  Caspian 
and  Black  Seas. 

Seas  ami  Git/fs.— The  Sea  of  Ochotsk  sets  up  into 
the  land  in  the  east  of  Siberia,  forming  the  Peninsula 
I  of  Kamtschalka. 

I      The  Gulf  of  Anadir'  lies  in  the  N.  E.  of  Siberia,  and 
opens  into  the  Sea  of  Kamtschalka. 

The  Gulfs  of  Lena  Yenisei',  and  O'bi,  lie  on  the 
northern  coast,  and  open  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

The  Sea  of  Kara  lies  in  tlit  N.  VV.  of  Siberia,  and 
separates  the  Island  of  Nova  Zembla  from  the  main 
land. 

Islands.— The  Kii'rile  Islands  lie  S.  of  Kamtschaika, 
and  belong  partly  to  Siberia  and  partly  to  liie  Empire 
of  Japan. 

S/rai/.— Bhering's  Strait,  30  miles  wide,  separates 
Siberia  from  the  Russian  Po^ssessions  in  North  Ame- 
rica. 

Lake. — Lake  Eai'kal  communicates  with  the  Yenisei 
by  Angara  River. 

Rivers.  — The  Lena,  Yenisei  and  Obi  fall  into  the 
gulfs  of  the  same  names. 
The  Irtish  fails  into  the  Obi. 
Towiti.  — Tiflis,   on   the  Kur,  is   the  capital   of 
Georgia. 

Tobolsk'  and  Omsk,  on  the  Irtish,  the  former  of 
which  is  the  capital  of  Siberia,  and  is  noted  as  the  re- 
sidence of  most  of  the  exiles  who  are  banisned  to 
Siberia  by  tlin  Russian  government. 
Yakoutsk',  on  the  Lena. 
Irkoutsk',  on  the  Angara. 
Tomsk,  on  a  branch  of  the  Obi. 
Ochotsk,  on  the  Sea  of  Ochotsk. 
Kiach'ta,  south  of  Lake  Baikal,  is  the  seat  of  trade 
between  Siberia  and  China. 


67 


What  ia  said  of  Siberia  ? 


Where  are  the  Caucoaian 
Provinces  1 


Which  are  the  principal  of 
these  pr"vince8,  and 
whni  is  aoid  ot  the  in- 
habitants ) 


What  nro  the  extent  and 
populaliun  of  Kusaia  in 
Asia? 

Wliere  are  the  Altay  iVIts.7 

The  Ural  Mte.  t 
The  Caucasus  Mts. } 

What  is  said  of  the  Sea  of 
Ochotsk  I 

TheGulf  of  Anadir  f 

What  gulfa  on  the  north- 
ern coast  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Sea  of 
Kara  { 

What  is  said  of  the  Kurile 
Islands  ? 

What  is  said  of  Bhcring's 
Strait  ? 


What  is  said  of  L.  Baikal  ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  gulfs 
of  the  saific  names  1 

Where  does  the  Irtish  fallf 

WhatissaidofTillis? 

What  towns  on  the  Irtish  f 


Where  is  Yakou'.ek  T 

Irkoutsk  I 

Tonwk  1 

OciiotskT 

What  is  said  of  Kiachta  ( 


OBINBSB    EMPZRB. 


pirc. 


Clitn«ae  Military. 
Boundaries. This    emnire.    thp.    mnat   nnnn1ni<a   in  lp..,„4   .>,-    n;.  r- 

the  world,  is  bounded  N.  by  Siberia ;  E.  and  S.  E.  by      •■■- 
the  Channel  of  Tartary,  Sea  of  Japan,  Strait  of  Corea, 
Eastern  Sea,  Strait  of  Kormo'sa,  China  Sea,  and  the 
Gulf  of  Tonquin' ;  S.  by  Further  India  and  Hindostan  : 
and  W.  by  Independent  Tartary. 


It  contains  5,300,000  square  miles,  and  230,000,000 
inhabitants,  possessing  as  large  a  population  as  all 
Europe. 

It  is  divided  into  Chinese  Tartary,  Corea,  China, 
and  Thibet. 

Chinese  Tartary,  including  Mantchoo'ria,  Mongo'- 
lia,  Soongaria,  and  Little  Bucha'ria,  lies  in  the  N. ; 
Corea  and  China  Proper  in  the  S.  E.,  and  Thibet  in  the 
S.  VV.  part  of  the  empire. 

Mountains.— The  Himma'leh  Mountains  lie  between 
Thibe'  and  Hindostan. 

The  Altay  Mountains  form  the  northern  boundary 
of  Chinese  I'artary. 

The  Belur  Tag  Mountains  form  the  western  boun- 
dary. 

Desert.— The  Great  Desert  of  Gobi  lies  in  Chinese 
Tartary. 

Strai/s,  Src. — The  Channel  of  Tartary  separates  the 
Island  of  Saghal'ien  from  the  main  land. 

Tlie  Strait  of  Corea  unites  the  Sea  of  Japan  with 
the  Eastern  Spa. 

The  Strait  of  Formosa  separates  the  Island  of  For- 
mosa from  the  main  land. 

Islands. — The  Loo  Choo  Islands  lie  in  the  Eastern 
Sea. 

Formosa  and  Hainan'  lie  in  the  China  Sea. 

Hong'-Kong,  situated  a  little  S.  E.  of  Canton',  belongs 
to  the  English. 

«i«ers.— The  Amoor'  falls  into  the  Sea  of  Ochotsk. 

The  Pei-Ho,  Iloang'-Ho,  and  Yangtse-Kiaue'.  fall 
into  the  Yellow  Sea. 

The  Cambo'dia,  Irrawaddy,  Brahmapu'tra,  Indus, 
and  many  other  rivers,  rise  in  the  mountains  of  Thibet. 

rowns.— Teentsin  and  Pekin',  on  the  Pci-Ho,  the 
latter  of  which  is  the  capital,  and,  next  to  London, 
the  most  populous  city  in  the  world. 

Nankin',  on  tiie  Yangtse-Kiang,  is  noted  for  its  por- 
celain tower. 


What  is  said  of  its  extent 
and  populution  I 

How  ia  it  divided  f 

Where  do  these  divisions 
li9t 


Where  are  the  Himmaleh 
Mouniaina  f 

The  Altay  f 

The  Belur  Tag  f 

Where  is  the  Groat  Desert 
of  Gobi  1 

Wliat  ia  said  of  the  Chan- 
nel of  I'artary  t 

Tho  Strait  of  Corea  t 
The  Strait  of  Formosa  f 

Where  are  the  Loo  Choo 
Islands  ? 

What  islands  lie  in  the 
China  Sea? 

What  is  said  of  Hong- 
Kong  Island  ? 

Wliere  does  the  Amoor 
full  ? 

What  rivers  fall  into  tho 
Yellow  Sea  f 

What  rivers  rise  in  the 
mountains  of  Thibet  t 

What  towns  on  tho  Pei- 
IIo? 


WhatissaidofNankinf 


Canton. 


11 


Canton',  at  the  confluence  of  the  Pekiang*  and  Clioo- 
Kiang',  is  famous  for  its  exportation  of  tea. 

Singan,  on  a  branch  of  the  Hoang-Ho. 

Cashgar  and  Yarkand',  in  the  west  of  Chinese  Tar- 
tary. 

Lns'sa,  on  a  branch  of  the  Brahmaputra,  is  the  capital 
of  Thibet.  Near  I,assa  is  the  celebrated  temple  of  the 
Grand  Lama;  who  is  the  head  of  the  religion  styled 
Buddhism. 

Maco'a,  on  tho  Wand  of  Macoa,  a  little  south  of 
Canton,  belongs  to  the  Portuguese. 

Kiiigkilao  is  the  capital  of  Corea. 

China  is  celebrated  for  its  Grand  Canal,  and  also  for 
its  Great  Wall. 

The  Grand  Canal,  in  the  east  of  China,  is  050  miles 
in  length,  being  the  longest  in  the  world.  Many  lar<re 
cities  are  situatol  on  its  banks.  ° 

The  Great  Wall,  on  the  northern  boundary  of  China, 
is  1250  miles  long,  15  fcpt  wide,  and  from  15  to  30 
feel  high,  with  square  towers  erected  at  short  intervals. 

It  was  built  more  than  2000  years  ago,  to  protect 
'he  Cliinese  from  the  incursions  of  the  'Tartars.  It 
faiini,  however,  to  answer  its  pur.osc,  and  is  now  in 
a  state  of  decay. 

Tlie  Chinese  are  an  industrious  and  ingenious,  but 
conceited  and  singular  people.  They  are  very  jealous 
of  foreigners,  and  allow  them  to  trade  only  at  five  of 
their  ports.     Their  country  is  styled  "Me  Celestial 


Canton  f 

Where  ia  Singan  t 

What  towns  in  the  W.  of 
Chinese  Tartary  f 

What  is  aaid  of  Laasa  f 


What  of  Macoa  f 

Kingkitaot 

For  wliat  is  China  cele- 
brated ? 

Wliat  is  aaid  of  the  Grand 
Canal  1 


What  of  the  Great  Wall? 


When  was  it  built,  and 
why  ? 


Wliat  is  aaid  of  the  Chi- 
nese ? 


58 


INDEPENDENT    T ART ARY  — AFGHAN  ISTAN  — PERSIA -TURKEY    IN    ASIA. 


Empire,"  and  they  call  Iheir  emperor  the  "  Son  of 
Heavei." 

China  is  famed  for  the  production  of  tea,  of  which 
sixty  millions  of  pounds  are  annually  exported. 


For  what    production    ia 
Chini  tamed  ? 


Wv^^^^^^^^^^^^^^A^^A^^^^^^^ 


XNDBPBWDBNT   TARTARIT. 


Tins  country  is  inhabited  by  numerous  independent 
tribes,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Kirguis  in  the 
north,  and  the  Usbecks  and  Turkmans  or  Turcomans 
in  the  south. 

Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  Siberia;  E.  by  the 
Chinese  Empire;  S.  by  Afghanistan' and  Persia;  and 
W.  by  the  Caspian  Sea  and  Russia  in  Europa. 

It  contains  700,000  square  miles,  and  6,500,000  in- 
habitants. 

Seas. — The  Caspian  Sea  forms  part  of  the  western 
boundary. 

The  Sea  of  Aral  lies  near  the  centre  of  Independent 
Tartary. 

Rivers.  —  The  Sihon  or  Jaxarles,  and  the  Ox'us  or 
Amoo',  fall  into  the  Sea  of  Aral. 

The  Ural  forma  the  boundary  between  this  country 
and  Russia  in  Europe. 

Towns. — Bokiia'ia  and  Samarcand',  on  a  branch  of 
the  Oxus. 

Khi'va,  near  the  Oxun,  carries  on  an  extensive  trade 
in  slaves,  captured  from  the  adjoining  provinces  of 
Russia  and  Persia. 

Khokan',  on  the  Sihon. 

Tashkent,  an  inland  town  north  of  Khokan. 

Balk,  near  the  Oxus,  in  the  south  of  Independent 
Tartary,  is  now  greatly  decayed. 


By  whom  ia  Independent 
Tartary  inhabited  I 


How  ia  it  bounded  I 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  7 

What  sea  forma  part  of  the 
weatern  boundary  T 

Where  ia  the  Sea  of  Aral  7 

What  rivers  fall  into  the 
Sea  of  Aral  7 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Ural  7 

; 

What  towns  on  a  branch 
of  the  Oxus  7 

What  ia  aaid  of  Khiva  7 


Where  ia  Khokan  7 

Tashkent  7 

What  ia  said  of  Balk  7 


ArOBANZSTAK. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  Independent  Tartary; 
E.  by  Hindostan;  S.  by  Beloochistan";  and  W.  by 
Persia. 

It  contains  300,000  square  miles,  and  6,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

MowUains. — A  continuation  of  the  llimmaleti,  under 
the  name  of  the  Hindoo-Koosh  Mountains,  forms  the 
northern  boundary  of  Afghanistan. 

Lake. — Lake  Zurrah  lies  in  the  west  of  Afghanistan. 

Rivers. — The  Indus  forms  the  boundary  between 
Afghanistan  and  Hindostan. 

The  Cabul'  is  a  branch  of  the  Indus. 

The  Helmund'  falls  into  Lake  Zurrah. 

Towns. — Peshaw'ur  and  Cabul,  on  Cabul  River,  the 
latter  of  which  is  the  capital. 

Candahar'  and  Ghiznee,  on  a  branch  of  the  Helmund. 

Herat',  in  the  N.  VV.  of  Afghanistan,  near  the  Hindoo- 
Koosh  Mountains. 

The  Afghans  are  a  very  warlike  race,  and  are  di- 
vided into  numerous  tribes,  each  governed  by  its  own 
chief. 


Bound  Afghanistan. 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  7 

What  mountains  form  the 
northern  boundary  7 

Where  is  Lake  Zurrah  7 
What  is  said  of  tlie  Indus  7 

What  branch  has  it  7 
Where  does  the  Helmund 

fall  7 
What  towns  on  Cabul  R.  7 

What  nii  a  branch  of  the 

Hclmujid  7 
Where  ia  Herat  7 


What  is  said  of  the  Af- 
ghans 7 


PBRSXA. 

Persia  was  once  a  very  powerful  kingdom,  but  now 
includes  only  a  part  of  its  ancient  dominions. 

Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  Georgia,  the  Caspian 
Sea,  and  Independent  Tartary  ;  E.  by  Afghanistan  and 
Beloochistan ;  S.  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  Ormus  and  the 
Persian  Gulf,  which  sepatale  it  from  Arabia;  and  VV. 
by  Turkey  in  Asia. 

It  coniains  4.50,000  square  miles,  and  9,000,000  in- 
habitiints. 

Mountains,  Sfc.  —  Persia  abounds  in  barren  moun- 
tains and  sandy  plains,  interspersed  with  numerous 
salt-lakes,  and  is  nearly  destitute  of  forests  and  rivers. 

TJie  Great  ;5alt  Desert  lies  about  the  centre  of  Persia. 


Rivers. — The  Euphra'tes  and  Ti'gris  form  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Persia  and  Turkey  in  Asia. 

The  Attruck  flows  between  Persia  and  Independent 
Tartary,  and  falls  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Trnms. — Teheran',  00  miles  south  of  the  Caspian 
Sea,  is  the  capital. 


What  rivera  form  part  of 
iho  boundary  between 
Persia  and  '1  urki'y7 

Huw  docs  tho  Attruck 
flow  7 

What  ia  said  of  Teheran  7 


Ispahan',  an  inland  town  south  of  Teheran,  was 
formerly  the  capital. 

Mesh'id,  an  inland  town  in  the  N.E.  of  Persia. 

Bushirc',  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  is  the  principal  port. 

Shiraz',  an  inland  town,  N.  E.  of  Bushire,  is  cele- 
brated for  the  beauty  of  the  surrounding  country. 


Ispahan  t 

Meshid  7 
Bushire  7 
Shiraz  7 


Peraepola. 

Persia  abounds  in  the  ruins  of  ancient  cities,  the 
most  noted  of  which  are  the  ruins  of  Persepolis  near 
Shiraz. 


W)i<it  is  said  of  th»  mtns 
of  incicnt  cities  t 


^^^^^^rf^V^^^^^VN^^^ 


TURBBY    IN    ASIA. 


What  is  said  of  Persia  7 
How  is  it  bounded  7 


What  are  its  extent  and 
pupuiuliun  i 

What  ia  said  of  the  moun- 
taiiia,  it,c.,  of  Persia  7 

Where  ia  the  Great  Salt  | 
De(iort7 


Ptlmjn. 

Turret,  in  its  historical  associations,  is  the  most 
interesting  country  on  the  globe.  Here  was  situated 
the  Garden  of  Eden,  the  abode  of  our  first  parents; 
and  here  the  Saviour  lived,  and  from  one  of  its  moun- 
tains ascended  into  Heaven. 

Boundaries.  —  Bounded  N.  by  the  Black  Sea  and 
Georgia ;  E.  by  Persia ;  S.  by  Arabia  and  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  and  VV.  by  the  Mediterranean,  Archipelago, 
Dardanelles,  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  Channel  of  Con- 
stantinople. 

It  contains  400,000  square  miles,  and  9,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

Turkey  in  Asia  incl'ules  Arme'nia,  Koordiatan', 
Mesopotu'niiu,  Asia  Minor  or  Nalolia,  and  Syr  ia. 


What  ia  said  of  Turkey  7 


How  ia  it  bounded  7 


What  are  its  extent  and 
population  7 

Wlini  docs  Turkey  in  Asia 
include  7 


lAT 


'""ilf 


Ein 


Palestine  c 
lies  in  the  s( 
<4'  most  of  th 
Scriptures. 

MmnUiins. 

Black  Sea  and 

Mi.  Ar'arat 

Caspian  and  I 

wliic'i  the  All 

Mt.  Ida, sot 

mountain. 

The  mount! 

Inlands.  — 

Rhodes,  lie  in 

,      Cyprus,  in  t 

Lal:c.~'n 

Syria  about  6 

occupy   the  si 

Its  water  is  s 

weiglit. 

Rivers.— TV 

The  Tigris  i 

Tile  Jor  dan 

Lake  Tibe'rias 

Sen. 

Tlie  Kiz'il  Ii 
Tovms. —  Ba 
Tigris. 

Biis'sorah  nni 
Treb'iaond,  c 
Ango'ra,  an 
Minor. 

i      Scn'iari,  on  t! 
,  the  city  of  Con 
!      Bru'sa,  on  a  t 
of  Marmora. 

Sinyr'iia,  on 

.Arcjiipf'lago,  is  i 

Tarsus,  on  tli 

!^I!^.^t•.,  \a  nn{n\ 

Tripoli,  Bey'i 

Mediterranean. 

Aleppo,  an  i 
slroycd  by  an  co 


ira  form  part  of 
iiidury  between 
nd  'I  urkey  t 
8    iho  Attruck 

lid  of  Teheran? 


said  of  tht  rutns 
ent  cities! 


said  of  Turkey  t 


t  bounded  ? 


r«  its  extent  and 
iiion  ? 

P9  Turkey  in  Asia 


JerusRictii. 

Jeru'salem,  an  inland  town  40  miles  from  Joppa,  is 
the  resort  of  numerotis  Christian,  Jewish,  and  Moham- 
medan pilgrims. 

Damascus  is  a  celebrated  city  about  the  centre  of 
Syria.  • 

Many  renowned  cities  of  antiquity  were  situated  in 
this  country,  the  principal  of  which  were,  Babylon, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Euphrates ;  Nin'eveh,  on  the 
1  igri3,  opposite  to  Mosul;  Troy,  near  the  Archipelaeo; 
and  Si  don  and  Tyre,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

An'tioch,  Palmy'ra,  and  Baal'bec,  in  Syria,  are  still 
famous  for  their  ruins. 


What  of  Damascus? 

What  is  said  of  cities  of 
antiquity  ? 


What  ancient  cities  in  Sy- 
riu,  still  famous  for  their 
ruins! 


Pal  esiine  or  Jude'a,  the  ancient  country  of  the  Jews, 
lies  in  the  southern'  part  of  Syria.  It  was  the  scene 
n|  most  ol  the  wonderful  events  recorded  in  the  Holv 
Scriptures.  ^ 

Momfaim.-Thc^  Taurus  Mountains  lie  between  tiie 
lllaciv  Sea  and  the  Medilerraiiean. 

iMi.  Ar'arat  lies  on  the  N.E.  boundary,  between  the 
Caspian  and  Black  Seas,  and  is  the  supposed  spot  on 
whic'i  the  Aik  of  Noah  rested  after  the  flood. 

Ml.  I  da,  south  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  is  a  celebrr>ted 
mountain. 

The  mountains  of  Lebanon  lie  in  Syria 

Mmds.-MyuWno  Scio,  Samos,  Patmos,  and 
Rhodes,  ho  It!  the  Archipelago. 

Cyprus,  in  the  Levant,  belongs  to  Egypt. 

Lake— The  Asphalti'tes  or  Dead  Sea,  is  a  Jake  in 
Syria  about  60  miles  in  length,  and  is  supposed  to 
occupy  the  site  of  ancient  Sod'om  and  Gomor'rah. 
Its  water  is  salt  and  bitter,  and  remarkable  for  its 
weight. 

Itwers.—The  Euphiates  falls  into  the  Persian  Qulf. 
I  he  I  igris  IS  a  branch  of  the  Euphrates. 
I  lie  J.,r  dan  rises  in  Mt.  Hei'mon,  flows  through 
Uke  Tiberias  or  Genesarfith,  and  falls  into  the  Dead 

The  Kizil  Fr'mak  falls  into  the  Black  Sea 
TiJi.r'*'~^"^''''"''  *'°'"'''  """^  I^'«'-be'k'r>  on  the 
I      «"s'snrah  and  Erzerum',  on  the  Euphrates. 
!       1  reb  isond,  on  ihe  Black  Sea. 
I  ^^  Angora,  an  inland  town   near  the  centre  of  Asia 

Scu'lari,  oil  the  Channel  of  Constantinople,  opposite 
llie  city  ol  Constantinople.  ''it 

'  Bru'sa,  on  a  small  river  which  empties  into  the  Sea 
01  .Marmora. 

Smyr'im,  on  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna,  an  arm  of  the 
Archipelago,  is  noted  for  its  tigs. 

Tarsus,  on  the  Cydnus,  la  miles  from  the  Mediter- 
""?:'•  ':."'■""■  •-  ""-•  ^ir-.h-piacti  of  Sl.i-aul. 

Inpoli,  Bey'r.)iit,  Acre,  and  Joppa  or  Jaffa,  on  the 
iMeiliterraiieau. 

Aleppo,  an  inland  town  in  Syria,  was  nearly  de- 
siroye;!  Iiy  an  canlujuakc  in  1822. 


What  is  said  of  Palestine  ? 


Where    are    the    Tourus 
Mountains? 

What    is   sold  of  Mount 
Ararat  ? 

Mount  Ida  I 

What  mountains  in  Syria  ? 
WImt   islands  lie  in  the 
Archipelago  ? 

What  is  said  of  Cyprus  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  As- 

phaltites  or  Dead  Sea  ? 


Where  does  tho  Kuphra- 

tes  fall  ? 
What  branch  has  it  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  Jordan! 


The  Kizil  Irmnk  ? 

Wliat  towns  on  the  Tigris! 

What  on  the  Euphrates  ? 
Where  is  Trebisbnd  ? 
A  ngora  1 

Scutari  ? 

Brusa  f 

What  is  said  of  Smyrna? 
Tarsus  ? 

What  towns  on  tlie  Medi- 
terranean ? 

What  is  said  of  Aleppo  1 


BBKPXRB    OF    JAP 

The  Japan  Islands  lie  E.  of  the  Chinese  Empire, 
and  are  separated  from  it  by  the  Channel  of  Tartary 
Sea  of  Japan,  and  Strait  of  Corea. 

The  principal  of  these  islands  are  Jesso,  Kiphon, 
bikoke,  and  Knisiu.  '        ' 

The  Island  of  Saghalien  belongs  partiv  to  the  Chi- 
nese empire  and  partly  to  the  empire  of  Japan 

The  empire  of  Japan  contains  250,000  square  miles, 
and  14,000,000  inhabitants.  i  <are  mues, 

Strails.— The  Strait  of  Corea  separates  Niphon  and 
J4.1US1U  from  Carea. 

The  Strait  of  Sangar  or  JIatsmay  separates  Jesso 
from  Niphon. 

The  Channel  of  Tartary  separates  Saghalien  from 
Chinese  Tartary. 

JesTo"  ^'™''  °^  ^  P'^fouse  separates  Saghalien  from 

Towns.— .^eMo,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Niphon,  is 
the  capital,  and  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the  world. 

Mia  CO,  W.  of  J-ddo,  is  a  lur.'c  city. 
.    Nangasaki  (JVan-ga-sa'-kc),  iu  the  island  of  Kiusiu, 
•IS  the  only  port  for  foreign  trade;  which  is  allowed 
only  witl;  the  Phinese  and  Dutch. 

The  Jap'anese  are  one  of  the  most  civilized  nations 
of  Asia,  but  Mrp;.^.,  even  the  Chinese  in  the  rigorous 
exclusion  of  iurfjsners. 


AK. 

Where  do  the  Japan  Isl- 
ands  lie  ? 

Winch  are  the  principal  ? 

What  is  said  of  Saghalien? 

Whnt  ore  the  extent  and 
pnpulalion  of  the  empire 
ol  Jopan  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Strait 
of  Corea  ? 

The  Strait  of  Sangar  or 
Matsmay  ? 

The  Channel  of  ^rtary  ? 
The  Strait  of  La  Perouse  ? 
What  is  said  of  Jeddot 

Miaco  ? 
Nangasaki  ? 


Whnt   is  said  of  the  J  a 
panese  ? 


SOUTHERN  ASIA. 
FARTEIER  ZSTDIA  OR  CHIN  INDIA. 


Bo«n,7«r,M.- Bounded  N.  by  Thibet  ant.  China; 
E.  and  S  E.  by  the  China  Sea;  an.l  W.  by  the  Strai 
ol  Malacca,  the  Bay  of  Bengal',  and  Ilindoslan. 

It  conlaiMS  900,000  square  mdcs,  and  20,000,000 
inhabitants.  >       >  "" 

rarlher  India  is  divided  into  numerous  independent 
Slates  ;  the  principal  of  which  arc  ih"  einpir.  of  Anain, 

incllldlllo-    Tr.noilill    /Tan  ;tii"i      I     •  I-       ,  •      ri 

„„,!  n  "i  ,."''!"'  I  ■«"«-'•' c«  j,  Laos,  Oochiii-Cniiia 
and  Caiiibodia,  in  the  E. ;  the  kingdom  of  Siam',  in 
^ic  mid.lle;  Malacca  or  Malaya  in  the  S.:  and  the 
Birnmn  Empire  in  the  \V. 

i'..7./n,i//<,._The  Peninsula  of  Malacca  is  united  to 
the  mainland  by  the  Isthmus  of  Kraw. 


Bound  Farther  India, 


Whnt  arc  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

How  is  Farther  India  di- 
vided ? 


How  is  the  Peninsula  of 
Malacca  united  to  the 
mainland  ? 


00 


HINDOSTAN  —  BELOOCH  1ST  AN  — ARABIA. 


Bulf».  —  Tonquin  and  Siam,  on  the  ea»tcrn,  and 
Martaban',  on  ihe  western  coast,  are  the  principal 
gulfs. 

Strait. — The  Strait  of  Malacca  separates  Malacca 
from  the  Island  of  Suma'tra,  and  forms  a  commu- 
nication between  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and  the  China 
Sea. 

Islands.  —  The  Andaman'  and  Nicobar'  Islands  lie 
in  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Rivers.  —  The  Irrawad'dy  falls  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal. 

The  Sal  wen  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Marlaban. 

The  Meinam'  flows  through  Siam  and  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Siam. 

The  Cambodia  or  Mecon  flows  through  Laos  and 
Cambodia,  and  empties  into  the  China  Sea  by  several 
months. 

Totcns. — Rangoon',  A'va,  Umempoo'ra,  and  Mon- 
chobo,  on  the  Irrawaddy,  the  last  of  which  is  the 
capital  of  the  Birman  empire. 

Pegu',  situated  a  little  N.  of  Rangoon,  was  once  a 
celebrated  city,  but  now  lies  in  ruins. 

Malacca,  on  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  and  Singapore', 
on  a  small  isltind  near  the  southern  coast  of  Malacca, 
are  in  possession  of  the  English. 

Bankok,  on  Meiuam  River,  is  the  capital  of  Siam. 

Saigon',  near  the  mouth  of  Cambodia  River,  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  Cambodia. 

Hue,  near  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  is  the  capital  of  the 
empire  of  Anam.  It  is  noted  for  the  extent  of  ite  for- 
tifications. 


Which  oro  the  princiDol 
gutfi  t 

Wfint  ia  sail]  of  the  Strait 
of  Malacca  f 


What   iaiands  Itn   in  the 
Bay  ol  Uengal  1 

What  ia  aaid  of  tho  Irra- 
waddy 1 

Tho  Salwcn  1 

The  Moinam  t 

Tho  Combodia  or  Mecon  I 


What  town)  on  the  Irra- 
waddy f 

What  is  aaid  of  Pegu  f 
Malacca  and  Singapore  t 

I3ankokT 
.Saigon  t 

Huot 


Towns. — Calcut'la,  on  tho  lloogly,  is  the  capital  of  |  What  ia  aaid  of  Calcuitu? 
the  British  Dominions. 


HXNDOSTAXr. 

Boundaries. — Hindo8tan,or  India  within  the  Ganges, 
is  bounded  N.  by  Thibet;  E-  by  Farther  India;  S.  E. 
by  the  Bay  of  Bengal ;  S.  by  the  Itidian  Ocean ;  and 
S.  W.  and  \V.  by  the  Arabian  Sea,  Beloochistan  and 
Afghanistan. 

Hcontains  1,250,000  square  miles,  and  140,000,000 
inhabitants. 

The  British  are  masters  of  nearly  all  India ;  their 
territory  embracing  an  extent  of  about  1,000,000 
square  miles,  with  a  population  of  125,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

The  European  population,  by  which  these  vast  pos- 
sessions are  governed,  docs  not  exceed  50,000. 

Mountains. — The  Himmnleh,  between  Hindostan 
and  Thibet,  are  the  loftiest  mountains  in  the  world. 

Chamoulari,  the  most  elevated  peak,  is  the  highest 
mountain  on  the  globe,  being  29,000  feet,  or  Sj  miles 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  Eastern  Ghauts  lie  near  the  Eastern  or  Coro- 
mandel  Coast 

The  Western  Ghauts  lie  near  the  Western  or  Mala- 
bar' Coast. 

Jjescrt. — The  Great  Sandy  Desert  lies  in  the  W.  of 
Hindostan. 

Gulfs. — ^The  Gulfs  of  Cutch  and  Cambay'  lie  on 
the  western  coast. 

Islands.  —  Cey'lon  lies  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  E.  of 
Cape  Com'orin,  and  ia  separated  from  the  main  land  by 
Palk's  Strait  and  the  Gulf  of  Manaar'. 

It  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  noted  for  produc- 
ing the  finest  cinnamon  in  the  world. 

The  Lac'cadives  and  Maldives  lie  ofT  the  Malabar 
coast. 

Rivers. — The  Brahmapu'lra,  Gan'ges,  Goda'very, 
Kristna,  and  Cavery,  (M  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

"The  Ganges  discharges  its  waters  by  many  ^nouths, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Eastern  and  the  Hoogly, 
the  former  of  which  unites  with  the  Brahmaputra. 

.Mtlll    tt....    til""    .!.-«    —-"5 

The  Indus  falls  into  the  Arabian  Sea. 
The  Sutledge  is  a  branch  of  the  Indus. 
"The  Nerbud'dah  and  Taptce  fall  into  the  Gulf  of 
Cambay. 


Bound  Hindoatan. 


What  arc  ila  extent  and 
population  ? 

What  i^  aaid  of  the  British 
posaessions  in  India  1 


What    is    the   European 
tpopulation  t 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  Ilim 
maleh  Mountains  I 

Of  Chamoulari  t 


Where   aro   the  Eaatern 
Ghauts  r 

Tho  Western  Ghauta  J 


Where  is  tho  Great  Sondy 
Dcaert  1 

What  gulfs  on  tho  western 
coaal? 

Where  does  Ceylon  lie  t 


To  what  nation  doea  it  be- 
long, and  tor  what  is  it 
noted  1 

What  islands  lie  off  tho 
Malabar  coast  T 

What  rivers  fall  into  tho 
Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

What  is  said  oi  the  GangesI 


What  river  falls  into  it ' 
Where  does  the  Indus  fall  1 
What  branch  has  it  f 
What  rivers  fall  into  ihe 
Gulf  of  Cambay? 


Serampore',  a  little  north  of  Calcutta,  is  tho  seat  of 
the  Kaplist  Mission. 

Dacca,  on  an  outlet  of  the  Ganges  into  the  Brah- 
maputra. 

Moorshedabod',  Patna,  Bena'rcs,  and  Allahabad',  on 
the  Ganges. 

Agra  and  Del  hi,  on  the  Jumnah,  the  latter  of  which 
was  the  capital  of  the  Mogul  empire. 

Lucknow',  on  a  brunch  of  the  Ganges. 

Juggernaut',  Madras',  Pondichet'ry,  and  Trnnquebar', 
on  the  Coromandel  coast,  tho  last  of  which  belongs  to 
Denmark.  Juggernaut  is  noted  for  its  famous  idol 
called  Juggernaut  or  Vishnu. 

Nngpoor',  on  a  branch  of  the  Godavery. 

Hydrabad',  on  a  branch  of  the  Kristna. 

Golconda,  near  Hydrabad,  is  famous  for  its  dia- 
monds. 

Seriiigapatara',  on  the  Cavery,  was  once  the  capital 
of  Mysore'. 

Bombay  {Bom-bay'),  Goa,  and  Cochin  (Co-cheen% 
on  the  Mclabar  coast. 

Poo'nah,  S.  E.  of  Bombay. 

Cambay,  on  the  Gulf  of  Cambay. 

Siirat',  on  Taptee  River,  near  its  mouth. 

Cashmere',  famous  for  its  shawls,  is  situated  on  a 
tribulnrv  of  the  Sutledge,  in  the  N.  W.  of  Hindostan. 

Lahore',  on  a  branch  of  tlie  Sutledge,  is  the  capital 
of  the  Punjab  or  country  of  the  Seiks. 

Umritsir,  N.  E.  of  Lahore. 

Columbo,  on  the  western  coast  of  Ceylon,  is  the 
capital  of  the  island. 

The  Hindoos  are  divided  into  four  principal  castes, 
viz.: — 1st,  the  Bramins  or  priests;  2d,  the  soldiers; 
3d,  the  merchants;  and  4th,  the  laborers. 

Persons  of  difTerent  castes  are  not  allowed  to  inter- 
marry, or  even  eat  or  dritik  together,  under  pain  of 
losing  caste,  and  of  being  driven  from  socie'y. 


Soramporo  f 

Whore  ia  Dacca  1 

WImt  towns  on  the  Gan- 
goaf 

What  on  the  Jumnah  ? 

Where  ia  I.ucknow  f 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  towns 
on  the  Coromandel  coaatf 


Where  ia  Nagpoor  ? 

Hydrabad  I 

What  ia  aaid  of  Golcondat 

Seringapatam  t 

What  towns  on  the  Mala- 
bar coast  7 

Where  is  Poonah  t 
Cambay  1 
Surot  ? 
Cashmere  t 

What  ia  said  of  Lahore  t 

Where  ia  Umritsir  T 
What  ia  aaid  of  Columbo  t 


How  aro  tho  Ilindooa  di- 
vided! 


What  is  aaid  of  poraona 
of  difToreiU  caatca  t 


BBfiOOOBXSTAir. 


Boundaries. — ^Bounded  N.  by  Afghanistan;  E.  by 
Hindostan ;  S.  by  the  Arabian  Sea  and  Gulf  of  Ormus ; 
and  W.  by  Persia. 

It  contains  300,000  square  miles,  and  2,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

The  population  consists  of  numerous  independent 
tribes,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Brahooes,  in  the 
east,  atid  the  Beloo'ehes,  in  the  west. 

River. — The  Maskid  falls  into  the  Sea  of  Arabia. 

Town. — Kelat',  on  Maskid  River,  is  the  capital. 


Bound  Beloochistan. 


What  aro  ita  extent  end 
population  ( 

What  ia  said  of  tho  popu- 
lation? 

Where  doca  the  Maakid 

fall? 
What  ia  aaid  of  Kelat? 


ARABIA. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
and  Syria ;  E.  by  Turkey,  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the 
Gulf  nf  Ormus  ;  S.  by  the  Arabian  Sea  and  the  Indian 
Ocean ;  and  W.  by  the  Strait  of  Ba'belman'del,  the 
Red  Sea,  and  Egypt- 
It  contains  1,000,000  square  miles,  and  10,000,000 
inhabitants 


#■ 


Bound  Arabia, 


What  are  ita  extent  and 
population  ? 


Arabia  e 
sandy  dest 
Oases;  ant 
rivers. 

Arabia  ii 
Arabia  Peti 

Arabia  £ 
interior  par 
western,  an 

The  pop 
dering  tribe 
who  frequi 
through  the 


Nearly  all 

dominion  of 

Mountains 

thj  northern 

brated  in  Scr 

I      Gulf.—Tl 

'  mity  of  the  I 

Towns.— Hi 

mous  as  the  I 

Jidda,  on  tl 

Medi'na,  nc 

Mohammed  v 

Akabah,  on 

Mocha,  on 

Sa'na,  norili 

A'den,  on  tl 

mandel,  is  a  st 

British  East  Ii 

tween  Su'ez  ai 

Muscat',  on 

Oman. 

The  ancient 
N.W.ofArabi 
in  the  world,  tl 
out  of  the  soli 


Arabia  is  eel 
horses. 

The  Arabs  ; 
descended  froti 

They  are  foi 
form  a  large  po 
bia,  and  Northi 


1.  How  ia  Asia 
contain  ?  3.  In  w 
and  Middle  Asia  J 
Tho  next  three. 

Mountains S. 

ll.TheBelurTnj 
level  of  tho  aea  T 

Daerti 14.  W 

Great  Salt  Deaort, 
PoraianGulf?  17 
The  Sea  of  Ochoti 

Jiivert — 23.  Be( 
rraat  countrius  wo 
with  reapect  to  the 
Amoor?  28.  Yen 
to  Nankin  I    30.  D 


13 


aid  of  Culcutlu  f 


Dacca? 

wni  on  the  Oan- 
the  Jumnah  f 

Lucknow  f 

said  of  tho  towns 
^uromondelcooatt 


I  Nngpoor  f 

I? 

said  of  Golcondat 

Btamt 

wns  on  the  Mala- 
i8tr 

I  Poonah  f 
f 

ef 

aald  of  Lahore  t 

a  Umritsir  7 
said  of  Columbo  t 


the  Hindoos  di- 


I  laid  of  persons 
ireni  castes  I 


leloochislan. 


ro  ila  extent  and 
It  ion  { 

said  of  the  popu- 
? 

does  the  Maskid 
said  of  Kelat  t 


Vrabia. 


re  its  extent  and 
ition  ? 


Arabis  eontiatt  chiefly  of  .tony  mountain,  and  hoi 
wndy  .lespft.,  i.iter.per.ed  with  fertile  spot,  called 
Oa.e. ;  and  is  almoat  wholly  de.titute  of  fore.l.  and 
rivoTfl. 

Arabia  is  divided  into  Arabia  Deseria  or  Desert, 
Arabia  Petraja  or  Stony,  and  Arabia  Felix  or  Happy 

Arabia  Deserta  comprise,  nil  the  north-eastern  and 
interior  parts  of  the  country;  Arabia  I'elraja  the  north- 
western, and  Arabia  Felix  the  .oulh-wcstcrn  parts 

Iho  population  of  Arabia  Deserta  consists  of  wan- 
dering tribes  of  Arabs,  called  Bedouins  (fle-Z'-oo-w^ 
who   frequently   plunder   the   caravans   which    pass] 
through  their  country.  ' 


What  is  ssid  of  Arabia  f 


How  is  it  divided  t 

What  Dorta  are  comprised 
in  tlR^mj  divisions  re- 
spectively J 

What  is  said  of  tho  popu- 
lation of  Arabia  Oesuriat 


AFRICA. 


Anib  Tent. 


Nearly  all  the  weatem  coast  of  Arabia  is  under  the 
dominion  of  Egypt. 

Mountaim—Moxint  Si'nai  and  Mount  Ilo'reb,  near 

hr»,r7"'l'"  ."'^"Vfy  "f  'he  Red  Sea,  are  much  cele- 
brated in  Scripture  history. 

GM//._The  Gulf  of  Ak'abah  forms  the  N.  E.  cxlre- 
;  may  of  the  Red  Sea.  "  i^.  r-.  exire- 

Toiwu.— Mecca,  40  miles  from  the  Red  Sea,  is  fa- 

■" Tld?  "".^'oPl"''  °^  "'«  ""P"^'"^  Atoham'med. 
Jidda,  on  the  Red  Sea,  is  the  port  of  Mecca. 

Medi  na,  north  of  Mecca,  is  noted  as  the  place  where 
Mohammed  was  buried.  ^ 

I      Akabah,  on  the  Gulf  of  Akabah. 

Mocha,  oil  the  Red  Sea,  is  celebrated  for  its  coffee. 

ba  na,  north  of  Mocha. 

A'den,  on  the  Indian  Ocean  near  the  Strait  of  Babel- 
nr!!u,hv  1  V°PP';!.«-P'''"  <'°f  'he  steam-vessels  of  the 
iw«n  <!  '  ''«1,"»  Company,  employed  on  the  line  be- 
tween Su  ez  and  Bombay. 

olT"'''  °"  ^^^  ®""'  °^  °"""''  "  ">"  "P"«l  "^ 
The  ancient  but  now  deserted  town  of  Pe'tra,  in  the 
In  '.r:  1?  u  '  "?'  .°"*  "'"  '''•'  ™°8'  remarkable  cities 
I.^,  .^f"^^  '  !^'  '"''"'"'^n'^  having  lived  in  houses  cut 
out  01  the  solid  rock. 


horeM'*'*  "  '"''^'"^"«'  '"'•  •'«  excellent  coffee  and  fine 

i\Z^!/?f^  *"■?  f  ''^T  P^""''"  "">«'  supposed  to  be 
descended  from  Ishmael,  the  son  of  Abraham. 

,  '°fm  a  arge  portion  of  the  population  of  Egypt,  Nu- 
bia, and  Northern  Africa,  '-sj'pi,  11U 


What  port  of  Arabia  be- 
longs to  Egypt  f 

What  is  snid  of  Mount  .Si- 
nai and  Mount  Horob  I 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Ak- 
abah ? 

What  is  said  of  Mecca  f 

Jidda? 
.Medina? 

Where  is  Akabah  ? 
What  13  said  of  Mocha  1 
Where  is  Sana  ? 
What  is  said  of  Aden  ? 


What  of  Muscat  f 

The  ancient  town  of  Pe- 
tra? 


For  what  is  Arabia  cele- 
brated ? 

What  is  said  of  tho  Arabs? 

In  what   other  countries 
are  they  found  ? 


QUESTIONS  ON  ASIA. 

contai!>T  l.lrwh^arzl.ts  d'oe^A^ialo"?  'T  Wh"",''"  '""^  ^"^  """"y  '''""''it.n.s  does  it 
and  Middle  Asia  ?  5.  In  lou.rern  Asia  ?  fi  k^n  l,'„°,""'"r  """  '""^'"^'^  '"  Northern 
The  next  three,    ^r...  H.;  A™,  and  FT     "' ^'"""  "'«"*<' '"8''«  countries  in  Asia.    7. 

A'b'Z-T^TII'  ^{l^:  !^tt**^i;l"'"r    '■  I'"'.^"?^ '    >«•  The  Him,naleh  ? 


P,.„K.. 


rrna:  countriea  would  vou  pass  anit  whm'Trr^t.'i.T ""j"  ""■"  """"S  to  "s  source,  ihrouah 
with  respect  to  the  folfowingf%4  The  Idus?  25  Th«  C  ""'","  1".^'"  The  same 
Ampor?    28.  Yenisei?    29.Vhat  is  the  d^r...L^Lf  tl.?""?.'f '    26- Irrawaddy ?    27. 


Amoor  ?    28.  YeniaeiT  29.°Wh"ati8  the  d'.Tp°.inn'"'.'nl  h"  «»nges  ?    26.  Irrawaddy  ?""27~ 
^O^h.  to  Yakout°sk'?  "aL'Trbolsk'  t'o"Tre°bTso7d'l''  '""  """  fr""  ^««<'«' 


to  Nankin? 


CaiSVHU. 


Africa  is  a  va.t  Peninsula  united  to  Asia  by  the 
isthmus  of  Su  ez,  75  miles  wide. 

^otmrfuriM.— Bounded  N.  by  the  Stmit  of  Gibraltar 
and  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  which  separate  it  from 
hiirope;  E.  by  Arabia  and  the  Indian  Ocean;  S.  by 
the  Southern  Ocean  ;  and  S.  W.  and  \V.  by  the  Atlantic 

It  contains  U, 000,000  square  miles,  and  00,000,000 
inhaoitants.  '       ' 

Africa  is  remarkable  for  the  ignorance  and  barbarism 
of  its  inhabitants,  and  lor  its  vast  sandy  deserts  almost 
destitute  of  water,  and  infested  by  ferocious  beasts  of 
prey. 

It  is  almost  wholly  destitute  of  inland  seas  and  na- 
vigable rivers  The  trade  between  the  different  coun- 
tries  is  earned  on  by  companies  of  travelling  merchanU, 
called  caravans.     The  camel  is  the  beast  of  burden 

Mountains.— The  Atlas  Mountains  lie  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  Great  Desert,  and  traverse  the  Bar- 
bary  States  from  E.  to  W. 

The  Jibbel-Kumri,  or  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  se- 
parate Soudan  from  Ethiopia. 

The  Mountains  of  Kong  separate  Soudan  from 
uuinea. 

The  Mountains  of  Lupata  lie  on  the  eastern  coast. 

1  he  Snow  Mountains  lie  in  the  south  of  Africa 

Uulfs,  <^c.»— The  Red  Sea  or  Arabian  Gulf  lies  be- 
tween Africa  and  Arabia. 

Sidra  and  Cabes,  on  the  north,  and  the  Gulf  of 
Gum  ea  on  the  west,  are  the  other  principal  gulfs 

Mozambique'  Channel  lies  between  Mozambique 
and  Madagascar. 

Capes.— Cape  Blanco,  in  Tunis,  is  the  most  north- 
ern point  of  Africa,  Cape  Guardafui  is  the  most  eastern, 
t^pe  Agul  has  the  most  southern,  and  Cape  Verde  the 
most  western  point. 
I      Cape  Bon,  near  Cape  Blanco. 

|;Ma?aJa'sSn"'""''  ""  '^^  ^'^^  "'"  ^^""^  °PP°*"«  '° 

'     Cape  of  Good  Hope,  on  the  south  of  Africa,  near 
t/ape  Agulhas. 

of  Gt'.inea^"'"'^'  ^^'"""'  ""''  ^^^'""'''°'  °"  'he  coast 
^j^-?!^"j°^-— Africa  may  be  considered  under  seven 

anJlSrortL^SVitS^  '''  Barbary  States, 

NS!a,TI;dIb;"S°'''^'^"^'*""'"'''"^^^^P'' 

.n^^K^*"'™'/'^'^'  '"•'•"'''ng  Soudan  or  Nigri'tia, 
and  the  unexplored  regions  of  Ethiopia ; 

4th.  East  Africa,  extending  from  Abyssinia  to  Caf- 
fraria.  and  including  the  country  of  the  Somau'lis, 
Ajan  ,  Zanguebar',  and  Mozambique ; 

nf^!!'"«°.""'  '^'"'''"'  '"'^''"''"ff  Caffraria,the  country 
of  the  Hot'tentots,  and  Capo  Colony  ^ 

T±t  n.Z'-^tlf"^'''^'''^  Senegam^bia,  Upper  and 
"     :h"  ThrA^  "1 1.!°.™^^  °' «''«  Cimbebas';  and 


What  is  said  of  Africa? 
How  is  it  bounded  ? 


Whot  are  its  extent  and 
population  ? 

For  what    is  Africa    re- 
markable ? 


What  IS  said  of  its  seas 
and  rivers,  and  how  is 
trade  carried  on  between 
tho  different  countries  ? 

Wlial  is  said  of  the  Atlas 
Mountains  ? 


The    Jibbel  -  Kiimri,     or 
Mountains  of  the  Moon  ? 

Tho  Mountains  of  Kong? 

Tho  Mountains  of  Lupata? 
What  mountains  lie  in  the 

south  r 
Where  does  the  Red  Sea 

or  Arabion  Gulf  lie  ? 

Which  are  the  other  prin- 
cipal gulfs  ? 

Where  is  Mozambique 
Channel  ? 

What  capea  on  the  N.,  E., 
S.,  and  \V.  points  of 
Africa  I 


Where  is  Cape  Bon  ? 
Cape  Corrientes  ? 

Capo  of  Good  Htfpe  ? 

What  capes  on  the  cosst 
of  Guinea  ? 

What  are  the  divisions  of 
Africa  ? 


7th.  The  African  Islands. 


•Africa  is  remarkable  for  the  regularity  of  its  coasts    Hn~H 
consequently  contains  but  few  gulfs  or  bays.  ' 


I 


Tho  cliiim 

The  iiihali 
bclon){  u>  tilt 

Many  np)( 
ried  to  Amen 
nalinna ;  but 
abated. 

There  are 
and  I'a^^anitir 
every  where, 
tries  of  the  ^ 
vailing  rcligio 


,      Boundaries 

.  raluir  and  Me( 

and  K!,'y|)t ;  S 

by  tho  Adantir 

Tbeycoiiini 

iidiiil)itants. 

The  Burbarj 
Tripoli,  inrln'i 
•iiid  llh,  the  I 
Morocco,  and  ( 
!  Vfilan'  ia  n 
Sahara.  It  bel 
The  territor 
S.diara  is  aoine 

iiflliltCS. 

The  Rniba  y 
llicir  piracies  oi 

Tlie  inlj:ibitai 
principal  of  wh 
Jews. 

•Algiers  or  A 
conqnercd  in  18 
I  it  still  remains. 

Myiinlains. — 
horn  Tripoli  to 

Gulfs,  S,r.—' 
between  Tripoli 

The  Gulf  of  C 

The  Strait  of 
Morocco  from  S, 


Towns. — Tnipr 

Modiicnanoan,  the 

Dernc  and  Denj 

ihe  former  of  wh 

Americans  nndor  C 

Gadames,  an  inl 

Mourzouk'  is  th 

Tunis. — Tnnis, 
n  lagoon  four  mile! 
file  of  ancient  Car 

Kairwan',  .south 


^ 


30 


'■"•"Wo^, 


20 


10 


"^^1 

acJe^ 

^R^ 

r^i 

^1 

wk 

10 


■^*» 


20 


30 


Tho  clinmtfl  of  Afrir«  i.  th«  l,„t.r.Hl  „.,  it,,.  kI„I,o 

Monl  ttllTr  ""  ""•"  ''"'"*• '""'  ""•"«"•  "'^•"' 
belong  to  (he  black  or  npjjro  race 

Muny  neuron,  of  \V,.Htt.rn  Africo  have  been  rar- 
r.e.l  to  America  an.l  nuluce.!  to  ,l,.vory  by  Kron?„n 
nation.;   but   th«   i„f„,„„u,    .ra„ic   ,/ nL   grc'u.ly 

an,l'!w  '"^  *""  '■'!«'«'«"'"  Rnvernment.  in  Africa; 
and  I  aKaniHni,  n,  iIn  nio,t  .Icgrading  form.  prevalU 

taTllr/rS;?;,!"'  ^""''  '^'"''--e''-".™  i,  the  pre- 


iLli!i^Y_STATKl3^7^       OrTiT^'  GKEat" 


DESERT. 


What    ii   nid  of  tho  rli. 

niiiio  uf  AlricB  » 
Wliul  ul  iliB  iiihabitnnia  f 

VVIiiihcr   Invo   ninny  n«. 

priwuof  Wnstern  Al'rico 
Iji'on  curried  I 


VVImt  ia  anid  of  ihn  gov- 
crnnKMiiH  and  reliaioiu 
ofAlncaf 


NORTHERN  AFRICA. 
8ARBARV    STATBS. 


r«lfr  ?."»*''•>  ~^"""''"'  N-  ''y  "-^  Strait  of  Gib. 

n    F,    ;  t     s'f '^^r"  ^'^''•.  ^-  ''y  "'•'  »>''''i'"mne,.n 

".y  .l';'illamh:.''  '"'"'™  "^  "'"  ^'«-'  I^""'i  -"J  ^V'. 

iiihnlman'ir''""  °°'''""°  ''l"""""'". «nd  10,000,000 
Tlie  liarbary  Slates  are  four  in  number,  viz.— l^t 
Irpol,,  ,n,|„,i„g  n«rcn;    2d,  Tuni.;    3d,  A  piers' 
^'"-1  iih,  the  Knipire  of  Moroc'co,  composedT  Fez' 
Morocco,  and  other  provinces.  I  ""«-"  oi  !•  ez, 

Salmrr"!,'"!  "/""'"  °"^"'  "'"""*''  "«"'  'he  centre  of 
aarmra.     |t  lielong.s  to  Tnpuli. 

The  territory   between    the   Alias   Mountains  and 

'I'liP  na'.i;,  y  Slates  were  formerly  much  noted  for 
.heir  pnaci,.  „,.  the  commerce  of  cfirislian  n2L 

1  l>e  inhabuanls  cisist  of  several  dislinct  races-  ihe 
prmnpal  o,  which  ai-  the  Moors,  Arabs,  Berbers,' aJd 

^Mi,'iers   or  Algeria,  formerly  called  Numidia.  was 

Mnunlains.—'VUe  Alias  range  of  mountains  extends 
from     npol.  to  the  south  of  Alorocco.  mou 

bett:t4ti;7;^irca"''''" '-''  "^ '"'°  '"^  '-r^""« 

S.e  Sl"'„it"o?GThr'r  '".""■  ^^-i"*"  '^""'^-  N''"  «•  "f  C-"-' 

Morocco  ro.nspat''™'''^'  '"'  ""'"  "''''''  -P«""-    VV.,,,  .  ,„id  of  ih,  Siraii 
'  01  (jihraltar  f 


How    ore     the    Barbary 
olalOB  bounded  ( 


VVlint  nrn  ihcir  extent  and 
pupulaiion  I 

nowinanyofthcsoSlntes 
ore  Ihi^ri',  and  what  arc 
their  nainosf 


What  ia  said  of  Fezzsn  1 

What  ia  the  territory  be- 
tween  the  Atlna  Mta. 
and  Sahara  somctiincs 

^ctillcd  f 

f'lir  what  were  the  Bnrbary 
•Sinus  formerly  noted  ( 

WImtia  said  of  tho  inhab 
ilants  t 

What  is  said  of  Algiers  or 
Algeria/  ' 

WImt  is  said  of  the  Atlas  I 
iilountainsf 


I  thcO.  ofSidraf 


08 


Algient. 


Alciehs.— Bona,  Algiers,  and  Oran',  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, of  which  Algiers  is  the  capital. 
Conslantina,  an  inland  town  E.  of  the  city  of  Algiers. 

MoHoc  CO— Morocco,  situated  on  a  small  stream 
which  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  is  the  capital. 

of  f"^'  ^'  ^'  ""^  *^"''°'='=''> '«  "'6  capital  of  the  kingd 

Kabat'  and  Mogadorc',  on  tho  Ailantie. 
Me(i  uiuez,  an  inland  town  west  of  Fez. 
Tangier',  on  the  Strait  of  Gibrallar. 


lom 


What  towns  on  the  Medi- 
terranean III  Algiers) 

Where  is  Conatantinil 

What  iaiho  capital  of  Mo- 
rocco t 

Where  ia  Fei » 

What  towns  on  the  Atlan- 
tic? 
Where  ia  Moquinez  I 
Tangier  ( 


SAHARA, 

OR    THE    GREAT    DESERT. 


TripnU. 


r,.,/n,.._TRiPou.— Mcsurala  and  Tripoli,  on  the 
.Mcd.tcnanean,  the  latter  of  which  is  the  rapilal. 

Derne  and  Bensazi,  on  the  Mediterranean,  in  Barca, 
■  le  former  of  which  was  raptured  in  1805,  by  the 
Americans  under  General  Raton. 

Gadanies,  an  inland  lown  S.  VV.  of  Tripoli 

Mourzouk'  is  tlir  capital  of  Fezzan. 

a  lagoon  lour  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  near  the 
•Mte  of  ancient  Carthage.  ' 

Kairwan',  south  of  Tunis. 


What  towns  on  the  Medi- 
terranean in  Tripoli  f 

What  in  Barca  J 


Where  is  Gadames  f 

Mourzouk  ( 

Wiiui  is  said  ot  'funis  ? 

Where  is  Kairwan  1 


Sand  Slurm. 


E  bv"."hl"v7>-~"r"','"''*=''  ^-  ^y  '^'  Barbary  Slates; 
famtaraid"w^  V^^^^^'l^^  «-^-'  ""^  ««-- 
It  contains  more  than         ,0,000  square  miles. 

Lybian  Desert.'""  °^  ^'""'™  '^  ''""•^'''"^«  ""«'^  "'« 

»hf^''T  ?°"r'?  "'■  ^  •"'''•'  '»'"''  but  little  elevated 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  surface  in  the  easl  „ 
sect  on  IS  composed  cliieny  of  gravel;  that  in  tie 
se™,!  l'""  ''"'■""S  ^'""'-  "J^hie  tw'o  sections 
othetl,  ^/  '""=', ""^  ''™y  '=°""'^y-  Lions  and 
Seser,  "'^P'-^^JJ  '^  "'e  horrors  of  this  frightful 

Sahara  is  inhabited  by  wandering  tribes  of  robbers, 
aiickf "  "  ""  '"^"^""^  '°°  ^^^^  ">  '^«i«t  theTr 
isla^ds"^whi!h'?''?'"^  '*!•"'  °^'''^  "-  'he  "ea  is  with 
Shrubs,  and  contain  spnngs  and  pools  of  water.  These 
afford  refreshment  tu  the  ■  .i  .Caravans  of  merchanN 
and  camels  which  cross  th.     ,  sert 

waves  and  couds  of  drifting  sand,  caused  by  hi^li 
a"r:;1;iiril'„«„":^.^  --P-y  -  =^0"0  mer'cha,r.s 
of  water'in""L"oa:;';.""'^  '"'  =°"^'^q"^^"^«  "'"'«  ftii"re 

ern^rt"of  Vr'""";  ""T  ^'S"'""  '"'^•"-  <he  wesi- 
Irom  the  salt  mines  o(  Morocco,  and  th,   fircat  De.erl 


Bound  Sahara  or  the  Great 
Desert. 

How  many  square  miles 

does  it  contain  t 
What  ia  the  eastern  part 

called  ? 

Describe  Sahara. 


By  whom  ia  Sahara  inhab- 
ited f 


What  ia  said  of  its  oases  ? 


What  ia  snid  of  the  dnn- 
gers  to  which  caravans 
are  cxpused  I 


For  what  purpose  do  cnra- 
vnns  fruni  Nigriiin  tra- 
verse liie  \V.  of  Sahara' 


M 


EOYPT  — NUBIA  — ABYSSINIA  — SOUDAN. 


COUNTRIES    OF    TlIK    NILE. 
■  OTVT. 


EorrT  WM  until  lately  under  the  dominion  of 
Turkey,  but  is  now   mlepcndont. 

Boundarie$.  —  V  unded  N.  by  the  Meditprranenn 
Sea;  E.  by  Arabia  and  ihe  ('  d  Sea;  S.  by  Nubia;  ar-* 
W.  by  the  Great  Pfsert  and  Barca. 

Il  conUins  200,000  square  miles,  and  2,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

Desert.— The  eastern  portion  of  the  Lybian  Desert 
traverses  the  western  part  of  Egypt  from  N.  to  3.  It 
contains  several  oases,  in  one  of  which  stood  the  cele- 
brated temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon. 

Rivers.— TUe  Nile  flows  ilirough  Ejnypt,  and  falls 
into  the  Meiiiterranean  by  two  principal  mouths. 

This  river  annually  overflows  iu  banks,  and  renders 
the  country  over  wliicK  its  waters  spread  of  remark- 
able fertility.  It  is  also  remarkable  os  receiving  no 
tributary  during  the  last  1500  miles  of  its  course. 

7W)M.— Cairo  (Ki'-ro)  and  Siout',  on  the  Nile,  the 
former  of  which  is  the  capital. 

Damiet'la,  on  the  eastern  mouth  of  the  Nile. 

Roset'ta,  on  the  western  moulh  of  the  Nile. 

Alexandria,  on  the  Mediterranean,  was  formerly  a 
very  celebrated  city,  but  is  now  greatly  decayed. 

Suez,  at  the  head  of  the  Red  Sea. 

The  ancient  city  of  Thebes,  on  the  Nile,  in  the 
south  of  Egypt,  is  still  celebrated  for  its  ruins. 

The  population  of  Egypt  consisU  of  Arabs,  Turks, 
and  CopU,  or  descendants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians. 

Egypt  abounds  in  splendid  remains  of  its  ancient 
grandeur ;  the  most  celebrated  of  which  are  iu  sphinxea 
and  other  statues;  its  obelisks  and  catacombs;  the 
ruins  of  its  ancient  cities  and  temples,  and  pa.iicularly 
its  famous  pyramids,  the  largest  of  which,  called  the 
pyramid  of  Cheops,  stands  on  12  acres  of  land,  and  is 
500  feet  in  height. 

The  pyramids  were  deservedly  ranked  by  the  an- 
cients among  their  "seven  wonders  of  the  world." 
The  time  and  purpose  of  their  erection  are  mvolved 
in  obscurity.  They  are  destined  to  remain  the  wonder 
of  successive  ages,  as  long  as  the  world  shall  endure. 


NUBIA. 

JBoMfwJarie*.  — Bounded  N.  by  Egypt;  E.  by  the 
i  Red  Sea;  S.  by  Abyssinia;  and  VV.  by  Soudan  and 

I  Sahara. 

It  contains  325,000  square  miles. 

Nubia  is  divided  into  several  kingdoms,  all  tributary 
•  to  Egypt;  the  principal  of  which  are  Don'gola,  Sen- 
!  naar',  and  Kordofan.  .       „  ,  , 

Deserts.— The  Nubian  Desert  occupies  all  the  north- 
eastern, and  the  GrcU  Desert  all  the  western  portion 
!  of  Nubia.  ,   .,  , . 

!      Rivers.— The  Nile  flows  through  Nubia  and  passes 
into  EirvPt.     Its  navigation  is  here  obstructed  by  nu- 

,  raerOUS  miim:  -tllir..  ...-  ••— T —  —   •; — • 

i      Bahr-el-Azrek  and  Bahr-el-Abiad  unite  and  form  the 

I  Nile. 

The  Tacaz'ze  is  a  branch  of  the  Nile. 


To    what    country    wu 
Egypt  aubject  until  Ittelyf 

How  is  Egjrpt  bounded  I 


Whnt  are  ill  extent  and 
population  I 

W  hat  is  said  of  the  eattern 
part  of  Ihe  Lybian  De 
•crtt 


How  does  the  Nile  flow  t 
What  ii  said  of  tbia  river  f 

What  towns  on  the  Nile  r 

Whem  ia  Damiettat 

Rosettat 

Whjt  ia  said  9f  Alexan- 
dria t 

Where  is  Suexf 

What  is  eaid  of  ancient 
Thebes  T 

What  ia  said  of  the  popu- 
lation of  Egypt  T 

What  i»  aaid  of  the  re- 
mains of  Egypl'a  ancient 
grandeur  I 


What  il  said  of  the  pyra- 
midal 


Toumi.  — Derr,  New  Dongola,  and  8hendy,  on  ilie 

Nil.'. 

Sennaar,  on  the  Bahr-rl-Axrek. 
Sua'krm,  on  the  Red  Sea. 

Nubia  abounds  in  inagiiiflrent  remains  of  ancient 
temples,  one  of  the  most  cilcbmted  of  which  it  the 
temple  of  Ibsam'bul,  on  the  Nile,  above  Derr. 


What  towns  on  the  Nil* f 

Where  ia  Hennaar  I 
riuaksml 

In    what    docs    Nubia 
abound  t 


ABTSSXlf  XA. 

Boundaries.  —  Abyssinia,  called  hy  the  ancients 
Ethiopia,  is  bounded  N.  by  Nubia ;  E.  by  the  Red  Sea 
and  Strait  of  Ilabeliiiandcl ;  S.  by  Add  and  Etiiiopin ; 
and  VV.  by  Soudan. 

It  contains  300,000  square  miles,  and  4,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

The  Galla,  a  very  warlike  and  fcroeious  race,  have 
conquered  some  of  the  southern  provinces  of  Abys- 
sinia. 

Ln*e.— I*ke  Dem'bea  discharges  its  watera  by  the 
Bahr-el-Azrck. 

Rivers.— The  Tacazze  and  Bahr-el-Azrck  rise  in 
Abyssinia  and  pass  into  Nubin. 

Toums. — Gon  dar,  near  Lake  Dcmbea,  is  the  capital. 


What  'van  Ahyaninlt  call- 
ed by  the  anrwnia,  and 
how  is  it  bounded  I 


What  are   ita  extent  and 
population  1 

WhatisaaidofibtOillat 


What  iasaidof  L.Dembeat 

What  rivers  rise  in  Abys* 
ainiat 

What  is  aaid  jf  Gondar  t 


Ulwtuk  ut  AiDm. 

Axum',  near  a  branch  of  the  Tacazze,  is  famous  for 
its  ruins. 

Maa'suah,  on  the  Red  Sea,  ia  the  principal  seajwrt. 


Axum  t 
Maaauaht 


CENTRAL   AFRICA. 


Bound  Nubia. 


How  many  aquare  miles 

does  it  contain  t 
How  is  Nubia  divided! 


What  is  said  of  the  deserUi 
of  Nubia  > 

What  is  aaid  of  the  Nile! 


What  two  rivers  form  the 

Nilet 
What  branch  baa  the  Nilet 


SOUDAN,    OK 

BouncZarie*.— Bounded  N.  by  Sahara ;  E.  by  Nubia 
and  Abyssinia;  S.  by  Ethiopia  and  Guinea;  and  W.by 
Senegambia. 

It  contains  1,500,000  square  miles. 

Nigritia  contains  a  number  o*'  independent  king- 
doms; the  principal  of  which  are  Dar'fiir,  Bergoo, 
Begharmi,  Bomou',  the  Fellatah  Kingdom,  including 
Hous'sa  and  other  districts;  Yarriba,Timbuc'too,  and 
Banibar'ra. 

Mountains. — ^The  Mountains  of  the  Moon  separate 
Nigritia  from  Ethiopia. 

The  Mountains  of  Kong  separate  it  from  Guinea. 

Lakes. — ^The  principal  lakes  are  Fittre  and  Tchad. 

Rivers.— The  Niger  (JVt'-jer),  or  Joliba,  flows  in  a 
very  circuitous  courae  through  the  western  part  of 
Nigritia,  and  passes  into  Guinea. 

The  Shary  and  Yeou  fall  into  Lake  Tchad. 

Tiie  Bahr-el-Abiad,  or  White  River,  rises  in  the 
Mountains  of  the  Moon  and  passes  into  Nubia. 

TowTis. — Cobbe,  an  inland  town,  is  the  capital  of 
Darfur. 

Wara,  an  inland  town,  is  the  capital  of  Bergoo. 

Kouka,  near  Lake  Tchad,  is  the  capital  of  Bornou. 

Youri,  Jenne,  and  Sego,  on  the  Niger,  lh«  last  of 
which  is  the  capital  of  Bambarra. 

Youri  is  noted  as  the  place  where  the  celebrated 
traveller,  Mungo  Park,  In  his  life. 

Eyeo,  near  the  Niger,  lu  the  south  of  Sou.  Ian,  is  the 
capital  of  Yarriba. 

Sackatoo',  on  a  bran'  h  of  the  Niger,  is  the  capital 
of  the  Fellatah  Kingdom. 


NXORXTXA. 

Bound  Soudan  or  Nigritia. 


How  many  square  milei 
does  it  contain  t 

What  ia  aaid  of  the  king- 
doms of  Nigritia) 


What  Mta.  aeparate  Ni- 
gritia from  Ethiopia  t 

What  Di'parala  it  from 
Guinea  I 

Which  are  the  principal 
Inkoe  t 

WImi  is  eaid  of  the  Niger 
or  Joliba  t 

What  rivers  fall  into  Lake 
Tchad  t 

What  IS  aaid  of  the  Bahr- 
el-Abiad  ! 

What  ia  aaid  of  Cobbe  I 


Warat 
Kouka t 
What  towns  on  the  Nigirl 

For  what  ia  Youri  noted  1 

What  ia  said  of  Eyeo  I 

Sackatoo  I 


Kano,  an 
Tiinbuc'io 
kingdom  of 

Soudan  (• 
fertile  region. 


oou: 


liounilariei 
dian  Ocenn ; 
bar' ;  and  VV. 

The  coiintr 
the  nrincijNil  < 

This   coun 
myrrh. 

Toim*.— Bi 
the  capital  of . 


Tub  coast . 
dent  couiitricb 
principal  of  w 
and  (^iiilo'a. 

Boundar 
the  liuliar  Oci 
Ethiopia, 

Caves  --Co 
Delgado  on  :',•• 

Tottms. — Mr 
I^moo,  Moinbii 
llie  capital  of  (, 


Tub  coast  of 
I  ous  tribes,  and  i 
I  The  Poiiugui 
biquc. 

Boundaries.— 
bar ;  E.  by  Mozb 
VV.  by  Ethiopia. 

Mountains. — ' 
Mozambique. 

/voX-c— Lake 

Hiver.  — The 
Channel. 

Town. — Moza 
the  capital  of  the 


MonilMNUal 
HannMU  f 

doci    Nubl* 


I  Abyiiiiniteill- 
«•  tiiriBnt*,  uid 
t  bounded  I 


im  arlent  ind 
ion  I 

aidofih«UilUt 


udorL.Dentbcil 
en  rUc  in  Abyi- 
•id  af  Oondtf  t 


oudanorNigrilit. 


uiy  square  miles 
:  contain  T 
■aid  of  the  king- 
>f  NigritiaT 


Its.   eeparate   Ni- 
from  Ethiopia f 
M^parate    ii    from 
at  .     , 

are  the   principal 

said  of  the  Niger 
ibat 
vers  fall  into  Lake 

said  of  the  Dahr- 
iad? 
I  said  of  Cobba  t 


iww  on  the  Niger? 
at  is  Youri  noted  t 
I  said  of  Eyeo  t 


S.>M.UL.S-/AN^ni£nAK-Mo^  COLONY.  ETC.' 


K«no,  nit  iiilantl  town  in  llouasa 

l.in''Ji!'lIl!"''r"^'  T'  "'"  ^'«"'  '•  "'"  '"P'"*"  °(  ""> 
kingdutn  of  1  iinbucirx),  ' 

Soudan   ii   but   little   known,  but  i.  .a|,|  ,„  bo  a 
ferlile  region,  inhabited  by  numcroua  Iribc.  of  negroes. 


Wlieru  Is  Kami  t 

What  is  aaul  «( Tinibui: 
tout 

What  ia  said  of  Soudan  1 


60 


N.  by  Cinibebaa, 


EAST   AFRICA. 

OOUNTRT    OP   TBS    SOMAUZZS 
AND   AJAK. 


ttom,tarir»—nounM  N.  by  Abyesinia  anil  tbo  In- 

i:;"nd";fV'^.i;;,r'""  "'="^"'  ^"^^••"«- 

The  country  of  the  Somaulii  includca  aeveral  stales, 
Ihe  nrinciiml  of  which  aro  Add'  and  Ilerbo  ro 

Ihii  country  i.  noU  J  for  ii*  fraiikincensr  and 
myrrii. 

7b.«M-Bcrbcra,  the  capital  of  Berbcra,  and  Zciu., 
the  capital  of  Adcl,  on  the  Indian  Ocean. 


Doiind  the  country  of  the 
i^mautii  and  Ajan. 

Whni     ooa  the  rountry  of 
ihd    ^umaulia  ill,  liiJof 

For  what   produciions  ia 
tins  country  noted  I 

What  (owns  on  iho  Indian 
Ocean  r 


tentoi-    or,    the  west,  is   boundc 

Ethu,,,,.,   ,„d  Mowmbinun;  E.  by  the  In'lian  Ocean;' 

b.  by  CVij..  Colony;  aiul  W.  by  lU  Atlantic. 

1  he  Kottenlots     ro  a  diiii,„utiro  race,  and  remark- 

My  i«„.,ra„.  and  iJ.l.y.     Thoy  are  divided  into  nu- 

mcrou,  tribe.,  of  which  the  Hu.hmcn  or  Wild  Hot- 

uunou  anpoar  to  he  the  most   li'ifradi-d. 
The  Caffrrs  am     i  athletic  ,..nd  warlike  people 
Hwers-^-  I  ho  v.,m,..u   River  th.  .   ih'rough   ihe 

country  of  the  llottenlo.s,  and  ftll,  in.     dio  Atlantic. 
'»  Great  Kci  form*  part  ,     the  boi,     bry  botweon 

C«n,.rm  and  Ca,,.  CoUmy,  and  fall,  iu  .„  ,L  E 

2'oiWM    -Kurreechanee'  and  Laltakoo'  are  inlm   ' 
towns  in  the  country  of  the  Boshu.naa. 


What  is  said  of  the  Hot- 
lunluls  t 


Whalof  iheCaffrcsl 
Wi,  It  ia  B,„J  of  Orange 
River  t 


The  Great  Kei» 


What  inland  tnwnn  in  the 
country  ol  ibo  Uuahua- 
naa  t 


BAiroUIIBAR. 


Till  coast  of  Zanffiirbar  contains  several  indenen- 
dent  countra...  of  wliirh  very  little  is  k„ow"7'he 
Z"&1  "'"      """  *^'8'"1"*'»>  M«'in'd«,  Mot'nba,' 

Rnmidar  J},,,,:.  \  |  N.  by  Adel  and  Ajan ;  E.  by 
Eihiij?r  """■'"'  ^'  '      ^""'"bKiue;   a/.d  W    by 

DeSdo  m,'.''"'  '  "r'''r      '■'  "'V"'"  ""'"''  ""'^  Cape  I  WIm.  capo  on  the  N..  and 
JJeiMdoon  t.'.-.,rMtho<    .anRiiebar.  w(,  ■  o„  ,!,«  a,  oi  jja," 

lowtu.-~yit        .w,iiio  capital  of  Mniradojtn  Hrnva    u/i""     " 
Lamoo,  Moinba.,  .(,o  capital  of  Mo„,ba^  and  Soa       OcU„'r'''°" ''''''»'''»" 
Uie  capital  of  Quiloa,  all  on  the  In.lian  Oct....  '  I 


Wlml  Ir  anld  of  the  coast 
oi  ^uiiKucburf 


H.)w  is  Zongwcbar  bound- 
ed f 


OAPO   OOLONT. 


MOZAMBZQUB. 

ouJi'IL""**'  5''^  ^}"^'"^^''Vie  is  inhabited  by  numer- 
ous  ribes,  and  ,s  known  ,„,.!.  r  several  divisions. 

bique.*"  ^"'•"«''""=  ^'''"»  •"'■K'  possessions  in  Mozara- 
.^^"""f^^'j*— Bounded  N.  by  Ethiopia  and  Zangue- 
W^by  ■E.?;5r""'"^"«  ^'"«"-'i  S.  b^  Cafl-i.ria;'and 

Moibi.;;;""'""' '''''"'  '^°""'=""'  -'->'  "trough 

Chlnnd'"  "'^''  '"'"  ""^  Mozambique 


What  is  said  of  the  coaat 

ol  iMi)2aHibii)ue  t 
Wtiut     European     nation 

clainii)  poss08»H/iia  here? 

Hound  Mozambiciue. 


What   mounlnins    oilend 
through  Mozambique  J 
H'lierc  ia  Lake  Maravi) 

y   i«redoe8  iho  2amboio 

lalir 

'I  the  town 
uc  J 


>.  ap«  I'dwn, 


/>o«nrf«-r/M.  — Roun.;  ,1  N.  by  the  country  of  the 

Octn''°'''l  W  f-  '.^  ?,"'™"«i  S-  ''y  'ho  South    „ 
Uccnn ;   i.iiil  VV.  bj-  the  Atlantic. 

Cape  t^oloi.y  wi.h  scttl,:,)  by  the  Dutch;  but  was 

of  t;:  cXn";'""  •"°"'  ''""'""'"'  "«  "•  "">  "-"• 
Table  Momitain  lies  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
//w».— Capo  Tow..,  on  Table  Bay,  is  the  cap  tal. 

and  ts  noted   .s  a  place  of  refreshLit  for  veS 

trading  to  tho  iiist  Indies. 


Bound  Cape  Colony, 


Ity  whom  was  it  settled, 
die.  J 


Where  are  tho  Snow  Mts.J 

Where  is  Table  M ountaint 

Wlml     la    said    of  Capo 
lownf 


WEST  AFRICA. 
SBNBGAMBZA. 


SOUTH  AFRICA. 
CAFTRARIA. 


/JounrZanV,.-Boumle,l  N.  by  .Sahara;  E.  by  Sou- 

Atkntfc  ''"        "'■"'  ^•^^-  *"^  ^-  ^y  "X' 

Senegambia  is  inhabited  by  numerous  negm  tribes, 

int^irAtUnlc.^  '^"^^«'''  ''^''-'  -"  «-'>^'  f«» 

momhTf  Tlie^'scnS:  "  ''""'  "'"^'""''  "^"  ''' 
Gamt'r"'""  ^"^"'''  """"='"'='"''"  'he  mouth  of  the 

of  Th'k'uiaTr '""' ""' ""'  ^"^^''  •"  "'<'  --'^y 


Bound  Senegambia. 

By  whom  is  it  inbabttod  t 

What  rivers  fall  into  tho 
Atlantic? 

Where  ia  St.  Louis  7 
Baihurat  J 
TimboT 


■^. 


SZBRRA  KEONB. 


Halteiilol  Villas, 


I      The  a.Lo.vv  op  Sierra  Leo'ne  lies  on  the  At- 
lantic, m  the  south  of  Senegambia. 

It  W.-.S  settled  by  the  British  African  Society,  as  an 
slYve  Trail'/  '"'^"""'  ''"P'"'*'^  ^""^  «'"P*  dealing  in  the 

morror..^"'^"""'";  "'"  "?.n"="''  *'  «'"«"«'>  near  the 
mouth  ol  the  Sierra  Leone  River. 

LZBBRIA. 

LiDE'nu  lies   partlv  in  Senegambia  and  partly  in 
Si  W"'"'"'  '      '■'""'''  '■'"'"Sierra  Leone  to  Ca^e 


•cro  is  Sierra  Leono  ? 

By  whom  wag  it  settled, 
and  lor  what  purpow  f 

Whore  is  Freetown  f 


Where  is  Libei 


66 


UPPEH   GUINEA  — LOWER    G U INE A— CIMBEB AS,    ETC. 


Liberia  was  seltled  by  the  American  Colonization 
Society,  as  an  abode  for  the  free  blacks  and  emanci- 
cipated  slaves  of  the  United  Slates. 

Town. — Monro'via,  ou  the  Atlantic,  near  Cape  Me- 
durado,  is  the  capital. 


Uy  whom  wns  il  seltlod, 
and  for  what  pur|)uso  t 

What  ia  aaid  of  Monrovia? 


VPPBR   GUXIfllA. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  the  Mountains  of 
Kong;  E.  by  Lower  Guinea;  S.by  tile  Gulf  of  Guinea; 
and  N.  W.  by  Sentgambia. 

The  coast  of  Upper  Guinea  is  divided  into  the  Slave 
Coast,  Gold  Coast,  Ivory  Coast,  and  Grain  Coqst,  the 
last  of  which  includes  Liberia. 

The  principal  kingdoms  of  Upper  Guinea  are  Benin', 
Dah'omey,  and  Ashan'tee. 

The  Danes,  English,  and  Dutch  have  settlements  on 
the  Gold  Coast,  for  the  purpose  of  trading  with  the 
natives  for  gold  dust. 

Bay.  —  The  Bight  of  Benin  is  an  arm  of  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea. 

Rivers.  —  The  Niger  enters  Upper  Guinea  on  the 
north,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Guine8\and  Bight  of 
Benin  by  many  mouths,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Nun  and  Formo'sa. 

Tovms. — Benin,  on  Formosa  River,  is  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Benin. 

Abomey',  the  capital  of  Dahomey,  and  Coomas'sie. 
the  capital  of  Ashanlec,  are  inland  towns. 


Bound  Upfor  Guinea. 


How  is  tho  coast  divided  t 


Wnich  are  the  principal 
kingduma  of  U.  Guinea! 

What  Europeans  have  sct- 
tlcmenla  on  tlio  Gold 
Coast? 

Where  is  the  Bight  of 
Benin  ? 

What  ia  said  of  the  Niger? 


Wliat  is  said  of  Benin? 
What  two  inland  towns  ? 


KOWBR   GUXirBA, 

OR  COAST  OF  CONGO. 


Boundaries. — Bounded  N.  by  Soudan  ;  E.  by  Ethio- 
pia; S.  by  Cimbebas;  and  W.  by  the  Atlautic  and 
Upper  Guinea. 

Ijower  Guinea  is  divided  into  several  countries,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Biafra,  Loango,  Congo,  Angola, 
and  Benguela. 

Rivers. — ^The  Zaire  or  Congo,  and  Coanza,  fall  into 
the  Atlantic. 

The  Niger  forms  part  of  the  western  boundary. 

Toums. — Loando  St.  Paulo,  on  the  Atlantic,  in  An- 
gola, is  a  Portuguese  settlement. 

St.  Salvador,  an  inland  town,  is  the  capital  of  Congo. 

Loango,  the  capital  of  Loango,  and  Benguela,  the 
capital  of  Benguela,  on  the  Atlantic. 


OXMBBBAS. 

The  country  of  'he  Cimbebas  lies  between  Benguela 
and  the  country  of  the  Hottentois. 

Very  little  is  known  of  this  country.  The  coast  is 
said  to  be  barren,  and  destitute  of  fresh  water. 


Bound  Lower  Guinea. 


How  ia  it  divided? 


What  rivers  fall  into  the 

Atlantic  ? 
What  forms  part  of  the 

western  boundary  ? 
What  is  said  of  Loando 

Si.  Paulo? 
St.  Salvador  t 
Loango  and  Benguela? 


Where  is  Cimbebas  ? 


What  ia  said  of  it  t 


AFRIOAN   ZSKASTDS. 


The  Island  of  Soco'tra  lies  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
near  Cape  Guardafui.     It  is  noted  fu;  its  aloes. 

Madagastur  lies  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  p-nd  is  sepa- 
rated from  Africa  by  Mozambique  Channel. 

It  contains  200,000  square  miles,  being  oue  of  the 
largest  islands  in  the  world. 

Madagascar  is  traversed  by  high  mountains,  and  in- 
habited by  numerous  independent  tribes. 

The  Com'oro  Isles  lie  at  the  northern  eu.  unce  of 
rtlu^aiiibique  (Jiiunnui. 

Mauri' tius  or  Isle  of  France,  belonging  to  the  Eng- 
lish, and  ronr'bon,  bcloi:ging  to  the  French,  lie  east 
of  Madagascar. 


What  ia  aaid  of  the  L  of 
Socotra  ? 

Where  doca  Madngaaca' 
lie? 

What  ia  aaid  of  ita  extent  ? 


What  of    its  mountains, 
and  its  inhabitants? 

Where  ore    tho   Comoro 

What  islands  cast  of  Ma- 
dagascar ? 


The  Madei'ras,  Cana'rics,  and  Cupe  Verde  Islands 
lie  off  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Africa. 

The  Madeiras  belong  to  Portugal.  They  are  noted 
for  their  wine. 


What   islands  on  the  N. 
\V,coB.st  of  Africa? 

What  is  said  of  the  Ma- 
deiras ? 


rsak  of  TeDsrifli. 

The  Canaries  belong  to  Spain.  They  are  celebrated 
for  their  wine  and  Canary  birds.  The  famous  Peak 
of  Teneriffe,  on  the  Island  of  Teneriffe,  is  12,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  Cape  Verde  Islands  lie  west  of  Cape  Verde. 
They  belong  to  Portugal,  and  are  noted  chiefly  for  the 
production  of  salt. 

The  Az'ores  lie  north-west  of  the  Madeiras,  and 
west  of  Portugal,  to  whicli  kingdom  they  belong. 

St.  Hele'na  lies  in  the  Atlantic,  S.  of  Upper  Guinea, 
and  1200  miles  VV.  of  Cimbebas. 

It  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  noted  as  the  place 
to  which  Bonaparte  was  banished,  where  he  died  May 
5th,  182'.  In  1840  his  remains  were  conveyed  to 
France,  and  interred  in  the  city  of  Paris. 

Ascension  lies  in  the  Atlantic,  N.  VY.  of  St.  Helena. 
It  belongs  to  Great  BriUiin. 

Fernando  Pci,  Prince's,  St.  Thomas's,  and  Annobon, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 


The  Canaries  ? 

The  Capo  Verde  Islands  ? 

Where  are  the  Azores  T 
Where  is  St.  Helena  t 
What  ia  aaid  of  it  I 


Where  ia  Ascension,  and 
to  what  country  does  it 
belong  ? 

What  islands  in  tho  Gulf 
of  Guinea? 


QUESTIONS  ON   AFRICA. 


1.  HowisAfrico  bounded?  2.  What  are  its  extent  and  population?  3.  In  what  zones 
does  it  lie?  4.  What  is  the  direction,  and  how  would  you  sail  from  Suez  to  Cairo?  5. 
Timbuctoo  to  Lake  Oembca  ? 


OCEANIC  A. 

(See  Map   of  the    World.) 


OcEANicA  includes  all  those  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  E.  and  S.  E.  of  Asia. 

This  division  of  the  globe  contains  about  4,500,000 
square  miles,  and  20,000,000  inhabitants. 

Oceanica  is  divided  into  three  great  divisions,  viz. : 
The  East  India  Islands  or  Maiay'sia,  Australa'sia,  and 
Polyne'sia. 

The  inhabitants  of  Oceanica  are  generally  very  bar- 
barous and  ignorant. 

They  have  no  governments,  and  are  under  the  de- 
basing influence  of  Paganism ;  excepting  some  of  the 
islands,  whose  inhabitants  have  embraced  Christianity 
and  made  coi.siderable  advances  in  civilization,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  efTotts  of  missionaries. 


What  dooi  Oceanica  in- 
clude ? 

What  are  the  extent  and 
population  of  this  divi- 
sion of  the  globe  ? 

How  is  Oceanica  divided  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  inhob- 
itajils  of  Oceanica  ? 

What    of    their    govcrn- 
munta  and  religion  ? 


BAST    INDIA   IS&ANDS,    OR 
MALAYSIA. 

The  East  India  Islands  lie  between  Asia  on  one 
side,  and  Australia  or  New  Holland  on  the  other. 
('  Six  Jnap  af  Asia.) 

These  islands  are  famous  for  the  production  of 
spices,  such  as  pepper,  cloves,  cinnamon,  and  nut- 
megs. 


Whore  do  the  E^t  India 
Islands  lie  ? 


For  what  productions  are 
they  famous? 


Ma'aysii 
sions : — 

1st.   Th 
i  which  Lu2 
able; 

3d.  The 

of  which  a 

3d.  Cel't 

4th.  Bor 

Australia  at 

5th.  The 

Ti'mor,  Ja'i 

Of  these 

All  the  othe 

Straits.— 

from  Malact 

!      The  Strai 

I      The  Sira 

,  Borneo. 

Toions.  — 

capital  of  th 

Acheen'  a 

Somarang' 

latter  of  whi( 

{ in  Malaysia. 


Al'strala 

jacent  is/antis 

j      These  ore, 

Guinea,  on  th 

I      2d.  The  S 

Britain,  on  thi 

3d.  New  Ij 

4th.  New  1 

5th.  Van  D 

I      Of  these  isli 

New  Zealand, 

are  in  possessi 

Australia,  A 

3,000,000  squi 

It  is  much 

larger  than  thi 

j  and  nearly  as  1 

I      Straits,  Sfc.- 

I  taria  separate  J 

I      Btss's  Strait 

Land. 

Cook's  Strail 


Toions. — ZyV. 
\  the  colony  of  N 
,  Perth,  on  the 
j  River  Colony. 
I  ilobart  Town, 
[  on  the  soulhcni 

,  The  native  inl 
;  ably  ignorant  ant 
I  Many  of  the  CO 
i  Land  are  convicts 

I  Tl.n   lVr„...    '/__! 

- '*  *-  i'^rai: 

natives  of  Austra 
lianity  through    I 
I  rics. 


ids  nn  tho  N. 
ol  Africa? 

aid  of  the  Ma- 


rios? 

Verde  Islands  ? 

>  the  Azores  T 
St.  Helena  ? 
aid  of  it  t 


Ascension,  and 
country  does  it 

nds  in  tho  Gulf 
la? 


3.  In  what  zones 
cz  to  Cairo  1    5. 


ei  Oceanica  in- 

I  the  extent  and 
ion  of  this  divi- 
the  globe  ? 
ceanica  divided  ? 


laid  of  the  inhab- 
if  Ocoonica  ? 

ihcir    govcrn- 
uid  religion  ? 


OIL 


0  the  East  India 
lie? 

productions  are 
mous? 


may   be    considered    under    five    divi- 


Ma'aysia 
aions :— 

'  A„!fl'"i^'"""w;  "'''  '"Sesl  island  in  the  world,  excent 
Australia  and  Greenland ;  and  '     ^ 

TiW  T''"  '"If  """Sun'-la,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Ti  mor,  Ja  va,  Ban'ca,  and  Suma'tra. 

All  ijJ  IT  "'""'''',  '.'•"  P'"liPPine8  belong  to  Spain 
All  the  others  are  claimed  by  the  Dutch.  ^ 

frofMaJ^-"^"^  Straitof  itfalacca  separates  Sumatra 

i      The  ^sl^!,"*"  f  "Sr''''  ''P""""'  S""'^'™  f'om  Java. 
.Borneo.  °^  ^'"'''"''  ^«P"«"^«   Celebes  from 

'c.parflTeSr"'^'''^"''"^^"-'"'"- 
Acheen'  and  Bencooien,  on  the  Island  of  Stimatra 


AUSTRALASIA  — POLYNESIA. 


What  ore  tho  divisions  of  I 
Malaysia? 


67 


POSTlfBSZA. 


To  whom  do  these  islands 
belong  ? 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Ma 
laccn  ? 

The  Strait  of  Sunda? 
The  Sirait  of  Macassar  ? 


What  is  said  of  Manilla? 

What  towns  on  tho  Island 

ol  Sumatra? 
What  towns  on  tho  Island 

ol  Java? 


Coral  laloml. 


AVSTRAKASZA. 


G^piir:tet^i---«>— 

BrSin,  o'^t'e^N."^:;  '"'"'  """'  '"'""'''  ""-^  N"- 
3d   New  Hebrides' and  New  Caledonia,  on  the  E  • 

larilr''''thT,rth»"''i  'f  ^'''  '*'""''  '"  '^e  world,  being 

^i^ss  s  Strait  separates  Australia  from  Van  Diemen's 
Cook's  Strait  divides  New  Zealand  into  two  parts.   1 


What    does    Australasia 
comprehend  ? 

What  „ro  those  adjacent 
islands  ? 


To  whom  do  these  islands 
belong  I 

Ifow  many  snuare  miles 
does  Australia  contain  f ' 

What  is  said  of  its  size? 


What  strait  and  gulf  Bcpa- 
rato  New  Guinea  from 
Australia? 

What  is  said  of  Bass's 
btrait  ? 

Cook's  Sirait  t 


'jydney. 


''■^^iv^'^;'';itX:!::,7''''^  °'  Wh.  is  ..d  of  Sydney, 
RivercZ;'"  "''^""■"  "■"''  '^  "-  -i-"  of  Swan 


Perth! 
Hobart  Town  ? 


Ameta  rthe'tt'^  "'  ""^'"'^''^'^  onVwe^:™" 
^  Jhe  principal  of  these  islands  north  of  the  Equator, 

5th.  The  Pelew  Islands. 

Town. — Honolu'lu,   on    the   Island   nf  n^'u 
the  capital  of  the  Sandwich  'slant     it  js^     "'„-!' 
of,constderable  resort  with  vessels  uJ.WA^ 

Jsi'rtT^  '''"'"'^^  '"""'  °f  'he  Equator,  are 
Ist.  The  Marque'sas  and  Washington  Islands 
^^.1.,  The  Society  Islands,  the  latest  of"  hich  is 

A^u  Vu^  Navigator's  Islands  ; 

TotiJatSit 'td"^  '^'"''^'  ""=  P""'^'-'  °f  which  is 
5lh.  The  Fejee  Islands. 

The  inhabitants  have  been  converted  tn  ChrUr    : 
fishery  ^        ^   ^^   '""P"   ^"g^««d   in   the   whale 


Whot  does  Polynesia  in- 
clude ? 


Which  are  tho  principal 
of  those  islands  N.  of 
the  Equator  ? 


What  is  said  of  Honolulu  ? 


Which  are  the  rrincipal 
islands  S.  oft  he  Equator? 


What  IS  said  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  inhab- 
itants ? 

What  is  said  of  the  Society 
islands  ? 


Of  what  are  many  of  the 

lolynesian  Islands  com- 
posed ? 


Van  Die- 


Tlj:"ivr;.".'V;i"'."'  """»J'""e(i  irom  England.  I     Australia  an 

nmii/r".  "..'r  /"^'"""^'^^  aie  ;iiu  most  interesting  of  the  Uv','"'"'"/'""'" 


QUESTIONS  ON   THE  MAP  OF  THE  WOULD. 

The  !«?,'"'  ''•  ^^^"'^  contains  I  0  mo  Z,  iir/""?''''  '""''  '''•-«  "•"  '""^  inol"<i»f 
i  ho  northern  or  sculhcrn  ?    9  Inin    „  "'  "'"  ™8'ern  or  western  licmianhcref    h 

VVhw'of  tL"'"  ""  ■'""'■  •"  'i-'  o  h  p"i"''in'™^^,l','-  -">;>  -rfaniVided!'a„d; 
Wh  rh  „n  "^  '"■""'  fontnins  the  eroulcst  u  m  of  1  ,  n"  "'")■''''  ^o"  ?"'«  "'e'"  '  10 
vyiiich  one  contains  tho  moat  InnTj      i     ^  l!    '  ""'  cnnh's  surface  ?    vlnj  Torrid      n 

noHhriH   K*  ^'"i'"  ^^nn  bminded  on  the  sonil, »    ■■f  ^•i,'^"2""'L-     ''■  '''>«  Indi""- 

I'St'Sgoi^ii-^j^TK?  t'\K^ff -^^^  «^t^-i^n;^.;;;rts 
S'pj^T  j^  1^^:^?  iy~v"''  '"F^is  .1-  -ES 

An,.  Mississ.  and  Amazon.  '  """"»»•■  ""d  ^  nngiso  Kiang.    24.  The  longest   "wo. 


68 


GENERAL    VIEWS. 


Table  uf  Large  Cities,  mth  their  Population  in  round  numbrra. 


London  ■  - 
Pekin  -  -  - 
Jcddo  -  -  • 
Paris  and  ) 
Canton,  rich} 
Constantinople 
Nankin  ond  > 
Bliaco,  each  } 


2,000,000 
l,.'iO(),0(X) 
1,250,000 

1,000,000 

600,000 

500,000 


St.  Petersburg 
New  York,  i 
Calcutta  and  > 
Madras,  each  ) 
Moscow,  ) 
Vienna  and  > 
Naples,  each  ) 
Berlin  and  > 
Cairo,  each  J 


450,000 
400,000 


350,000 


300,000 


25.  Name  the  fir«t  eight  cities  of  the  preceding  table,  and  tell  the  population  pf  <">f''- 
26.  The  remaining  nine.  27.  What  places  on  the  earth's  surlace  have  no  latiiudo  r  .u*. 
What  two  grand  divisions  lie  in  north  latitude?  29.  What  three  are  intorsccied  by  the 
equator  t    30.  Commencing  in  the  eastern  homisphoro,  and  travolhng  on  the  equator  Irom 


E.  to  W.  around  the  earth,  whot  countries,  islands,  &c.,  would  you  cross  T  31.  The  same 
questions  with  respect  to  the  Tronic  of  Cancer..  32.  ■rropic  ol  Capricorn.  3J  Arctic  Cir- 
cle 34  Antarctic  Circle.  35.  Whot  is  the  lotitude  of  Philadelphia  ond  1  fkiri  ?  An>.  40 
N  3(i  or  New  York  Ciiy,  Modrid,  Nonles  and  Constantinople  J  ^j  New  Orleons  and 
Coiro  in  Egypt  1  38.  London  and  Irkoutsk »  39.  Cnlcuiia,  Mecca  ond  Hav.  no  ?  40.  Cope 
Horn »  41  Capo  of  Good  Hope  ?  42.  The  Island  of  8 pit  Acrgcn  ?  43  W  Inch  ■»  8''"»'"d 
further  nor  h,  iuebec  or  Par's?  44.  Newfoundland  or  Great  Uriiamt  45.  Connecticut 
or  the  sou:h  ol'  Prance?  46.  Mexico  or  Calcutta?  47  New  Y^'I^S,'^!'/'  ^^^U^  Jf, 
What  is  the  course  and  how  would  you  soil  from  Now  York  to  Liverpool?  49.  «»»""»" 
to  St  Petersburg  ?  50.  Vienna  to  'Cincinnati  ?  51.  Pans  to  liuenos  Ayres »  52.  PJ'''"- 
delnia  to  Canton?*  53.  Boston  to  Batavia  ?  54.  Calcutta  to  London?  55.  Hamburg  to 
Nonkm  ?  56  Dublin  lo  Sydney  ?  57.  Panama  to  Archange  ?  58.  Nova  Zemhla  to  the 
Russian  Possessions  in  America?    59.  North  Pole  to  South  1  olo ?  


•  In  BMwering  tlill  uul  lUo  .uccocjing  QUMtiom,  lot  lUo  rtuJonl  onmo  two  or  luoro  routes. 


GENERAL    VIEWS. 


TBB    SOZiAA   STSTSM. 


While  the  sun  illiiminalfis  one  half  of  the  earth,  the 
other  half  is  in  darkness ;  therefore  the  dinrnal  rotation 
of  the  earth  causes  alternate  day  and  night  in  every 
24  hours. 

The  EanVs  Form,  Sfc.  —  In  consequence  of  the 
more  rapid  motion  of  the  parts  on  and  near  the  equator, 
the  earth  is  not  a  perfect  sphere,  bnt  has  an  oval  or 
spheroidal  form  ;  its  axis  being  25  miles  shorter  than 
a  line  passing  through  its  centre  from  east  to  west. 
Hence  the  distance  of  a  place  east  or  west  of  a  fixed 
meridian,  being  measured  in  the  direction  of  the  longest 
diameter  of  the  earlli,  is  called  its  longitude,  which 
signifies  length ;  while  the  distance  north  or  south  of 
the  equator  is  called  its  latitude,  -whicli  signifies 
breadth. 

O^XMATB. 


Solar  System. 

AsTRONOMt  teaches  us  that  the  earth  is  one  of  a 
number  of  planets  whicli,  together  with  the  sun  and 
a  number  of  comets,  constitute  what  is  called  the  solar 
system. 

The  Bun  is  the  centre  of  the  system,  around  which 
the  planeU  and  comeu  revolve  at  various  distances  and 
in  different  times. 

There  are  11  primary  planets,  18  secondary  planets 
or  moons,  and  several  hundred  comets ;  all  of  which 
derive  their  light  and  heat  from  the  sun. 

The  primary  planets,  beginning  with  that  least  dis- 
tant from  the  sun,  are  Mercury,  Venus,  the  Earth, 
Mars,  Vesta,  Juno,  Ceres,  Pallas,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and 
Herschel.* 

Of  these,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and  Herschel  are  larger 
than  the  earth,  while  the  rest  are  smaller. 

The  sun  is  a  million  times  larger  than  the  earth,  and 
vastly  larger  than  all  the  planets  together. 

Of  the  18  moons  belonging  to  the  solar  system,  tlie 
Earth  has  one,  Jupiter  four,  Saturn  seven,  ami  Herschel 
six.     The  other  primaries  have  no  satellites. 

The  path  in  which  a  planet  n-ovcs  in  iu  journey 
round  the  sun  is  called  ils  orbit. 

The  sun  is  not  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  earth  s 
orbit;  so  that  it  is  not  alwpys  at  the  same  distance 
from  the  earth,  being  3,000,000  miles  nearer  in  winter 
than  in  summer.  Its  mean  distance  is  05,000,000 
miles. 

Motions  of  the  Earth.— The  earth  revolves  around 
the  sun  in  305  days,  ft  hours,  48  minutes,  and  48  se- 
conds, and  turns  upon  its  axis  every  24  hours. 

uc  annual  iLvriuti'Mt  ••!  '"•  •«••.'  •••< '  ""-  -""> 

togethor  with  the  inclination  of  its  axis  to  the  plane  of 
ils  orbit,  causes  the  variety  of  the  seasons, 


What    does    nalronnmy 
teach  us  of  the  earth  ? 


What  is  said  of  tho  sun  1 


How  many  planets,  &.C., 
are  tliero,  and  whence 
doihcydirive  their  light 
and  heat  I 

What  arc  the  nnincs  of  the 
primary  planets  ? 


Which  of  these  are  larger, 

and  which  smaller  than 

the  earth  ? 
What  is  said  of  llic  size  of 

the  sun  1 
To  which  planets  do  the 

eighteen  moons  belong  ? 

What  is  the  path  in  which 
a  planet  moves  called  ? 

What  in  said  of  the  sun's 
nit  not  ion  with  respect  tu 
the  earth's  orbit,  c&c.  ? 


In  what  times  docs  the 
curtli  revolve  around  ih 
sun,  and  turn  upon  its 
axis? 

Whs!  ia  caused  by  the  nn 
nual  revolution  ol  the 
earth  ? 


•This  enumeration  does  not  include  tho  planels  recently 
discovered. 


Why  does  the  diumol  ro- 
laiion  of  the  earth  cau.'se 
ah  ornate  day  and  night  1 


Why  is  not  tho  earth  a 
perfect  sphere,  and  what 
IS  said  of  longiludo  and 
latilude  ? 


Those  parts  of  the  earth  have  the  warmest  climate 
upon  which  the  sun  shines  most  vertically ;  because 
more  rays  fall  on  the  same  extent  of  surface. 

The  earth,  in  its  annual  journey,  presents  difierent 
portions  of  its  surface  to  the  perpendicular  action  of 
the  sun. 

On  the  2 1  St  of  March  the  sun  is  in  the  vernal  equi- 
nox, and  is  vertical  to  all  places  situated  on  the  equator. 
It  tlieu  appears  to  advance  gradually  to  the  north,  be- 
coming vertical  successively  to  all  places  between  the 
equator  and  the  tropic  of  Cancer. 

On  tlie  2l8t  of  June  it  has  attained  its  greatest 
northern  declination,!  and  is  vertical  to  all  places 
crossed  by  tlie  tropic  of  Cancer.  Tiiis  is  called  tho 
summer  solstice,  and  is  ihe  longest  day  in  the  year  to 
the  inhabimnls  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  the 
shortest  to  tliose  of  the  southern. 

Aflcr  this  tiie  sun  recedes  towards  the  soulli,and  on 
the  23d  of  September  it  arrives  at  the  autumnal  equi- 
nox, and  is  again  vertical  on  tlio  equator. 

It  continues  to  advance  south  until  tho  20th  of  De- 
cember, when  it  i"  vertical  to  all  places  crossed  by  the 
tropic  of  Capricorn.  This  is  called  the  winter  solstice, 
and  is  the  shortCHt  day  in  the  year  to  the  northern,  but 
the  longest  to  the  southern  liemisphere. 

Afiuf  tiiis  the  sun  again  advances  iioflh,  reaching 
the  equator  on  the  21st  of  March. 


Which  parts  of  tho  earth 
have  the  warmest  cli- 
mate, and  why? 

What  is  said  of  the  earth 
in  its  annual  journey  ? 


Where  is  the  sun  on  the 
2l8t  of  Morch,  and  how 
docs  it  then  niovo  ? 


Where  is  it  on  tho  21sl  of 
June,  ond  what  is  said 
of  this  day  ? 


How  does  the  snn  move 
nfier  this,  and  where  is 
it  on  the  23d  of  Sept.? 

How  does  it  oontinne  to 
move,  and  what  is  said 
of  tliu  20th  of  December? 


lln«r  dnes    thi 

after  this? 


I      tUy  declination  of  tho  sun  is  meant  its  dislanco  N.  or  S.  of 
I  tho  licjualor.    Its  greulett  declination  is  23j  degrees. 


'Hte  Tc 
place  betw 
shines  ver 
ways  very 

the  she 
would  SOI 
twice  in  th 

Frigid  . 
account  of 
In  these  zt 
and  is  soni 

Temper: 
in  the  temj 
as  in  the 
temperaturi 
the  cold  of 


and  winter  i 
the  reverse 
In  the  toi 
sons,  the  ra 
and  summer 
In  the  ten 
to  summer, 
dual.     Tlie 
tumn  or  fall. 
In  the  fri 
The  summei 
extremely  cc 
with  ice  and 
ocean. 

The  tempi 

equator  to  i| 

difference  in 

the  earth,  wl 

The  count 

eastern  coun 

climate  than 

western   con 

north  than  K 

cold  than  Vir 

climate,  altho 

I  and  the  burni 

The  wesier 

a  climate  mik 

As  we  asce 

creases;  so  t 

parts  of  the  e 

The  height 

ferent  in  diffei 

15,000  feet,  o 

the  sea ;  in  lat 

00°  only  300( 

Large  bodit 

rature  of  ihe  i 

exposed  to  the 

i  experienced  in 

The  tempori 

of  the  earth. 

I      The  climate 

considerably  c 

very  hot  niid  i 

portion  of  tlie 

and  deadly  dist 

Rain.  ~^Th, 

j  form  of  rain,  s 

I  parts  of  tiie  ca 

j  and  diniiiiishiii), 


r  31.  Tho  Bamo 
33.  Arctic  Cir- 
ckin?  Ant.  40° 
lew  Orleans  and 
vnnn?  40.  Cope 
Vhich  is  silunted 
43.  Connecticut 
or  Romot  48. 
1  49.  Ballimore 
■res  J  .'>2.  Phila- 
55,  Ilnmburg  to 
a  Zembla  to  tho 


'.1  the  iliumal  ro- 
of the  earth  cause  j 
lie  day  and  niyht  ? 


not  the  earth  a 
sphere,  and  what 
of  longitude  and 
e? 


"^4 


parts  of  tho  earth 
tlie  warmest  cli- 
and  why  t 

!  said  of  the  earth 
annual  journey  t 

is  the  sun  on  the 
)f  Mareii,  and  how 
it  then  move  I 


is  it  on  the  21st  of 
,  and  what  is  said 
is  day  1 


oci  the  Run  move 
this,  and  where  is 
the  23d  of  Sept.  I 

0C3  it  continue  to 
I,  and  what  is  said 
o20thofUcccmbort 


'.he  aun  move 


thist 


GENERAL    VIEWS. 


Tlie  Torrid  Zone.  — The  sun  is  vertical  to  every 
place  between  tlie  tropics  twice  in  the  year,  ami  never 
shines  very  obliquely.  The  weather,  therefore,  i.s  al- 
ways very  warm,  and  snow  anil  frost  are  unknown. 

The  shadow  of  a  person  ia  the  torrid  zone  at  noon 
would  sometimes  fall  north,  sometimes  south,  and 
twice  in  the  year  under  his  feet. 

Frig:d  Zones.— The  Frigid  Zones  are  so  called,  on 
account  of  the  intense  cold  to  which  they  are  exposed. 
In  those  zones  the  sun  always  shines  very  obliquely, 
and  is  sometimes  invisible  for  many  days. 

Temperate  Zones. — The  sun  never  shines  vertically 
in  the  temperate  zones,  nor  does  it  shine  so  obliquely 
as  in  the  frigid  zones ;  hence  they  enjoy  a  medium 
temperature  between  tiie  heat  of  the  torrid  zone  and 
the  cold  of  the  polar  regions. 

To  a  person  north  of  the 
tropic  of  Cancer,  the  sun  is 
always  south  at  noon ;  while 
to  one  south  of  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn  it  is  always  north. 
The  Seasons,  Sfc. — When 
the  sun  is  north  of  the  equa- 
tor it  shines  more  vertically 
in  the  northern  than  in  the 
southern  hemisphere,  caus- 
,    .  —  ")g  summer  in  the  former 

and  winter  m  the  latter;  when  it  is  south  of  the  equator, 
the  reverse  takes  place. 

In  the  torrid  zone  the  year  is  divided  into  two  sea- 
sons, the  rainy  and  the  dry,  corresponding  to  winter 
and  summer. 

In  the  temperate  zones,  the  transitions  from  winter 
to  summer,  and  from  summer  to  winter,  are  very  gra- 
dual. The  former  is  called  spring,  and  the  latter  an- 
tumn  or  fall, 

In  the  frigid  zones  spring  and  fall  are  unknown. 
1  he  summers  are  very  short,  and  the  winters  long  and 
extremely  cold.  The  ground  is  nearly  ahvays  covered 
with  ice  and  snow,  and  immense  icebergs  lloat  in  the 
ocean. 

The  temperature  decreases  as  we  advance  fruin  the 
equator  to  the  poles;  but  there  is  frequently  n  great 
ditrerence  in  the  climate  of  places  in  different  parts  of 
the  earth,  whose  latitudes  are  the  same. 

The  countries  of  the  eastern  continent,  except  the 
eastern  countries  of  Asia,  generally  possess  a  warmer 
climate  than  those  of  corresponding  latitudes  on  the 
western  continent.  Thus  England,  though  farther 
north  than  Newfoundland,  is  not  exposed  to  greater 
cold  than  Virginia  or  Kentucky;  France  enjoys  a  fine 
climate,  although  on  the  same  parallel  with  Canada- 
and  the  burning  Sahara  extends  as  far  north  as  Florida 

1  lie  western  part  of  North  America  appears  to  eiijov 
a  climate  milder  than  that  of  the  eastern* part. 

As  we  ascend  from  the  earth  the  temperature  de- 
creases;  so  that  the  tops  of  high  mountains,  in  all 
parts  of  the  earth,  are  covered  with  eternal  snows. 

The  height  of  this  region  of  perpetual  snow  is  dif- 
,fnL"l- '''""*""  '""""I'-''-  At  the  equator  it  is  about 
15,000  feel,  or  nearly  three  miles  above  the  level  of 

tTn^'liStl''^  '' ''  "°°"  '■"''  ^"'^  '"  '^'""'^'-' 
Large  bodies  of  water  tend  to  equalize  the  tempe- 
rature of  the  adjacent  land ;  so  that  islands  are  not 
^  exposed  to  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  which  are 
j  experienced  in  countries  remote  from  the  sea. 

The  temperate  zones  are  the  most  healthy  portions 
ol  the  eartii.  ' 

I  The  climate  of  llio  torrid  zone,  except  in  those  parts 
considerably  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is 
very  hot  ninl  uiil»allhy;  and  the  inhabitants  of  tliia 
portion  of  the  ..nrlii  are  subject  to  the  most  malignant 
and  deadly  diseases.  ^ 

—ci!.-j  ==Th.-- .-jiiBntiiy  of  water  which  lulls  in  the 

form  of  ram,  snow,  &c.,  is  very  diflbrent  in  dilTerent 

parts  of  the  earth,  being  greatest  in  tho  torrid  zone, 

I  and  diminishing  as  we  approach  tho  poles.   Tho  nuni- 


69 


Why  is  tho  climate  of  the 
torrid  uoiie  always  warm! 


How  would  a  person's  sha- 
dow fall  in  tbo  torrid 
zone  at  noon  ? 

Why  are  tho  fricid  zones 
so  called,  and  how  does 
'he  sun  shine,  &c.,  in 
these  zones  ( 

What  is  said  of  the  direc- 
tion in  which  the  sun 
chines  in  tho  temperate 
aones,  and  what  temper- 
ature do  they  enjoy  ? 

To  whom  i.^  the  sun,  at 
noon,  always  south,  and 
to  whom  is  it  always 
north  ? 


When  the  sun  is  north  of 
the  equator,  in  which 
hemisphere  doe.H  it  shine 
most  vertically,  and 
what  is  said  of  tho  eca- 
sons,  &c.  1 


Into  what  seasons  is  the 
year  divided  in  tho  torrid 
zone  7 

How  ore  the  scasri-.s  in 
tho  tempuralo  zones  t 


What  is  said  of  tho  sea- 
sons in  Ihu  frigid  zones  t 


How  does  the  temperature 
chanf^o  as  we  advance 
towards  tlie  poles ) 


How  do  the  countries  of 
tho  eastern  continent 
compare  with  those  of 
the  western  in  regard  to 
climate? 


ber  of  rainy  days,  however,  generally  increases  with 
the  latitude  of  tho  place. 

The  depth  of  water  which  annually  falls  near  the 
equator,  is  about  90  inches;  in  the  United  States  41 
niches ;  and  in  latitude  60°,  about  17  inches. 

In  Egypt  and  other  portions  of  Africa,  and  in  the 
W,  of  Peru,  rain  is  almost  unknown. 

LSNOTB   OF   SA7   AND 

When  the  sun  is  on  the  equator,  it  shines  from  pole 
to  pole,  and  the  days  and  nights  are  equal  all  over  the 
earth ;  but  when  north  or  south  of  it,  it  shines  all  around 
the  nearest  pole  to  a  distance  equfl  to  its  declination; 
while  the  same  distance  around  the  other  pole  is  in 
constant  darkness. 

On  the  equator  the  days  and  nights  are  equal 
throughout  the  year;  but  north  or  south  of  it,  the 
days  are  longer  than  the  nights  during  the  summci,  and 
shorter  during  the  winter. 

The.length  of  the  longest  day  or  night  at  anv  place 
increases  with  its  latitude;  thus,  at  Washington  City 
It  IS  nearly  15  hours ;  at  Boston  15^  hours ;  at  London 
lOi  Jiours;  at  all  places  under  the  polar  circle  24 
hours ;  m  the  north  of  Lapland  00  days ;  and  the  du- 
ration of  constant  day  and  night  increases  as  we  ap- 
proach the  poles,  where  each  is  six  months  long. 

During,  the  period  of  constant  day  to  the  inhabitants 
o  the  polar  regions,  the  sun  appears  to  revolve  com- 
pletely around  them  once  in  every  24  hours,  passing 
successively  over  the  N.,  E.,  S.,  and  W.  points  of  the 
horizon.  It  approaches  nearest  to  the  horizon  on  the 
north,  and  attains  its  greatest  altitude  on  the  south ; 
except  to  an  observer  at  the  poles,  to  whom  it  would 
appear  of  equal  altitude  in  all  parts  of  its  daily  revo- 
lution. ^ 

Curing  the  absence  of  the  sun  the  sky  is  lit  up  by 
the  moon,  and  by  tho  mysterious  fires  of  the  aurora 
oorealis. 

The  long  days  of  summer  greatly  contribute  to  the 
heat  of  that  season;  and  as  the  sun  shines  very 
obliquely,  even  in  summer,  upon  the  polar  regions, 
they  would  be  entirely  uninhabitable  but  for  the  con- 
stant day  which  then  prevails. 


How  much  water  falls  an- 
nually at  tho  equator,  in 
the  United  States,' and 
in  latitude  60°  1 

Where  is  rain  almost  un- 
known t 


XVZOBT. 

How  does  the  sun  shine 
when  on  tho  equator, 
and  how,  when  north  or 
south  of  it } 


What  is  said  of  tho  com- 
parative lengths  of  the 
days  and  nights  in  dif- 
lerent  parts  of  the  earth? 

With  what  docs  tho  length 
of  the  longest  day  or 
night  increase  1 


During  tho  period  of  con- 
stant day  in  the  polar 
regions,  ho^v  does  tho 
sun  appear  to  move  J 


How  is  the  sky  lit  up  in 
the  polar  regions  during 
the  absence  of  the  sun? 

To  what  do  the  long  days 
of  summer  contribute  I 


WINDS. 


What  is  said  of  the  cli- 
mate of  the  western  part 
of  N.  America? 

As  wo  ascend  from  the 
earth,  how  does  ilio  tem- 
perature change  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  height 
ofthe  region  of  perpetual 
snow  f 


What  is  tho  tendency  of 
largo  bodies  of  water  ? 


Which  arc  tho  most 
healthy  portions  of  the 
earth  ? 

How  is  the  torrid  zone  in 
this  respect  ? 


What  IS  said  of  the  dilTor- 
eiioe  in  tlio  -iRnlily  off 
rain,  and  in  t..     nuniljerl 
of  rainviliiys  in  dillerent  | 
parts  of  the  earth? 


Wind  IS  air  in  motion.  In  a  gentle  breeze  tho  wind 
moves  at  the  rate  of  4  or  5  miles  an  hour;  in  a  fresh 
gal(3  15  or  20  miles  an  hour;  in  a  high  wind  30  miles ; 
and  ir  a  huriicino  or  storm  it  sometimes  moves  with 
a  vefocity  of  H     miles  an  hour. 

In  the  torrid  zone  Ihe  wind  always  blows  in  the 
same  direction,  except  whore  its  course  is  modified  by 
high  lands.  On  the  equator  it  blows  con.«lantly  from 
the  east;  between  the  equator  and  tlu  -  of  Cancer 

from  the  N.  E.,  and  between  the  equ.aoi  -  tropic 

of  Capricorn  from  the  S.  E. 

These  winds  are  called  trade  winds  on  ,  ount  of 
the  facilities  they  afford  to  commerce. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  modifications  of  the 
trade  winds  is  found  in  the  monsoons,  or  shifting  trade 
winds,  which  prevail  in  the  Indian  Ocean  north  of  the 
lOtli  p,iral  el  of  south  latitude.  There,  from  October' 
to  April,  the  wind  blows  constantly  from  the  N.  E, 
and  during  the  other  six  months  from  the  S.  W.  The 
shifting  of  these  winds  is  attended  with  violent  hurri- 
canes. 

Many  portions  of  the  torrid  zone  are  subject  to  the 
most  fn^rhifiil  and  destructive  hurricanes.  These  pre- 
vail chi.fly  m  the  West  Indies,  and  the  islands  and 
coasts  on  the  S.  E.  of  Asia. 

in  tho  islands  of  the  torrid  zone,  the  wind  blows 
from  the  land  in  the  night  nn.l  from  the  sea  during  the  I 
•lay.  I  hcso  are  cnllf.l  h,m!  and  sea  hrcczcs,  and  they  ' 
greatly  initigate  the  intense  heat  of  the  climate. 

1  ho  deserts  of  Africa  and  Arabia,  and  the  ndjacont 
cniuitiies,  are  liable  to  poisonous  winds,  known  in  dif- 
tf  rent  countries  mulcr  the  names  of  the  simoom,  samicl 


What  13  wind,  and  with 
what  velocity  does  it 
move? 


How  does  tho  wind  blow 
in  tho  torrid  zone  1 


Whv  arc  these  winds  call- 
ed  trade  winds  ? 

Mention  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  modifications 
of  the  trade  winds. 


To  what  are  many  portions 
of  the  torrid  zone  sul>- 
jcct  ? 


How  does  tho  wind  blow 
in  liiu  islnuda  ofthe  tor- 
rid zone  ? 


What  is  said  of  tho  poi- 
sonous winds  of  Africa, 
Arabia,  &.c.  ? 


70 


GENKIIAL    VIEWS. 


and  khasmin.  These  winds  are  charged  witli  fine 
snnd,  and  nre  so  extremely  hot  and  sutlbcatin^,  that  a 
single  inhalation  somclimes  ruuses  death.  The  in- 
habitants are  compelled  to  prostrate  themselves  upon 
the  ground  until  they  have  blown  over,  in  order  to 
preserve  their  lives. 

Spain  and  Italy  are  subject  to  these  winds  under  a 
modified  form,  known  by  llio  name  of  Sirocco. 

The  winds  of  the  temperate  and  frigid  zones  are 
variable  and  irregular,  and  seldom  blow  long  from  the 
same  point. 

TXDS8. 

Tides  are  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  water  in  the  sea, 
in  consequence  of  the  attraction  of  the  sun  and  moon, 
but  chicliy  that  of  the  moon. 

There  are  two  tides  in  every  twenty-five  hours. 

When  the  tide  is  rising  it  is  said  to  floip,  and  is  called 
Jlood  tide ;  wlicn  at  its  greatest  height  it  is  culled  high 
tide  ;  wh'"n  it  is  falling  it  is  said  to  ebb,  and  is  called 
ebb  tide ;  and  when  at  its  lowest  it  is  called  low 
tide. 

The  tide  rises  much  higher  in  some  places  than  in 
others ;  its  height  being  greatly  affected  by  the  shape 
of  the  coast.  In  the  middle  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  it 
rises  about  five  feet.  In  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  the  English  Ciiannel,  and  other  funnel- 
shaped  arms  of  the  sea,  its  rise  is  much  greater  and  its 
flow  more  rapid. 


VSOETABLS    PROS  UOTZOKT  S. 


To  what  arc  .Spain  and 
Ilnly  siiliject  f 

What  i»  said  of  iho  winds 
of  the  teiii|icrttto  and 
frigid  zones  I 


What  aro  tides  f 


How  often  do  tho  tides  oc- 
cur? 

Wliat  is  said  of  tho  tide 
when  il  ia  riiiiig,  &,c.  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  difTer- 
ent  Iieigiits  to  which  tiie 
tide  rises  in  dill'creiu 
places  ? 


2]uiiyim  Trco. 

The  productions  of  the  dilfereiit  parts  of  the  earth 
are  extremely  variou?,  being  dependent  upon  the 
warmth  and  moisture  t'  the  climate  and  fertility  of  the 
soil. 

The  torrid  zone  far  surpasses  the  other  sections  of 
the  globe,  in  the  size,  luxuriance,  and  number  of  its 
vegetable  productions.  There,  where  the  soil  is  fer- 
tile, the  earth  yields  in  great  abundance  valuable  ar- 
ticles of  food  and  the  most  delicious  fruits.  The 
forests  are  clothed  in  perennial  green,  and  many  of  the 
trees  attain  the  most  gigantic  size. 


What  is  enid  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  tho  dill'urent 
parts  of  the  carlli  1 


What  of  tho  vegetable 
productions  of  tlie  tor- 
rid zone  1 


The  most  valuable  productions  of  the  torrid  zone 

are  tlie  sugar-cane,  rice,  tea,  coffee,  chocolate,  spices, 

i  ui'uiigt^s,  leiuoiiM,  piuc-appieH,  cocoa-niilM,  brtud-iVuil, 

I  &c. ;  and  indigo,  cotton,  medicinal  plants,  mahogany, 

dyc-stulf»,  8ic.,  &.C. 


Wliiuh  nro  tho  most  valu- 
nlilo  productions  of  (lie 
it;rrid  sons  t 


llindostan  is  noted  for  its  nini^nincont  pnlin  trees, 
and  the  woiiderftil  Hmii/an,  which,  with  its  branches 
sometimes  forms  a  shade  half  a  mile  in  circuit;  and 
Senegainbia  for  the  mighty  Baobab,  30  feet  in  diameter, 
being  the  largest  tree  in  the  world. 


I'"or  what'  trees  aro  Ilin- 
duHlan  and  tjeneyambia 
noted  > 


Tomperato  /tiiio. 

The  agricultural  products  of  the  temperate  zones 
are  neither  so  abundant  nor  so  various  as  those  of  the 
torrid  zone. 

The  principal  of  these  are  wheat,  Indian  corn  or 
maize,  rye,  barley,  oats,  and  other  grains ;  apples, 
pears,  peaches,  anil  other  fruits ;  hemp,  (lax,  kc;  and 
rice,  tobacco,  silk,  cotton,  grapes,  figs,  oranges,  dates, 
and  other  tropical  productions  in  the  parts  adjacent  to 
the  torrid  zone. 


What  is  said  of  the  agri- 
cultural products  ol  tho 
temperate  zones  I 

Wliich  are  tlio  principal 
of  these  I 


The  ocei 
Whales  are 
aeiu. 


Frigid  Zone. 

The  frigid  zones  and  the  adjacent  countries  of  the 
temperate  zones,  are  barren,  desolate  regions,  produc- 
ing but  litde  for  the  support  of  animal  life. 

Mosses  and  a  few  stunted  trees  antl  shrubs  nre  al- 
most the  only  productions  of  these  dreary  portions  of 
the  earth. 


ANXXIIXAI.S. 


What  is  said  of  the  frigid 
zones,  dec.  1 

What  ore  tho  productions 
of  these  portions  of  the 
earth  1 


Tiger. 


llyeDa. 


There  is  as  great  a  diversity  in  the  animals  as  in  the 
vp|.'elable  productions  of  the  earth.  They  are  to  be 
found  of  all  dispositions,  from  the  ferocious  tiger  and 
detested  hyena  to  tho  timid  hare  and  gentle  gazelle : 
and  of  every  size,  from  the  huge  elephant  to  the  invi- 
sible animalcule. 

Tlio  animal.')  which  inhabit  cold  countries  are  pro- 
tected frojii  llie  rigor  of  the  climate  by  long  hair  or 
fur,  while  those  wliich  live  in  warm  climates  either 
have  very  short  fur  or  arc  entirely  naked. 


What  is  said  of  the  diver- 
sity found  anions  the 
annuals  uf  llio  curilil 


What  is  said  of  the  ani- 
lllttts  wliii'li  iiditibil  uuiii 

'  coumrius,  &c.t 


The  torrid 
animals,  as  v 
other  portion! 
and  the  most 
most  gigantic 
of  the  greales 
most  venomoi 


Cami 

The  princip 
tiger,  leopard, 
elephant,  came 
the  rhinoceros 
cassowary,  aii: 
th«  lama,  jagu; 
condor,  and  ta| 
riety  of  monke; 
torrid  zone. 


Orang  Outai 

The  elephnn 
greatest  perfectii 
in  llindostan ;  tl 
in  Barbary  and  i 


Il  orang  outang  in  '. 
ostrich,  anti;lopp 
the  boa  conslricti 


Irpos  nro  Hin- 
id  Sjoncgambia 


lid  of  the  ngri- 
prnduc'tfl  ot  the 
e  zones  ? 

I  the  principal 


Aid  of  the  frigid 
e.J 


ho  productions 
portions  of  the 


lid  of  tho  diver- 
nd  ainiii)^  the 
uf  tlie  curih  ? 


laid  of  the  nni- 

ii-it  iidmhii  uultl 
s,  &c.  ? 


The  ocean  and  rivers  everywhere  abound  with  fish 
Whale,  are  found  chiedy  in  .he  nor.hera  and  southern 


With  what  do  the  oceans 
&c.,  abound! 


The  chimpansee  of  Africa  more  nearly  resembles  I  wi,  ,        TT',     T~ 
man  m  ns  external  appearance  than  any  od.er  anl.al  I    ploVr"  "'  '""  ■=•■""• 


Alpme  Spawel.  „^k,  „;;^^  ^ '^ 

The  animals  of  the  temperate  zones  are  chienv  of 
the  kmds  most  useful  to  man.  ^ 

in  2  mS;  onhrrr  ^°""  ^"^^^^^ «"  °'"- 


Ibex. 

What  is  said  of  tlio  oni- 
mnls  of  the  temperate 
zones  ? 

Which  ore  the  principal 
domestic  animals  ? 

The  principal  wild  ani. 
mals? 

What  is  said  of  the  birds 
01  the  temperate  zones  1 


The  torrid  zone,  in  the  number  and  vaiiely  of  it,  Uvi   .  ■       -.    r   , 
animals,  as  we  1  as  its  veiretnblcs    f-,r  «,„,>  ^      .  ''"   '^^?"*  "^  '''o  "ni- 

otherpc^rtionsofthoeartr^riSlTreturrC:      "'"'^  "^  ">-""'''-- ' 
and  the  most  ferocious  quadrupeds  on  the  globe  •  the 
most  gigantic  and  the  most  poisonous  reptiles  ;  birds 
ol  the  greatest  size  and  beauty;  and  swarms  of  the 
most  venomous  and  annoying  insects. 


i  The  principal  animals  of  this  zone  are  the  lion 
tiger,  leopard,  hyena,  and  other  beasts  of  prey  the 
elephant,  camel,  ass,  and  other  beasts  of  burden  ■'  an.l 
the  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  giraffe,  zebra,  os'trich, 
cassowary,  and  crocodile,  of  the  eastern  continem 
th«  lama,  jaguar  or  American  tiger,  cougar  or  puma' 
condor,  and  tapir,  of  South  Amirica;  and  a  vast  va^ 


Jiiguar. 


Which  are  ihe  principal 
animals  of  this  zone  ? 


Gmly  Uoar.  ^.  ^^ 

N.  America,  and  the  N.  VV.  portion  of  ibo  Jr  ^ 
territory;  and  bears,  wolves,  foxeleer  t  '  ? 

every  country  of  the  tempemte  zones   '     "' '"  '''"''' 


Musk  Deer. 

Where  ia  the  buffiilofoundl 
hciivers,  niartena,  &,c.  ? 
bears,  wolves,  &,c.  ? 


VVliito  Bear. 

-JskOi. 


Iceland  Falcon 


Which  are  the  chief  ani. 
nials  of  I  he  polar  regions? 


MiwoaAi.  phoduotions. 


Rhiiiocenw. 


The  elephant  and  rhinoceros  are  found  in  the 
greates  perfection  m  Birmah  and  Hindostan  ;  the  ti.rer  1 
m  Hindoston ;  the  camel  in  Arabia  and  Africa ;  the  liJ.n  ' 
m  Barbary  ,uid  Sahara ;  the  kangaroo  in  Australia ;  the  j 


ilippopolamus. 


H  hero  are  the  elephant 
and  rhinoceros  found  in 
Bronteslperfuclion  f  t'\,  S 
[iKcr?    the   cainrl  (    m-^ 


Minerals  are  all  substances  obtained  from  mines 

!.r.;,il"'°;;:"""|'|°.«f "."  *«  •>»-■'■ « .1.0 «» 


•^*- 


most  widely  disseniinatet!.     It 


lion?  the  knn^urooi'  i), 


Crccr^ 


orang  outang  in  Borneo;  the  crocodile  in  Egypt-  thoi 
ostrich,  antelope,  and  hippopoUtmus  in  Af?fcS  .'and 
the  boa  constrictor  in  South  America.  ' 


orarig  outang  f  the  cro. 
codile)  the  ostrich,  itc.f 
the  boa  constrictor  I 


Coal  IS  found  in  vast  quantities  in  ,ho  N  t^nd  \Vn  f 


What  are  minerals  f 

Which  are  the  moat  im- 
portant i 

Where    is    gold    chiefly 
found  ? 


Silver  and  quicksilver  f 
What  is  said  of  iron  t 


Copper  f 

Where  is  lead  obta'jied  f 
Tin  and  platina  f 
Whore  is  coal  found  t 


w 


GENERAL    VJEWS. 


Mines  of  rock-salt  are  found  in  I'lland,  England, 
Spain,  and  other  countries. 

Diamonds  are  obtained  chiefly  from  Brazil  and 
India ;  and  pearls,  rubies,  emeralds^  and  other  precious 
stones,  from  the  Ekuft  Indies. 


Mines  of  rock-aalt  t 

Whero  an  dinmondu  ob- 
ininedr'poarU,  rubies, 
1  c.  f 


SSAXrVFAOTV&SS. 


But  few  of  the  production-  .1  th-^  earth,  while  in 
their  natural  state,  are  fitted  ic        wants  of  man. 

Articles  which  have  rccei<'ed  the  preparation  neces- 
sary to  adapt  them  to  our  use  are  called  manufactures. 

T'he  most  important  manufactures  are  those  of  cotton, 
wool,  silk,  flax,  worsted,  und  hemp;  iron,  copper, 
brass,  tin,  and  other  metals;  flour,  sugar,  molasses, 
butter,  cheese,  salt,  and  other  articles  of  food ;  hats, 
bonnets,  shoes,  and  other  articles  of  clothing ;  articles 
of  furniture,  clocks  and  watches,  china  and  lUone- 
ware,  and  all  kinds  of  pottery ;  glass-ware,  jewel  y  &c. 

These  various  manufactures  give  employment  to  a 
large  portion  of  the  population  of  all  civilized  coun- 
tries. The  labor  is  performed  chiefly  by  machinery 
driven  by  water  or  steam. 

In  nothing  is  the  skill  or  ingenuity  of  man  more 
strikingly  exhibited  than  in  the  construction  of  this 
machinery,  whici;  .subjects  the  powers  of  nature  to  his 
will,  and  enables  him  to  accomplish  what  he  could 
never  perform  'oy  his  natural  strength  or  expertness 
alone. 

The  nations  rnn- ,  distinguished  for  their  manufac- 
tures are,  Greai  iJritai..,  ll'.e  Utin'it'  ^.iles,  Fratii^o, 
Germany,  and  Ciiina. 

O  O  M  M  .^>'4  a  ti  % .. 


Wh^t  ia  said  of  the  pro- 
duriions  of  the  ourib 
whito  in  their  natural 
stnto  t 

What  nro  those  articles 
called  wh"  h  have  been 
prepared  lor  our  use  I 

Whirli  Rio  tlio  most  im- 
p ;.  .ant  manutoclurcs  t 


To  ';!iat  do  these  manu- 
fucUTcs  give  employ- 
men.,  and  how  is  the 
labor  chiolly  performed  1' 

What  is  luid  of  this  mu- 
chinery  t 


riv  )  .'yston.    ,..y 
•(acu'.'i.  in  England,  is  ih<i  most 


Which  nations  nro  most 
dialinguiflhi-d  for  ihuir 
manulactures  1 


Commerce  condats  in  exchanging  the  superabundant 
manufactures  and  agricultural  products  of  one  country, 
or  portion  of  a  country,  for  those  of  another. 

Commerce  between  two  nations  contributes  greatly 
to  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  both ;  because  no 
country  produces  a  supply  of  everything  necessary 
for  the  comfort  of  its  inlmbita.'.t?. 

Commercial  transactions  are  much  aided  and  bene- 
fited by  the  system  of  Fost-Ofliccs,  which  has  been 
established  in  every  civilized  nslion,  for  the  purpose 
of  aflbrding  a  curtain,  chrsp,  ai;d  regular  means  of 
communication  between  all  parts  of  the  country,  and 
with  other  countries.  And  by  tlie  recent  invention  of 
Morst's  Magnetic  Telegrap's,'a  message  may  be  sent 
for  thousands  of  miles,  and  an  answer  received  in  a 
few  seconds. 

Commerce  is  carried  on  between  distant  countries 
by  means  of  sail  ships  or  steam  vessels.  Guided  by 
the  mariner's  compass,  the  bold  sailor  crosses  the 
wide  ocean,  and  arrives  safely  at  the  destined  port. 
Having  disposed  of  his  cargo,  he  returns  laden  with 
the  manufactures  of  foreign  lands,  and  the  proJurtions 
of  other  climes. 

Much  of  the  danger  of  ocean  navigation  ansfs  ■  <  ti 
the  tempestuous  winds  and  conflicting  currents,  which 
have  to  be  encountered  in  doubiing  or  sailing  around 
capes.  Cape  Horn  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  are 
very  noted,  and  many  vessels  are  annually  wrecked  in 
doubling  the  Peninsula  of  Florida. 


In  ivhat  does  commerce 
consist  I 


To  what  docs  commerce 
between  nations  contri- 
bute t 


How  are  commercial  trans- 
actions aided  and  bene- 
fited ? 


Light' Houses,  Docks,  .^-c— To  fucilittito  commerce 
and  diminish  its  dangers,  commercial  nations  have  ex- 
pended vast  sums  in  the  improvement  of  their  ports, 
the  construction  of  docks,  and  the  erection  of  light- 
houses. 

Docks  are  artificial  basins  or  excavations,  into  which 
vessels  ia  port  are  floated  for  safety,  and  for  the  con- 
venience of  lading  and  unlading.  The  most  celebrated 
docks  are  those  of  the  British  ports. 

Light-houses  are  buildings  erected  upon  the  sea- 
coast,  or  some  rock  or  island  in  the  sea,  where  the 
navigation  is  dangerous.  A  large  light,  which  may  be 
seen  at  a  great  disUiuct,  is  kept  canttantly  burning 
during  the  night,  to  •-vRin  vi  tsels  of  iWM-  situation  and 
direct  their  course  Tl'c  ).'  yston-  J\»;ht-hcu^,J,  14 
miles  S.  W.  of  Pi. 
celebrated  in  the  ^t^i'ld. 

A  magnificent  br'.',i!\vai(;r9iid  ice-breaker '.iU'!  been 
construct d  ncarCnfO  H.mlo;.en  by  '.le  U.  J^,i!;-.'<  go- 
vcrnmeiit,  and  a  veiy  iinporidnl  nnd  CiXienaiiu  i^arbor 
or  roadstrad  thus  created  at  a  cost  of  ntMvly  three 
millions  of  dollars. 

All  the  naiio!;'5  of  Europe;  the  United  States,  Brazil, 
Ml  xico,  and  other  American  states ;  and  the  East  In- 
dit's,  China,  and  other  Asiatic  countries,  are  more  or 
less  di9tinB[uislied  for  <hf'ir  commrrce. 

Aided  v-j  her  \  '.t  colonial  posjossiona.  Great  Bri- 
tain oxc(  is  all  '>thcr  nations  in  extent  uf  i^ommcrce. 
Her  sails  whit  ;r.  evpry  sea,  Pfui  li(.r  numorocs  and  ex- 
cellent ni;\nuf'.v-ti!res  are  found  ir*  every  land. 

The  Ci^siimticc  of  the  Iniied  State"  is  second  only 
to  that  of  Great  ilntaiti,  siiii  in  destined  soon  to  become 
the  most  extensive  on  the  globe. 

They  carry  on  a  very  exteii:  ivf^  trade  with  Great 
Britain  for  woollen  and  cotton  f^iods,  earthenware, 
cutlery,  <^'c.,  ful  a  large  commerce  with  France  for 
silks,  and  othv^'?  goods,  brandies,  and  claret,  cham- 
pagne, and  otiu  r  wines ;  in  exchange  for  which  they 
give  their  raw  cotton  and  other  agricultural  products. 
They  obtam  f'gar,  molasses,  cofiee,  mahogany,  and 
other  tropical  i>  oducts  in  large  quantities  from  the 
West  Indies ;  an.'  coflce  from  Brazil  and  Venezuela ; 
in  exchange  for  flour  and  other  articles  of  food. 

They  obtain  tea  'ind  silk  from  China  in  exchange 
for  specie,  fur,  and  ci>tton  goods ;  and  procure  spices 
in  the  East  Indies. 

Iron  is  imported  from  England,  Russia,  Swetlen, 
and  Norway  ;  hemp  from  Russia ;  specie  from  Mexico, 
in  exchange  for  inoiiufacturcd  goods;  and  salt  from 
Great  Britain,  the  West  Indies,  and  Spain. 

Cotton  is  the  principal  article  of  export;  and  it 
more  than  equals  all  their  other  exports  in  value. 

Other  prominent  articles  are  flour,  wheat,  and  to- 
bacco, and  manufactured  goods  from  the  northern 
states. 


What  has  been  done  by 
commercial  nations  to 
Ihcilitate  commorco  and 
diminish  its  dangers  I 


How  is  commerce  carried 
on  between  distant  eoun 
tries} 


From  what  does  much  of 
the  danger  of  ocean  na 
vigatiou  arise  f 


What  are  docks,  and  which 
ate  the  most  celebrated  I 


What  nro  lighl-houscH, 
and  what  is  said  of  Ed- 
dystono  light-house  ? 


What  is  said  of  tho  break- 
water, &c.,  near  Cape 
Ilonlopen  > 


What  nations  nro  noted 
for  their  commerce  t 


What  is  snid  of  the  com- 
merce of  Groat  Britain  t 


What  of  the  commerce  of 
tho  United  Stales  f 

What  is  snid  of  tho  trade 
with  Great  Britain  and 
Franco  ? 


What  of  tho  trade  with  tho 
W.  Indies,  nnd  Braiil 
and  Venezuela? 


What  of  the  trade  with 
China  and  the  £.  Indiest 


Whence  is  iron  imported  I 
hcmpt  specie)  ealtt 


Which  is  tho  principal  ex- 
port! 

Name  other  prominent  ar- 
ticles t 


lttt«mal  NarigatioD. 

Internal  Vohuperce.  —  Internal  trade  ia  carried  on 
chieflv  '.  )T'",  '-s  of  navigable  rivers,  canals,  and  rail- 
roads. 

Tlic  ii,  .  \.;P8  excel  ail  other  nations  in  cxienl  of 
internal ;  ii--  - -i.twise  trade.  This  consists  in  the  ex- 
change <:>  li"'  ii,..;i:'facturc8  of  the  northern  states  for 
the  cotton,  rit.  ■  s;,,r t,  Sic,  of  the  southern  states ;  and 


How    Is    internal    trade 
chiefly  carried  on  t 


iru~.  :^  »»<;>  ni  ths  mtsr- 
nii'  and  coastwise  trade 
ol  I  lie  U.  Stales,  and  in 
what  dues  it  consist  ? 


for  the  wh 
&.C.,  of  the 

No  coun 
than  the  U. 
number  and 
aggregate  1( 
of  the  lattei 

The  Mis: 
regarded  as 
which  it  dm 
plough  its  11 
and  freighte( 
region. 


Railroads 

than  of  trade. 

cars  drawn  b 

city  varying  I 

The  longc 

Slates  extend; 

j  field,  Albany, 

Another  lin 

delphia,  Baltii 

mond,  and  Pe 

except  an  intt 

dericksburg. 

The  immei 

gives  rise  to  a 

ferent  sections 

The  comm 

thronged  twic 

from  the  soul 

the  purpose  o; 

The  follow! 

and  travel : — 

Ist.  Betwee 

the  Gulf  of  Mt 

ships  which  si 

2d.  From  B 

by  canal  or  rail 

other  vessels,  n 

and  tributary  s 

3d.    From  1 

Pittsburg ;  thet 

sissippi  rivers,  1 

of  the  south  ai 

4  th.  From  1 

thence  by  stagi 

Wheeling;  the 

5th.   From  1 

means  of  raiirn 

tions,   through 

Washington  Ci 

and  across  the  i 

bama  Rivers,  & 

Steamboats  a 

U.  States,  partii 

are  also  numei 

the  Thames,  Kl 

There  are  m 

Holland  and  Bi 

Austria  lia.":  srv 

extent.     The  G 

the  vastncss  of 

its  construction. 


been  done  by 
al  imliuiiB  to 
commorco  and 
its  duiigors  t 


>cka,  and  which 
ostcolobratcdt 


light-hoiiROu, 
is  said  uf  Ki- 
ight-houso  ? 


id  of  ihn  broak- 
cc,  noar  Capo 
nl 


ionn   are  noted 
commerce  I 


aid  of  the  com- 
r  Great  Britain  t 


he  commerce  of 
od  States  t 

lid  of  the  trade 
eat  Uritaiii  and 


10  irndo  with  the 
ica,  and  Brazil 
iczuola) 


the  trade   with 
nd  the  K.  IndioB? 


a  iron  imported  f 
specie?  salt  I 


the  principal  ex- 
lor  promineat  ar- 


i 

ii 

n 


internal    trade 
carried  un  t 

ssii!  of  the  inter- 
il  coastwise  trade 
U.  States,  and  in 
lues  it  consist  ? 


for  tho  wheat  and  other  grains,  tobacco,  beef,  pork, 
&.C.,  of  the  middle  and  western  states. 

No  conniry  is  more  blessed  with  navigable  streams 
than  the  t;.  States ;  and  they  excel  all  others  in  the 
number  and  extent  of  their  railroads  aitd  canals;  the 
aggregate  length  of  the  former  being  4500  miles,  and 
of  the  latter  4000  miles.  ' 

The  Mississippi,  with  its  great  tributaries,  may  be 
regarded  as  a  life-giving  artery  to  the  immense  valley 
which  It  drams.  The  innumerable  steamboats  which 
plough  Its  mighty  flood  are  thronged  with  passengers, 
and  freighted  with  the  commerce  of  this  highly-favored 
region.  °    ■' 


What  is  said  of  iho  novi. 
gablo  streams  of  the  U. 
S.,  and  of  their  railroads 
and  canals  1 


What  is  said  of  the  Mis 
sissippi  ? 


VAaxfiTXBS    OF   TBB 


aVMAN   RAOB. 


Hojlroail. 

Railroads  are  more  valuable  for  purposes  of  travel 
than  of  trade.  Travellers  and  goods  are  transported  in 
cars  drawn  by  locoinouve  steam-engines,  with  a  velo- 
city varying  from  10  to  40  or  50  miles  an  hour. 

The  longest  unbroken  line  of  railroads  in  the  U 
i  States  extends  from  Portland  through  Boston,  Spring- 
field, Albany,  and  Rochester,  to  Biilliilo. 

Another  line  extends  from  Jersey  City  through  Phila- 
delphia, Baltimore,  Washington,  Fredericksburg,  Rich- 
mond, and  Petersburg,  to  Wilmington,  in  N.  Carolina, 
except  an  interruption  between  Washington  and  Fre- 
dericksburg. 

The  immense  internal  trade  of  the  United  Slates 
gives  rise  to  a  vast  amount  of  travel  between  the  dif- 
lercnt  sections  of  the  country. 

The  commercial  cities  oi'  the  northern  states  are 
thronged  twice  in  the  year  by  crowds  of  merchants 
trom  the  southern  and  western  states,  who  come  for 
the  purpose  of  purchasing  their  goods. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  great  routes  of  trade 
and  travel : — 

.1.  *^''  i?*rT.'"'  ""'  ''"'""^  POf'^  "O  "'6  Atlantic  and 
the  Oulf  of  Mexico,  by  steamboats  and  lines  of  packet- 
ships  which  sail  along  the  coast. 

2d.  From  Boston  or  New  York  to  Albany  ;  thence 
by  canal  or  railroad  to  Buflilo ;  thence  by  steamboat,  or 
other  vessels,  along  the  great  lakes  and  their  connecting 
and  tributary  streams  to  various  portions  of  the  west 

3d.  From  Philadelphia  by  railroad  and  canal  to 
nitsburg;  thence  by  steamboats  on  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers,  and  their  various  tributaries,  to  all  parts  I 
ol  the  south  and  west.  I 

4th.  From  Baltimore  by  railroad  to  Cumberland ; 
thence  by  stage-coaches  or  wagons  to  Brownsville  oi^ 
Wheeling;  thence  by  steamboats  to  the  south  or  west. 
5th.  From  Boston  and  other  northern  cities,  by 
means  of  railroads  with  occasional  steamboat  connec- 
tions, through  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 
Washington  City,  Riclinionu,  Wilmington,  Charleston 
and  across  the  Slate  of  Georgia  to  Tennessee  and  Ala- 
bama Rivers,  &c. 

SUcamboals  abound  on  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  the 
V.  States,  particularly  on  its  western  waters.  They 
are  also  numerous  on  European  rivers,  particularly 
the  Thames,  Rhine,  and  Seine. 

There  are  im.ny  railroads  and  canals  in  England. 
Holland  and  Belgium  are  noted  for  their  canals  •  and 
;■  ."  n\':  ■",f™   .."r-.  uf  nuirnad   o!    Considerable 

extent.  T  he  Grand  Canal  of  China  is  noted  more  for 
the  vastness  of  the  work  than  for  the  skill  shown  in 
Us  construction. 


What  is  said  of  railroads  / 


Which  is  tho  longest  un- 
broken lino  in  tiio  U.  S.? 

Name  another  line. 


To  what  docs  tho  internal 
trade  of  tho  U.  States 
give  rise  1 

What  is  said  of  tho  com- 
mercial cities  of  the 
northern  States  t 


How  are  trade  and  travel 
conducted  between  the 
seaports  of  the  U.  S.f 

How  between  Boston  and 
N.  York,  and  iho  west  ( 


Between  Philadelphio,  ond 
tho  west  and  south ) 


Baltimore,  and  the    west 
and  south  t 


Boston  and  other  northern 
cities,  and  iho  southern 
States ) 


Where    do    steamboats 
aboujij  ? 


W'hat  is  said  of  the  rail- 
roads  and  canals  of  other 
countries  ? 


14 


Ajiat/o.       Miluy.       Europtnn.    AWian.    Annrtom. 

Although  all  mankind  have  descended  from  a  com- 
mon parent,  great  diversity  exists  in  the  human  race 
at  the  present  day  with  respect  to  their  personal  ap- 
pearance, and  intellectual  and  moral  character. 

Co/or.— Men  are  found  of  all  colors,  white,  olive- 
yellow,  red,  brown,  and  black,  from  the  fair  European 
or  Caucasian  to  the  sable  African. 

Site.— They  are  exceedingly  various  in  their  sizes 
also;  being  of  all  heights,  from  the  gigantic  Palago- 
nian,  7  or  8  feet  high,  to  the  diminutive  Laplander  or 
bsquimuux,  scarcely  4  feet  high. 

Cultivation.— Aa  striking  a  difference  exists  in  the 
intellectual  and  moral  condition  of  the  inhabilaiits  of 
the  earth  as  m  their  physical  appearance. 

Cause  of  these  Differences.— TUese  vast  differences 
are  to  be  attributed  partly  to  the  difference  in  climates, 
and  in  food  and  manner  of  life,  which  this  occasions 
1  he  inhabilants  of  the  torrid  zone  are  generally  of 
a  brown  or  black  color;  and  are  indolent  and  effemi- 
nate m  body  and  mind. 

Their  want  of  energy  is  probably  owing  to  the  heat 
of  the  climate  and  fertility  of  the  soil,  which  remove 
a  Ike  the  disposition  and  the  necessity  for  active  em- 
ployment. ' 

The  inhabitants  of  the  temperate  zones,  particularly 
those  of  the  north  temperate,  arc  generally  of  a  light 
complexion,  and  far  surpass  those  of  the  other  por- 
tions of  the  earth  in  industry  and  energy  of  character, 
and  strength  of  mind  and  body. 

The  inhabiianu  of  the  frigid  zones  are  an  ignorant 
and  inoflensive  race,  of  a  dark  or  swarthy  appearance, 
small  size,  and  filthy  habits.  '  ' 

flaccs.— There  are  commonly  reckoned  five  varie- 
ties or  races  of  men,  viz. :  1st,  The  European  or  Cau- 
casian; M  th;  Asiatic  or  Mongolian;  3d,  the  Malay; 
4th,  the  African ;  and  5th,  the  American.  But  these 
races  are  frequently  intermixed. 

European  liaee.-Those  belonging  to  the  European 
race  are  distinguished  for  their  fair  complexions ;  and 
are  much  superior  to  the  other  races  in  civilization 
and  personal  beauty. 

This  race  includes  the  inhabitants  of  all  Eiirone 
except  those  parts  bordering  on  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  !he 
inhabitants  of  western  Asia,  including  the  greater  part 
of  Hindostan;  the  inhabitants  of  northern  Africa;  and 
the  descendants  of  Europeans  in  America. 
thfrr"  '"''f  — Tl'e  Asiatic  or  yellow  race  includes 
he  Chinese,  Japanese,  Chin-Indians,  except  the  Ma- 
lays, and  the  inhabitants  of  the  frigid  regions  of  both 
continents.  ° 

and  some  ol  the  islands  of  Australasia.  ' 

4/ncrtn  Racc.-The  African  or  negro  race  includes 
lie  inhalmants  of  nearly  all  Africa,  and  most  of  the 
islands  of  Australasia,  and  the  negroes  of  America. 

.inhT/nf*  -'^"^^•t''''*"  ^™'"<=«"  °'  f«d  race  includes 
_.  itimns  ot  .-imerit-a,  except  the  EsMuiiimux. 

States  of  Soaety.- Ma„l,i„^  maybe  divided  into 
five  stages  or  states  of  society,  according  to  their  cul- 
ture and  manner  of  life,  viz.:  the  savafc,  barbaroi  , 
hall-civilized,  civilized,  and  enlightened  ' 


What  is  said  of  the  diver- 
sity existing  in  tho  hu- 
man race  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  difTor- 
enco  of  their  colors  f 


What  of  iheir  sizes  t 


What  of  their  inicllectual 
and  moral  condition! 


To  what  are  these  vast 
diirerences  to  bo  attri- 
buted ; 

What  is  said  of  the  inha- 
bilants of  Ihe  torrid  zone? 

To  what  is  their  want  of 
energy  owing  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  temperate 
zones  ? 


'Vhat  of  Ihe  inhabitants  of 
the  frigid  zones  ? 

Name  the  diflerent  voriO' 
ties  or  races  found 
among  men. 


What  is  said  of  tho  Euro- 
pean race  I 


Whom  does  this  race  in- 
clude 7 


The  Asiatic  or  yellow  racet 


The  African  or  negro  racet 


The  American  or  red  racu » 

Into  how  many  stages  of 
society  ere  mankind  di 
vided  I 


■M  ) 


74 


GKNEUAL    VIEWS. 


Savage  State. — Men  in  the  savage  stale  live  chiefly 
by  hunting  and  fiahini;,  and  upon  the  nntural  produc- 
tions of  the  earth.  Tliey  are  ignorant  of  learning  and 
the  arts,  t:ruel  and  revengeful  in  their  dispositions,  and 
filthy  in  their  h.-^bits. 

The  Australians  and  the  uncivilized  Indians  of  Ame- 
rica are  examples  of  this  class. 

Barbarous  Stale. — Men  in  ihe  barbarous  state  cul- 
tivate the  soil,  and  raise  sheep,  cattle,  Stc.  They  pos- 
sess some  knowledge  of  learning  and  the  arts,  but  have 
no  written  language,  or  regular  form  of  government. 
In  their  character  they  are  cruel  and  superstitious. 

Tartary,  Arabia,  Abyssinia,  and  the  nations  of  cen- 
tral Africa,  are  in  this  state  of  society. 

Half-Civilized  Stale.  —  In  the  half-civilized  state 
men  practise  agriculture,  and  understand  many  of  the 
arts.  They  have  books,  and  regular  forms  of  govern- 
ment, but  the  great  mass  of  the  people  are  ignorant 
and  uncultivated. 

China,  Japan,  Farther  India,  Hindostan,  Persia, 
Turkey,  Egypt,  and  the  Barbary  States,  are  in  this 
state  of  society. 

Civilized  Stale.  —  Men,  in  the  civilized  state,  are 
well  acquainted  with  the  arts  and  sciences,  and  engage 
to  a  considerable  extent  in  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures. But  learning  is  not  generally  dilFused,  the  ma- 
jority of  tlie  people  being  very  ignorant. 

This  Slate  of  society  exists  in  Russia,  Italy,  Spain, 
Portugal,  Mexico,  and  the  conntries  of  South  America. 

Enlightened  Slate. — In  enlightened  nations  know- 
ledge is  generally  diffused,  and  the  arts  and  sciences 
are  found  in  tlieir  greatest  perfection.  The  inhabimnts 
are  enterprising,  industrious,  and  obedient  to  the  laws, 
and  are  extensively  engaged  in  agriculture,  manufac- 
tures, and  commerce. 

The  U.  States,  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  &c., 
are  in  this  state  of  society. 

Among  savage,  barbarous,  and  half-civilized  people, 
women  are  considered  by  the  men  as  slaves ;  but  in 
civilized  and  enlightened  nations  they  arc  regarded  as 
equals,  and  treated  with  kindness  and  respect. 

OOVERNIXCBXrT. 

Government  is  that  power  or  system  by  which  the 
laws  of  a  country  are  made  and  executed. 

Governments  are  necessary  in  order  to  encourage 
virtue  and  industry,  suppress  vice,  and  promote  the 
"  common  defence  and  general  welfare"  of  a  country. 

Government  consists  of  tiiree  departments ;  Ist,  tl'» 
legislative  or  law-making  power;  2d,  the  judiciary,  or 
that  power  which  judges  of  infractions  of  the  law; 
and  3d,  the  executive,  or  that  power  which  executes 
the  laws :  and  those  governments  are  best,  in  which 
those  who  administer  these  several  departments  are 
independent  of  each  other. 

There  are  three  elementary  forms  of  government, 
monarchy,  aristocracy,  and  democracy.  When  more 
than  one  of  these  elements  are  found  in  the  same  system 
of  government,  it  is  called  a  mixed  government. 

Monarchy  is  a  government  administered  by  a  single 
man.  There  are  two  kinds  of  monarchy,  viz. :  abso- 
lute, and  limited  or  mixed. 

An  absolute  monarchy  or  despotism  is  that  in  which 
the  monarch  governs  according  to  his  own  will,  or 
has  in  his  own  hands  the  administration  of  the  tliree 
departments  of  government. 

A  limited  or  mixed  monarchy  is  a  government  in 
which  the  power  of  the  sovereign  is  restricted  and  de- 
fined by  the  constitution  and  laws,  and  in  which  the 
nobility  or  people  at  large  ])arlicipate. 

An  aristocracy  is  a  government  exercised  by  a  small 
number  of  men,  usually  styled  the  nobility. 

A  ijpinncracy  is  a  ifovernnient  exercised  by  the 
whole  body  of  the  people. 

A  republic  is  a  government  administered  by  a 
number  of  men  chosen  by  the  people  for  a  limited 
time. 


Whnt  is  Buid  at  lliu  ninri- 
Dcr  of  life,  dispnaitiimB, 
iVr.,  of  iiiiMi  in  till)  Bttv- 
age  Btato  I 


Who  arc  examples  of  this 
cluaf 

What  is  said  of  men  in  the 
ijarbaroua  alsto  ? 


What  nnliona  are  in  this 
•luio  of  Voiieiy  I 

What  is  KBul  of  men  in  the 
half-civilizeil  elato  ( 


What  nations  are  in  this 

BtUlO  f 


Whnt   is  said  ol  men  in 
the  civilized  slulc  ( 


Where  docs  this  stale  of 
society  exist  I 

What   is  said  of  enlight- 
ened nations  1 


What  nations  are  in  this 
statu  of  society  I 

How  do  people  in  the  dif* 
ferent  stages  of  society 
differ  in  the  treatment  of 
tlieir  women  t 


What  is  government  f 

Why  arc  governments  ne- 
cessary I 


Of  how  many  departments 
does  government  con- 
sist, and  what  are  they  1 


IIow  many  elementary 
forms  of  government  are 
there,  Sec.  1 


What  is  monarchy,  and 
how  many  kinds  are 
there  I 

What  is  an  absolute  mon- 
archy 1 


A  liniiicd  or  mixed  mon- 
archy ( 


An  aristocracy  ? 
A  democracy  f 
A  republic  t 


Moat  of  the  nations  of  the  earth  are  under  mo- 
narchical governnienl. 

Absolute  moniirchy  prevails  in  all  the  coiintiii's  and 
among  all  the  tribes  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Oci'aiiii'n;  and 
in  the  Hiissiaii  and  Turkish  iinpiri's ;  the  kiiiirdoin  of 
Denmark,  and  some  of  the  stales  of  Italy  and  Ger- 
many. 

Limited  or  mixed  monarchy  prevails  in  the  remain- 
ing countries  of  Europe,  except  France,  Switzerland, 
and  a  few  small  slates;  and  in  the  empire  of  Brazil. 

The  U.  Slates,  Mexico,  Guatiinala,  most  of  the  Soutti 
American  Slates,  France,  and  Switzerland,  enjoy  re- 
publican governments. 

In  the  government  of  the  U.  Slates,  and  also  in 
those  of  the  several  suites,  the  three  deparlmenls  of 
government  are  independent  of  each  olhcr.  The  laws 
are  made  by  congress,  or  the  state  legislatures,  applied 
by  the  proper  judges,  and  executed  by  tho  President 
of  the  U.  Slates  or  the  state  governors. 

Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Hepre- 
sentatives. 

Each  Slate  is  entitled  to  two  Senators,  who  are 
elected  by  the  State  Legislatures  for  the  term  of  six 
years. 

The  House  of  Representatives  consists  of  members 
chosen  for  a  term  of  two  years,  by  the  people  of  each 
State,  in  proportion  to  its  population. 

The  President  is  chosen  by  electors  selected  by  the 
people,  and  holds  his  oHice  for  four  years. 

In  all  monarchical  conulries  wealth  and  power  are 
very  unequally  distributed  ;  and  in  many  of  them  the 
siluation  of  the  peasantry,  who  compose  the  great 
mass  of  the  people,  is  truly  deplorable.  The  nobility 
and  a  few  wealthy  citizens  hold  nearly  all  the  pro- 
perty, while  the  peasants  are  exceedingly  destitute  and 
ignorant. 

In  many  countries  a  part  of  the  population  is  kept 
by  law  in  a  state  of  slavery  to  the  other  portion. 

In  Russia  the  peasants,  comprising  more  than  four- 
fifths  of  the  entire  population,  are  the  slaves  or  serfs 
of  the  nobility  and  the  emperor ;  and  are  bought  and 
sold  with  the  laiul  they  culiivate. 

Many  negroes  are  found  in  a  slate  of  slavery  in  the 
West  Indies,  Brazil,  Guiana,  and  the  Uiiiled  Slates. 

Those  of  the  United  Slates  in  which  slavery  exists 
are  Delaware,  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  all  of 
the  southern  states,  antl  Kentucky,  Tennessc  •,  MiS' 
souri,  and  Arkansas. 

These  slaves  are  the  descendants  of  negroes  brought 
from  Africa  by  permission  of  the  British  fbvernmeut, 
while  the  United  States  were  British  colonies. 

The  colonies  remonstrated  against  this  infamous 
traffic,  which  was  carr'  d  on  by  non-residents,  and 
abolished  it  immediately  after  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. 

The  slave-trade  is  still  carried  on  extensively  with 
Brazil. 

RBIiZOXOVr. 

The  existence  of  a  great  First  Cause  and  of  an  over- 
ruling Deity,  possessed  of  power  vastly  superior  to 
that  of  man,  are  truths  which  have  been  almost  uni- 
versally believed  in  alt  ages  and  countries. 

The  ideas  which  mankind  entertain  of  the  character 
of  this  Divine  Being,  and  the  modes  of  worship  by 
which  they  endeavor  to  gain  his  favor  or  avert 
his  wrath,  are  exceedingly  various,  and  give  rise  to  the 
various  religions  found  in  the  world. 

Man  can  never  obtain  a  correct  knowledge  of  the 
true  God  but  by  the  liglit  of  Revelation.  Those  na- 
tions therefore  who  are  not  blessed  with  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  are  in  ignorance  on  this  vital  subject. 

There  are  four  principal  religions  in  the  world,  viz. : 
the  Christian,  the  Jewish,  the  Mohammedan,  and  the 
Pagan. 

Christianity  is  a  belief  in  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  and 
in  Jesus  Christ  as  the  Saviour  of  men. 
iM  I 


I'ridcr  wliiit  form  nf  pov- 
criiinuiit  are  most  na- 
liiiiis  iif  ihi-  cnrlh? 

Wlierii  rtoen  Hhsoliito  mo- 
iiurchy  prevail  I 


Where  does  limited  mo- 
narchy prevail  I 


What  countries  enjoy  rc- 
imblicun  governments? 


What  is  said  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  1'.  .S., 
and  ihose  of  the  several 
Slulea) 


Of  what   does  Ct.igress 
consist  ? 

To  how  many  Henators  is 
each  State  entitled) 


Of  what  does  iho  Honse  of 
Keprcscntutivcs  consist) 


IIow  is  the  President  cho- 
sen) 

What  is  said  of  the  distrjk^ 
bulion    of    wealth    ana  | 
power,  and  the  stale  of 
society   in    monarchical 
countries  1 


How  is  a  part  of  the  po- 
pulation kept  in  many 
rouniries) 

What  is  said  of  the  pea- 
sants of  Kussiat 


In  what  countries  does  ne- 
gro slavery  exist  t 

In  which  of  the  U.  States 
dues  slavery  exist  t 


From    whom    are    these 
slaves  descended  t 


What  course  did  the  colo- 
nics pursue  in  regard  to 
this  trade  ) 

With  what  country  is  the 
slave  trado  still  carried 
on ) 


Whnl  religious  truths  have 
been  believed  always 
uiid  everywhere) 


Whnt  is  said  of  the  vari- 
ous ideas  entertained  oi 
the  Divine  Being,  and  to 
what  have  they  given 
rise ) 

What  is  the  only  means 
of  obtaining  a  correct 
knowledge  of  God) 


Which  are  Iho  principal 

ft-l!"!CrnB  in  (he  worlu? 


What  is  Christianity  t 


The  Jew 
New,  and  li 

Mohamin 
the  impnstf 
seventh  cen 
Koran. 


Paganism 
birds,  &,c. 

More  than 
earth  are  Pag 
are  Jews ;  an 

The  Chris 
•of  Europe  e: 

«  America.  M 
Christianity  t 
tions  of  the  p 
Wherever  ( 
learning  alwa 
Christians  i 
Protestant  Ch 
Protestants 
such  as  Baptii 
lians,  Congrej 

The  Jews 
dispersed  ami 
They  observe 
in  their  synagi 
of  their  father 
The  Mohan 
in  the  Turk  is 
the  Nile  and 
two  sects ;  the 


The  Pagans 
cording  to  the 
the  Brainins  o 
Grand  Lama,  i 
and  the  Felichis 
of  Africa  and  O 

Polygamy  pn 
Pagan  and  Alohi 


Prior  to  the  c 
spoke  the  same 

There  are  no 
world  and  300(] 


form  nt"  pnv 
LTu  rnONi  na- 
I'  I'lirlli  ? 

Hl>f«>liiii)  mo* 

iVUll  I 


I  limiled  mo- 
ivaill 


riDa  enjoy  rc- 
[uverniiientB  t 


(I  of  llie  gov- 
o(  Iho  U.  S., 
of  the  aoveral 


ocs  CL.igress 

ny  f^enatorB  is 
!  cnliileU? 


•9  the  House  of 
tutivcacoiisisif 


President  cbo- 

d  uftlio  distrb 
f  wealth  ana 
id  the  Htale  of 
1  monarchical 
1 


)art  of  the  po- 

kcpt  in  many 

1 

lid  of  the  pea- 

llusaia  I 


intrieB  does  ne- 
ry  exist  t 

if  the  U.  StatcB 
ery  exist  ? 


)m    are    these 
sccndcd  ? 


Be  did  the  colo- 
luc  in  regard  to 


;  country  Ib  the 
,de  Btill  carried 


ious  truths  have 
ilievcd  always 
ywhere  I 


aid  of  the  varl- 
i  entertained  of 
ic  Being,  and  to 
ive    they  given 


ho  only  means 
ning  a  correct 
go  of  God  ? 


0  the  principal 

1  in  the  world ! 


hriatianily  I 


The  Jews  believe  the  Old  Te8tnmnn^  but  reject  the 
«ew,  nnd  look  for  n  Siivioiir  yet  to  rome 

Mohamnicdaiiisin  is  a  system  of  rcliijion  latight  bv 
the  iinpoHtor  Molrnnimed,  in  the  beKinninjr  of  the 
jeventh  century,  and  i.  contained  in  a  book  calle.l  the 


<ii;iVKaAL    VIEWS. 


What  do  the  Jews  believe t 


7& 


What    is    Mohammedan- 
ism t 


belong  to  America,  650  to  Europe,  iOOO  to  Aria  and  I    and  how 
Oceanica,  and  nearly  300  to  Africa.  |     inbuitd  1 

BZSTOax    OP    THB    SAATB. 


are  they  dii- 


Temple  of  Ap<«. 


I      Paganism  is  the  worship  of  false  gods,  idols,  beasts, 
j  birds,  &.C.  =      ;  J  , 

I  More  than  one-half  of  the  entire  population  of  the 
earth  are  Pagans ;  one-third  Christians;  three  millions 
arc  Jews;  and  the  rest  Mohammedans. 

The  Christian  religion  prevails  in  all  the  countries 

ol  Europe  except  Turkey,  and   in   every  country  of 

Jkmerica.     Missionaries  are  also  carrying  the  light  of 

Chnstmnily  to  the  benighted  inhabitants  of  many  por- 

>     lions  of  the  globe.  '  ' 

f     Wherever  Christianity  is  introduced,  civilization  and 

:  learning  always  foilosv. 

Christians  are  divided  into  the  Catholic,  Greek,  and 
rroteslant  Churches,  Armenians,  Ncstorians,  &c. 

frotestants  are  divided  into  various  dcnominalions- 
such  as  Baptists,  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  Episcopa- 
lians, Congregationalists,  Friends,  Lutherans,  &c. 

The  Jews   formerly  inhabited  Judea,  but  are  now 

dispersed   among   the  various  nations  of  the   earth 

I  hey  observe  Saturday  as  their  Sabbath,  and  worship 

,  m  their  synagogues  according  to  the  rites  and  customs 

I  of  their  fathers. 

The  Mohammedans  or  Mussulmen  are  chiefly  found 
m  the  1  urkish   empire,  Arabia,  and  the  countries  of 
,  the  Nile  and  North  Africa.     They  are  divided  into 
two  sects;  the  sect  of  Ali,  and  the  sect  of  Omar. 


What  is  Paganiam  f 

What  port  Ion  of  t  he  eart  h'fl 
papulation  are  Pagans! 
Chrialiana!  &c. 

Where  docs  the  Chriatian 
religion  prevail  / 


Whnt  always  follow  the 
introduction  of  Chri»^ 
tianiiy  I 

How  ore  Christians  di- 
vided? 

IIow  arc  Protestonts  di- 
vided ( 


What  is  said  of  the  Jews  1 


Where  are  the  Moham- 
medans chiefly  found, 
and  how  are  they  di- 
vided t 


(Iraiid  Lama 


The  Pagans  arc  known  under  various  names,  ac- 
cording to  their  faith  or  form  of  worship ;— such  as 
the  Bramins   of  llindoslan,  the   worshippers  of  the 
;  Grand  Lnma,  and  other  Buddhists   of  eastern  Asia; 
I  Snd  the  Feliohists  or  worshippers  of  birds,  reptiles,  &c.' 
of  Africa  and  Oceanica.  ' 

Polygamy  prevails  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  in  all 
Pagan  and  Mohammedan  countries. 

iiAzroirAoss. 

Prior  to  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel,  all  men 
spoke  the  same  language. 

There  are  now  about  80  original  languages  in  the 
world  and  3000  dialects;  of  which  more  than  1200 


What  is  said  of  the  vari- 
ous names  under  which 
the  Pagana  are  known  ( 


In  what  countries  docs  po- 
lygamy prevail  ? 


When  did  all  men  speak 
the  same  language  f 

How  many  languages  and  I 
dialects  are  now  found,  I 


Many  remarkable  events  are  recorded  in  the  history 
o(  the  earth,  and  many  mighty  revolutions  and  nston- 
ishing  changes  have  taken  place  since  its  creation 

JJf!e  of  the  ErtrM.— According  to  the  most  usually 
received  chronology,  the  earth  was  prepared  for  the 
abode  of  man  4004  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
1  he  ago  of  the  world,  or  the  period  which  has  elapsed 
since  the  creation  of  our  first  parents,  is,  therefore,  at 
the  present  time,  (a.  d.  1848)  5853  years. 

The  Deluge.— 1056  years  after  the  creation,  the 
wickedness  of  man  had  become  so  great,  that  God 
caused  a  mighty  deluge  to  sweep  over  the  earth.  By 
this  event  every  human  being  was  destroyed  except 
Noah  and  his  family 

MaVs  Preservation.— NoaUM^'ing  remained  stead- 
ast  in  the  practice  of  virtue  and  piety,  although  in 
the  midst  of  universal  depravity,  found  favor  in  the 
sight  of  Heaven ;  and  being  warned  of  God,  built  an 
ark  or  vessel,  m  which  he  saved  the  lives  of  all  his 
family,  and  of  such  animals  as  God  saw  fit  to  preserve 
from  destruction. 

ThcMvent  and  Mission  of  Christ.— 2348  years 
after  the  deluge,  or  4004  years  after  the  creation, 
Jesus  Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  in  accordance  with 
numerous  prophecies,  appeared  on  earth  in  the  form 
ol  man,  to  make  atonement  for  the  sins  of  the  world 
He  remained  33  years  among  men,  during  which 
time  He  performed  many  astonishing  miracles;  and 
having  fulfilled  His  mission  to  earth.  He  again  ascended 
into  Heaven. 

Du'-alion  of  Human  Life,  Sfc.—The  term  of  man's 
lile  has  undergone  very  great  diminution. 

Prior  to  the  flood  mankind  lived  to  a  most  extraor- 
dinary age;  Methuselah,  the  oldest  man  of  whom  we 
have  any  account,  having  been  969  years  old  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  The  life  of  man  was  afterwards 
reduced  to  120  years,  and  subsequen-ly  underwent  a 
larther  reduction,  so  that  few  are  now  found  to  live 
beyond  the  appointed  "  three  score  years  and  ten  " 

Since  the  time  of  our  first  parents,  innumerable  ee- 
nerations  have  appeared  and  passed  away,  li  is  esti- 
mated that  since  the  creation,  not  less  than  140,000 
millions  of  human  beings  have  lived  and  died,  so  that 
on  an  average  more  than  four  persons  are  buried  in 
every  acre  of  land  on  the  globe;  and  that  of  this  vast 
multitude  not  less  than  one-tenth  have  perished  in  the 
wars  waged  between  men. 

J^ations  of  the  Earlh.—LMe  is  known  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  antediluvians,  but  since  the  flood  many 
mighty  kingdoms  and  empires  have  flourished  and 
decayed. 

Of  ancient  empires,  the  most  powerful  were  the 
Assyrian  or  Babylonian,  tlie  Persian,  the  Grecian,  an.l 
the  Roman;  which  successively  conquered  and  ruled 
all  the  nations  of  the  world  of  which  they  had  any 
knowledge.  '  ^ 

nnHo""  '!•' n''""  °^u^!  ^°T"  ^"'P''^'^'  "'''  prominent 
nations  of  the  earth  have  been  more  nearly  equal  in 
point  of  power;  so  that  no  government  has  sinV^  en- 
joyed universal  supremacy,  although  se-  at  nie  far 
more  powerful  than  were  the  kingdoms  of  antiquity. 

1  hose  nations  which  were  formerly  most  noted 
tor  their  learning  and  power,  are  now  among  the  most 
Ignorant  and  unimportant. 

Egypt  taught  to  the  world  the  use  of  letters,  and 
the  stupendous  remains  of  her  antiquity  attest  her 
former  greatness ;  but  now  the  valley  of  the  Nile  is 


peopled  by  a  rude,  ignorant,  and  desi^ded  rr.rr 

Greece  and  Home,'  once  so  distin|trislied,"have  lost 

their  ancient  g  ory;  and  their  present  inhabitants  gaze 

in  stupid  wonder  upon  the  evidences  of  the  grandeur 

of  their  ancestors.  ° 

On  the  other  hand,  the  leading  nations  of  ilie  pro- 


What  ofGrcscc  and  Romet 


What  is  said  of  the  lead- 


What  la  said  of  the  his- 
tory of  iho  enrth,  and 
the  chang.'s  which  have 
taken  place  in  it  1 

When  was  the  earth  pre- 
pared for  the  abode  of 
rnon,  nnd  what  period 
has  since  elapsed  f 


When,  and  why,  did  God 
cause  a  deluge  to  aweep  I 
over  the  earth? 


Why,  and  how,  wag  Noah 
preserved  f 


When  did  Jesus  Christ, 
the  .Son  of  God,  appear 
on  earth,  and  what  was 
the  Durpose  of  his  mis- 
Bionf 

How  many  years  did  ho 
remain  among  men  ? 


What  change  has  the  term 
of  man's  fife  undergone? 

Whol  is  said  of  the  length 
ol  man's  life  before- the 
flood,  and  the  reductions 
which  it  has  subse- 
quently undergone? 


What  IS  said  of  the  num- 
ner  ot  human  beings 
th.nt  have  lived  and  died 
pince  the  limo  of  our 
hrst  parents  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  history 
of  the  antediluvians,  and 
of  the  nntioiis  which 
have  existed  since  the 
Hood  I 

Which  were  the  most  pow- 
erful of  the  ancient  em- 
pires I 


What  is  said  of  the  promi- 
nent nations  of  the  earth 
since  the  fall  of  the  Ro- 
man Empire  ? 


What  is  said  of  the  nations 
formerly  most  noted  ibr 
learning  and  power? 

What  is  said  of  Egypt? 


a  I 


if 


7« 


STATISTICAL    TABLK3. 


•fist  time,  although  far  mote  (lislingiiished  for  leariiin(? ! 
and  civiliiation  than  'li«  mom  refined  nationa  of  nnli- 
qiiity,  are  dearendwl  from  ancestors  noted  for  their 
ignorance  and  barbarism' 

ChangfM  of  the  Earth.— The  earth  itself  lias  under- 
gone many  chnnges,  the  most  remnrkabic  of  which  are 
the  decrease  of  temperature,  and  the  changes  in  the 
situation  of  land  and  water. 

Evidences  of  these  CAon^e*.— Numerous  fossil  bonra 
prove  that  many  animals  now  found  only  in  iropiral 
climates,  formerly  inhabited  the  temperate,  and  even  llu 
frigid  zones.  Siberia  was  once  the  abode  of  vast  hvrc  - 
of  elephanu ;  England,  Germany,  and  other  European 
countries,  of  the  hyena,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  croc  > 
dile.  Sic;  and  the  United  States,  of  the  mighty  maMlj- 
don  or  mammoth. 

Geology  proves  also  that  plants  are  smali-'r  .han 
they  formerly  were,  and  that  vcgoliilion  ii  noi  so 
abundant.  If  Silii'ria's  former  herds  of  eleplin!  i.  were 
able  to  endure  its  present  climate,  they  could  not  find 
a  subsistence  on  its  barren  plains. 


ing  nalinna  of  the  pre- 
•cnt  liniu  t 


What  iaaaidofthochanRi 
whirl)    Ihfl  oaftli    ii^'    i 
liaa     uiidergono,     niul 
whiili  nrc  ihe  niual  ru- 
markiilile  I 

Wliat  oviilonoo  do  fosail 
l>oneB  nll'iird  iif  llio  du- 
rrcaau  of  ifni{itraiurc  ? 


H  ,, ..  a  ■(  geology  leach 
UH  concerning  tho  nizo  of 
planld,  *-c.,  at  iho  pro- 
sunt  (lay  ? 


Beds  of  shells  and  other  marine  remains,  prove  that 
much  of  the  present  surfnce  of  the  earth  was  once 
immersed  under  the  sea;  and  it  is  very  (rolmblo  that 
much  of  the  present  bed  of  the  sea  was  onco  dry  Innd. 

OONOLUDXirO   nSMA 

From  the  foregoing  facts  we  learn  that  the  earth 
mill  iill  things  connected  with  it  are  liable  to  incessant 
change ;  and  that  the  proudest  monuments  of  human 
skill  and  Intellect,  like  their  frail  architects,  soon  pass 
ivway  anil     i!  lost  in  oblivion. 

The  I  te  teaches  that  when  tho  present  life  is  over 
we  are  transferred  to  an  (tornal  and  unchanging  world, 
and  thai  his  earth  shall  ultimately  be  destroyed  by 
fire. 

"The  clouJ-cnppeJ  towers,  the  gorgeous  pnlaoes, 
The  solemn  loinples,  Iho  irreat  globe  itself; 
Ypa,  all  which  it  inherit,  slmil  dissolve, 
And,  like  tin'  baseless  fabti.;  of  a  vision, 
Leave  not  a  wreck  behind." 


Wliiil  do  beda  of  shFlls, 
Ate,  prove  respecting 
the  present  surface  ol 
the  earth  t 


BXI. 

What  do  ««  learn  from 
the  forfu  "ing  lads,  re. 
■pecting  the  earth,  ii.c.1 


What  does  the  Bible  teach 
concerning  our  future 
■tale,  anil  the  final  de- 
struction of  tlie  world! 


Repeal  the  lines  ilescrip 
live  of  the  final  dissolu 
lion  of  Ihe  present  order 
of  things. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


t'ABZiB  Z. 

The  following  Ublo  show"  by  whr,  nation  each  slate  was  settled,  tho  place  and  the  data 
of  the  first  •cttlcmcnt,  and  tho  time  of  admission  into  tho  Union  ; 


Florida 

•Virginia 

•New  York 

•Massachusetts   .. 

*New  Hampshire 

*New  Jersey 

Delaware 

Maine 

•Connecticut 

•Maryland 

•Rhode  Island  . . . 
•North  Carolina  . . 
•South  Carolina  . . 

Michigan 

•Pennsylvania  . . . 

Illinois 

Arkansas 

Teia 

Ijouisiana 

Indiana 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Vermont  

•Georgia 

Missouri ' 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 


By  ivliom  settled. 


Town  or  place  of 
■uttlciueiit. 


St.  Augustine  •  •  ■  • 

Jiiinestown 

Alunhattun  Island 

Plymouth 

I  >over 

Bergen 

Ciipo  Ilcnlopcn... 

York 

Windsor 

St.  Mary's 

I'liividence 


Spanish 

Kn^lish 

Dutch 

English 

English 

Danes  

Sweden  and  Finns  . . 

English 

English 

English 

R.  Wiiiiimsof  Mass. 

English I Albciimrlo  . 

English Poi-l  K  yal 

French 

English 

French 

French 

Spanish 

French 

French 

French 

French 

Emigrants  from  Mass, 

English 

French 

English 

D.Boone,  of  Virginia. 

Em.  from  N.  England 
J  Ktiiigrants  from 
)       various  states. 


Dale  of 
Hetlleuiuitt. 


Time  of  o<i- 
iitiiwiim  into 
Ihe  Union. 


Detroit. 
Philadelphia  . . , 

Kaskaskia 

Arkansas 

San  Francisco  . 

Iberville 

Vincenncs  .... 
Near  Mobile  . . 
Natchez  .... 
Fort  Duii.r 
Savannah. - ■  • 
St.  Genevieve  . 
Fort  Loudoun. 
Boonsboro  . . . . 
.Marietta 


1565 

1607 

1613 

16:20 

1(1  J3 

1624 

16-i7 

1630 

16.13 

1634 

1636 

1650 

1670 

1670 

1083 

1683 

168.-5 

169U 

1(199 

1702 

1702 

1716 

17^0 

1733 

17()3 

1765 

1775 

1788 

18.30 

1833 


1845 


1320 


1836 

1818 
1836 
1846 
1S12 

I  -  !  0 

1- 

1 


1821 
17'i6 
1793 

18(« 
18'  ' 
iHlii 


TABX.II   ZZZ. 

Tho  populition  of  tho  United  States  is  composed  mainly  of  the  descendants  of  English- 
men; although  a  considerable  portion  is  of  Irish,  Hutch,  Gem. ;  French,  or  Spanish 
origin.  A  vast  tide  of  cmigranti.,  chiefly  from  {Jenn.iny  and  tlio  Hrilish  isles,  is  con. 
stantly  pouring  into  tho  country.  It  is  computed  that  several  hundred  thousand  arrive 
annually.    In  1846,  the  number  regularly  entered  at  tho  oustom-housos  alone,  amounted 

to  158,648.  .        ,    ,     , 

The  constitution  of  the  United  States  requires  that  a  «nsu»,  or  enumeration  of  all  the 
inhabitanU  of  the  country,  shall  bo  taken  once  in  ten  ycnrn.  Tho  following  table  exhi. 
biU  the  population  of  the  United  States,  and  of  each  state,  at  each  of  the  six  censuses 
already  taken. 


ITtK) 


NoTE-Tbe  states  to  which  an  asterisk  (•)  is  pre«ied,  are  the  orijinal  thirteen  wlud,  furmeJ  the 
UiiioD. 

TABXiB  ZZ. 

POPULATION    OF    PniffClPAL    C1TIF.9. 


1»» 


1643 


New  York   . . 
Philadelphia  . 
Baltimore  . . . 
New  Orleans  . 
Boston  ...... 

Cincinnati . . . 


Albany 

Charleston . . . 
Washington 
Providence.. 
Louisville. . . 


312.710 

228,691 

103,313 

102,193 

93,383 

46,338 

36J233 

33,731 

29,261 

23,364 

23,171 

21,310 


371,102 


114,366 

.'.9,566 
41,139 


Pittsburg  . . . 

Lowell 

Rochester. .. 
Richmond. . . 

Troy 

Buffalo 

Newark  .  • . . 
St.  Luuia.  * .. 
Portland  . . . . 

Salem 

New  Haven  . 
Mobile 


ai 

2li,7;iu 
20,191 
20,1.'>3 
19,334 
18,213 
17,290 
15,^63 
15,218 
15,082 
12,960 
12,672 


28,81  i 
95,265 

21,709 
29,773 
25,433 
j'i.l'iO 


•.Maine .... 

New  Hampshire  . . 

Vermont 

Massachmetls. .. . 

Rhode  Mind 

Conncctie: 

New  York 
New  Jerse> 
Pennsylvania  .... 

Delaware 

MaryUnd 

Dintrict  of  Columbia 

Virginia    

Norlli  '     rolina  .... 
Soutli  >   .rulina  . .. . 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi  

Louisiana    

tTexaa 

Michigan 

Ohio 

I  Indiana  

Illinois   

Kontacky 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Wisconsin  Territor 

lowii  Territory  .  • 


111,899 

^.'■>,416 

175,257 

69,110 

238,141 

■140,130 

184,1,39 

134,37:* 

.VJ,09() 

319,738 

748,118 

393,7  jl 

249,073 

8.,J48| 


1810 


73,07' 
35,79 


183,762 
154,4(1." 
574,9(1 
69,13^ 
25 1, CO- 
586.7.V 

'-'ll,9t:. 

TO,:i65 
64,373 
311,.')4H 
14,093 
88U,30nl 
478,11^ 
345,5!)  i 
163,101 


8,850 


4.';,:i( 

4,8: 

930,95.. 
105,602 


1820 


Total 


•>9,837 


ai4,3r.o 

'7,713 
715 

,.,031 
962,042 
959,049 
245,555 
810,091 

72,674 
380,546 

24,033 
974,632 
555,500 
41.5,115 

J53,433 


40,353 
76,556 

4,762 
230,760 

2I,.VJ0 

la.  ^3 

!!l(,,.,ll 
90,845 


1830 


1B40 


398,33,-1 

344,16! 

335,764 

533,287 

83,059 

275,203 

1 ,373,812! 

277,575 

1,049,45.- 

72,74il 

407,350 

33,039 

1,065,379 

638,839 

5(li741 

11.     ..6 

197,901 

75,44" 
153,407 

ir.    r- 

.V,,J11 

564,317 

492,813 

66,586 


39y,t.T'i 

969,3^ 

280,651' 

fiI0.40r- 

■     199 

.175 

.i06 

.i3U,H;.'3 

,3484233 

76,748 

447,040 

39,831 

1,211,405 

737,987 

,81,185 

568,193 

34,730 

309,527 

136,631 

315,599 

31,639 
937,903 
343,031 
157,445 
687,917 
681,904 
140,4.-... 

30,38e 


Add  number  of  Seamen  in  the  U.  8.  service 
Grand  total 


5,3fl5,94l|  7,239,8141  9,130,587'  13,901,190 


501  -!I3 

74 

IS 

.:;        t 

Jii'-. 

3U9,li 

2.428.931 

■  «.306 

.033 

iS5 

9 

.       13  ' 

l,3llL.,.  '7 

-'•.■(,41  I 

.•4,3i»8 

i..U,392 

54,477 

590,756 

375,651 

353,411 

219,967 

1,519,407 

685,866 

476,183 

779,836 

829,310 

383,702 

97,574 

30,945 

43,113 


17,063,331 
6,1'  ! 


11.1.3'l 
12,913,39o|  17,069,431 


.  Prior  to  l»*l,  Maine  wa.  under  iI.o  g>,vtnun»,.i  ..f  .tl^ssachHc  :r.f  -  inhat>!!ant8  are  IwJmted 
in  Oic  enumeration  for  lluit  stnto,  until  the  census  uf  thai  year. 

t  Teia.  has  been  admitted  into  the  Union  since  1»4«,  and  of  con.ie  is  r,..l  .nclud  d  in  this  enamera- 
tinn.    Its  population  m  variously  estimated  at  from  lUO.OOO  to  :100   '^i  ^ 


Th> 


Maine 

New  Ilampshli 

Vermont 

Massachusetts, 
idiudo  Island. 
Connecticut. .. 
New  York  . . . 
New  Jersey  . . 
Pennsylvania. 
Delaware  . . . . 
Maryland. . . . 
District  of  Col 

Virginia 

North  Caroling 
South  Caroling 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama  . ... 
Mississippi... 
Louisiana.. . . 

Texas 

Michigan. ... 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Kentucky..  > . 
TenncBHii)  . . . 

Missouri 

Arkansas  ..•< 
Wisconsin  . . . 
Iowa 

In  naval  servi 
Free  Blacks. . 
Slaves 


Number  of 


Statement  of 
tho  United  Stati 


Whrat  .    - 
Indian  ' 

Rye 

Oats 

Barley. . 
Buckwhea 
Potatoes  . . 

Hay 

Hemp  and 
Wf».l 

'■iaj 

Ri    e 

(■ 

Sugui    .  .  . 

Products 
Dair^ 

of  t 

Value 

imr 

'    \w 

'P 

.luc, 

.m|: 

hie  ol 

exp 

•di  of  •hrllii, 
«  rfapi'i'iiiiK 
It    iurlitce  ul 


t  learn  rrnm 
ling  lacti,  re- 
le  earth,  St,c.1 


he  Dible  teach 
^  our  fiiluru 
.  tho  (inal  lie- 
if  ttie  world  I 

llncB  .li»crip- 
D  final  (liflMolu- 
}  present  order 


nti  of  English 
eh,  or  Spanish 
I  IrilcB,  ia  con. 
Iiousand  arrive 
lone,  amouuted 

ation  of  ah  ihe 
ing  table  cxhi- 
10  six  ceniusea 


1551 

•i-it- 

65% 

40H 

19» 

-.75 

..06 

Has 

S33 

,748 

,04li 

,8H( 

,405 

,987 

,185 

,123 

,73lt 

,.127 

,6il 

,53a 

,G39 
',9(13 
!,0.3I 
r,445 
1,917 
1,9(14 
),4.'^.; 
),3db 


50' 


.  -1 
!,3U6 
.033 

"^5 


.M6 

.  ■ .  ,:tita 

.14,477 
590,756 
375,651 
352,411 

213,207 

1,519,407 

085,806 

470,183 

-79,8J'^ 

829,210 

383,702 

97,574 

30,945 

43,11' 


1.190   17,063,331 


1,1311 


6,11 


a.330|  17,009,431 


Ifiiftnts  are  Inc!i«lsjl  . 


I  in  this  ennmers- 


8TAI      -TICAL   TABLES. 


77 


TABZ.B   IV. 

The  Tollowing  table  gittea  the  oenaua  Tor  1840  mora  In  deull. 


BlaU:,' 


Maine 

New  llanipahiro 

Vermont 

MaHsachiiaotts*  *....• 

■iliode  Island 

C'unnnclicut 

New  York 

Now  Jorioy 

Pennsylvania 

Dulawaro 

Maryland 

Distrii:!  of  Columbia  ■ 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

Houth  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabiima  .  ■•■■ 

Mississippi 

liouisiana 

Texas 

Michigan • 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinoia 

Kentucky 

TenncsHc  II 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 


Whiles. 


In  naval  scrvico  . 

Free  Blacks 

Slaves  


ToUl, 


Grand  total. 


500,438 
934,036 
991,918 
799,030 
105,587 
301,856 
9,378,890 
351,588 
1,076,115 

58,561 
318,904 

30,057 
740,9(;8 
484,870 
259,084 
407,695 

27,943 
335,185 
179,074 
158,457 

911,560 

1,509,192 

678,709 

472,254 

590,253 

640,027 

323,888 

77,174 

30,749 

42,924 


Free  Blacks. 


Slaves. 


14,189,705 

6,100 

386,293 

2,487,355 


17,069,453 


1,.155 

537 

730 

8,669 

3,238 

8,105 

£0,097 

31,044 

47,H54 

16,919 

62,078 

8,301 

49,849 

92,732 

8,276 

2,753 

817 

2,039 

1,366 

B5,509 

707 

17,349 

7,165 

3,.598 

7,317 

5,524 

1,574 

405 

IH5 

172 


8 

17 

4 

674 
04 

3,605 

89,737 

4,0!I4 

448,987 

24.5,817 

•i'7,038 

(1,944 

25,717 

253,532 

195,211 

168,459 


3 
3 

331 

182,258 

183,059 

58,240 

19,935 

11 

10 


TABZiB   Xrx. 
PRINCIPAL    CANALS 

riNISIIED   OB   IN    PROOnESS    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Name. 


Mainr. 
Cumberland  anil  Oxford  . , 
Nkw  IIampbiiire. 
Union 


From 


Near  Portland. 


380,293 


2,487,355 


EMPLOYMENTS. 

Number  of  persons  engaged  in  mining 15,203 

"  "  "  agriculture 3,717,756 

'•                  "            "            commerce 117,575 

■•                  "            "      .      monufacturcs  and  trades 791, .545 

»                  '•            "            navigating  tho  ocean 56,025 

u                  "            "                    "          canals,  lakes,  and  rivers. . .  33,007 

"                  "            "            learned  professions 65,236 


TABXiB   V. 

Statement  of  the  annual  Agriculturol  and  Mineral  productions,  Manufacture!,  &.C.,  of 
tho  United  Stales.     Compiled  from  tho  census  of  1840. 


Articles. 


Whial 

Indian  '  . . . 

Rye 

Oats 

Barley. 
Buckwiieii 
Potatoes  . . 

Hay 

Hemp  ond  '•  !»x. 
W<  il 

Tni-.CCO 

Rue 

<■ 


(tuantity  or  Value. 


Sug.,. 

Products   of  the 
Dairy     


84,893,972 

377,531,875 

18,(;i5,567 

193,071,341 

4,161,504 

7,291,743 

108,298,000 

10,248,109 

95,353 

35,803,114 

519.163,319 

!l,841,423 

90,479,375 

61,553 

155,110,809 

$33,787,' 


bushels 

bushels 

bushels 

bushels 

bushels 

bushels 

bushels 

tons 

tons 

pounds 

poundH 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 


Articles. 


Amoskcag  Fulls 

Massaciiusxtti, 

Middlesex 

Illackstono 

Hampshire  and  Hampden.. . . 

Montague  Fulls 

Houth  Iladley  Fulls 

Pawtucket 

Co.VNKCTIOUT. 

Karniington 

Knt;  !d  Falls 

New  York. 

Er,        

Chaniplain 

Chenango 

DIack  River 

Oswego 

Cayuga  and  Seneca 

(.rooked  Lake 

(■i;nesce  i^ulley 

Dansville  Dranch 

Delaware  and  Hudson 

Chemung 

nrancli  of  Chemung 

Harlem 

Cruton  Aqueduct 

New  Jersey. 

Morris 

Delaware  and  Rarltan 

Salem 

Pek.vsvltani.a. 

.   '  "entrul  Division 

■g      Western  Division 

Susquehanna  Division. . 
West  Branch  Division. . 
North  Branch  Division  . 

Delaware  Division 

Beaver  Division 

Schuylkill  Navigation 

Union 

Lehigh 

Lackuwaxen 

Susquehanna 

Bald  Eagle 

I'oncstoga 

CudoruB 

Delaware. 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  . . 

AIarvland. 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio 

ViROINIA. 

James  River  and  Kanawha  . 

Dismal  .S"^  imp 

Branches 


Boston 

Providence,  R.  I.. . 
Connecticut  Line  . 


Long  Pond  • 


Chelmsford  . . 
Worcester  . . . 
Northampton. 


liowell . 


New  Haven . 


Albany 

West  Troy  . . . 

Utlca 

Rome 

Syracuse  

Seneca  Lake. . 

Pennyan 

Kocl.rstor 

Moll   t  Morris. 

ville 

Lake  . . 


Massachusetta  Line . . 


Edil 

Sen' 

EIn 

Hi.    ,on  K 

Cruton  River 


Uuantity  ur  Value. 


Products      )f    the 
Orchar         

Lumber  ... 

Cast  and  Bar  I  ^ 

Lead 

Coal 

Salt 

Woollen  Manufac 
turea  

Cotton  Manufac's  . 

Paper  Manufac's. . 

Ships  built 

Number  of  Horses 
and  Mules  . . . 

Do.  of  Neut  Cattle 

Do.  of  Sheep  . . . 

Do,  of  Swine  .. . 

Value  of  Poultry 


$7,256,904 
•12,943,507 

48.1,030  tons 
31,239,453  pounds 
1,849,317  tons 
6,179,174  bushels 

$20,090,999 
$40,35(1,453 

$5,041,495 

$7,010,094 

4,335,609 
14,971,586 
19,311,374 
20,301,293 
$9,344,410 


nuRulo 

Whitehall  .... 
Binghamton  . . 

I'arthago 

Oswego 

Cayuga  Lake  . 
Seneca  Lake. . 

Olcan 

Darsvillo 

LacKawaxon  . 

Elmira 

Kno.xville. ... 
East  River... 
New  York. .. 


Jersey  City  , . 
Bordentown. . 
Salem  Creek  . 


Eastnn.Pa 

New  Brunswick. 
Delaware  River  . 


Columbia 

Johnstown 

Duncan's  Inland 

Northumberland 

Northumberland 

Bristol 

Beaver  

Philadelphia 

Reading 

Evasion 

Delaware  River 

VVrightsvillc 

West  Branch  Canal . . 

Lancaster 

Vork 


Value       imports  for         year  emi         .ie  lat  day  of  October,  1842. ..  $100,102,087 

>    III  lorts  for  the  same  periou     »104,691,53i 

luo         iiports  for  the  year  ending  the  30th  day  of  June,  1846 8121,091,797 

lne  111  exports  for  tlie  same  |m'i       $113,488,510 


Alexandria  Canal 

North  Carolina. 
Wcldon  C.inul 

South  Carolina. 

Snntce  

Winyaw  

Watiree 

Saluda 

Lockharta 

Drehr's 

Lorick 

'Ikoroia. 
Savan.,  Ogeeciice,  &  Alatamaha. 

Brunswick 

Alabama. 

''lusclr  Shoals  Cunal 

^iuntaville 

Louisiana. 

Barataria 

Like  Verct 

Orleans  Bank 

Cunal  Caruiidelet 

Ohio. 

Mifimi . . 

Mahoning 

Sandy  and  Beaver 

Warren  Branch  ....      


Delaware  City  . 

Georgetown . . . 

Richmond  .... 
Deep  Creek  . . . 


Georgetown. 


Wcldon  , 


Cooper  River 

Kinloeh  Creek 

Jones's  Mill 

Shoals 

Head  Falls  Br.  Riv.. 

Saluda  Falls 

Broad  River 


Hollidaysburg 

Pittsburg 

Northumberland . . . . 

Farrandsvills 

Lackawana 

Easton 

Erie 

Port  Carbon 

Middletown 

Stoddurtsville < 

Honesdale ■ 

Havre  de  Grace  ... 

Bellefonte 

Safe  Harbor 

Susquehanna  River 

Back  Creek 


Hancock 


Buchanan  . . . , 
Joyce's  Creek  . 


Alexandria 


Head  Roanoke  Falls  . 


Santeo  River. . 
Winyaw  Bay  . 

Elliot's 

Granby 

To  Foot 

Head  of  Falls. 
Headuf  Fulls. 


Savannah . 
Alatamaha 


Head  of  Falls, 
riana 


Near  New  Orleans. 

Lake  Verct 

New  Orleans 

New  Orleans 


Cinei~"=»'.i  . . 

Akron 

Bolivar 

M  iddletown . 


Alatamaha  River  . 
Brunswick 


Florence. .. 
Huntaville  . 


Berwick's  Boy 

La  Fourche  River  . . 
Lake  Pontchartrain. 
Bayou  St.  John 


Defiance 

Beaver  River . 
Ohio  River. . . 
Lebanon  .... 


Miles. 


90i 
9 


97 
45 
39 

3 

9 

li 

56 
H 

363 

76 
97 
85 
38 
93 

1191 
U 
83 
23 
16 
3 
40i 

101} 
43 

4 

179 
1041 

39 

73 

79) 

59} 
I05t 
108 

83 

84i 

95 

45 

35 

18 

11 

13} 

136 

175 
33 
U 
7* 

13 

33 
74 
4 
61 
2J 

11 
1 

16 
13 

35) 
16 

85 
8 
41 

a 

178 
77 
76 
30 


I 


STATISTICAL    TAHLKS. 


CANALS  — Cwi/inueJ. 


N«DI«< 


Ohio  anil  Krio 

Culumhua  Itranch 

I.ancialcr  Branch 

llockInK 

/unoville  Branch 

Walhunding  Branch  . . 

Induna, 

Wnbaih  and  Krio 

WhiUiwaltir 

Illinois, 
I'linoii  and  Michigan  ■ 


From 


Portinmiith 

(.'(ihiinbui 

Lanoaatcr 

I.ancailer 

Z.-inmivitIn 

Walhonding  Kivcr . . 


LmhjfUt 

Lawroncsburg . 


Chicago  . 


To 


Cleveland.  • 

Canal 

i;anal 

Alhena. . . . 

I'aiml 

C-anal 

Iiakn  Kria  . 
Brookvillo  • 

Near  Peru  . 


Mlloi. 


VASXiB  VZI. 

PRINCIPAL    RAILROADS 

rlNMHID    OR    IN    PROORESS    IN    THE    UNITED    STATU. 


Name. 


Maine. 
Portland,  Saco,  and  Portamouth. 

Portland  and  Dover 

Uangor  and  Drono 

Nxw  ilAMrsiiiai. 

Kaitcrn 

Naahtiaand  Lowell 

Boston  and  IMuiiio 

Nashua  and  Concord 

Ma88*CIII'9ETT9. 

Boston  and  Providence 

Fitchburg 

Tauntun  Branch 

Taunton  and  New  Bedford 

Kavtcrn 

Boiiton  and  Lowell 

Boston  and  Portland 

Boalon  and  Worcester 

MiUbury  Branch 

Wcalcrn 

Norwich  and  Worcester 

Lowell  and  Nashua 

Old''  lony 

Rhodi  Island. 
Providence  and  Stonington 

CoNNrCTlCUT. 

New  Haven  and  Ilurtrord 

Norwich  and  Wurceater 

Houiatonic 

Nkw  York. 

Saratoga  and  SchcnecUdy 

Mohawk  and  Hudson 

Utica  and  Schenectady 

Syracuse  and  Utica 

Syracuse  and  Auburn 

Auburn  and  Rochester 

Tooawanda 

AUica  and  Buffalo 

Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls 

Buffalo  and  Black  Rock 

Lockport  and  Niagara  Falls 

Rochester 

Ithaca  and  Owego 

Bath 

Port  Kent  and  Kccsville 

Long  Island 

Hurlcm 

,  Hudson  and  BcrkBhiro. 

Catskill  and  Cannjuhario 

j  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga 

Erie 

New  Jersey. 

Camden  and  Ainboy 

j  Trenton  Branch 

'  Jobstown  Branch 

New  Jersey 

I  Trenton  and  Brunswick 

Elizabetliport  and  Somervillo  . . . 

I  Morris  and  Essex 

j  Patcrioii  and  Hudson 

1  Camden  and  Woodbury 

Pennsylvania. 

f'olumbia  and  Philadelphia 

Philaiitlphia  ond  Reading 

Philadelphia  and  Wilmington. . . 

Philadelphia  and  Trenton 

Philadelphia,  '^r.,  and  Norrist'i 

Germantown  .    anch 

Valley 

West  Cheater 


Portamouth,  N.II. .. 

Portland 

Bangor 

Maisachuactts  Line  . 

Do.  do.  .. 

Do.            do.  . . 
Nashua  .    


Boston  . . .  • . 

Boston 

Mansfield . . . 
Taunton  . . . . 

Boston 

Boston 

Wilmington 
Boston 


Worcester  . . 
Worcealer  .  ■ 
Lowell  .... 
Boston 

ProTidcnco 


New  Haven. . 
Norwich  . .. . 
Bridgeport. .. 

Schenectady  . 

Albany 

Schenectady  , 

Utica 

Syracuse  . . . . 

Auburn 

Rochester.  .• 

Attica 

Buffalo 

Buffalo 

Lockport . . . 
Rochester  . . 

Ithaca  

Bath 

Port  Kent . . 
Brooklyn  . . . 
New  York.. 
Hudson  .... 
CaUkill  . . . 
Troy 


Camden  • 


Jobstown  .... 
Jersey  City  . . 

Trenton 

Elizabetliport. 

Newark 

Jersey  City  . . 
Camden 


Philadelphia 

Hollidayaburg 

Philadelphia 

Philadelphia 

Philadelphia 

Philadelphia 

NorriBtown 

Columbia  Railroad . 


Portland 

Dover,  N.  II. . . 
Uruno 


To 


Portsmouth  .  ■ . 

Niwhua 

Soinersworth . . 
Concord  


Providence  

Fitchburg 

Taunton 

New  Bedford 

New  Hampshiro  Line. 

Lowell 

New  Hampshire  Line, 

Woreostcr 

Millbury 

WestStocklridgo.... 
Connecticut  Lino  .... 
iV.'w  Hampshiro  Lino, 
r  ymouUi 


.Stonington. 


Hartford 

Worcester 

West  Stockbridge . . 

Saratoga 

Schenectady 

Utica 

Syracuse  

Auburn 

Rochester 

{Attica 

Buffalo 

.Niagara  Falls  .... 

Black  Rock ■ 

Niagara  Falls  .... 

Port  Genesee 

Owego 

Crooked  Lake .... 

Keesville 

Grecnport 

Whilcplains 

West  Stockbridge . 

Canojohario 

Ballston 


South  Amboy 

Trenton 

Craft's  Creek 

New  Brunswick  . . . 
Now  Brunswick  . . . 

Somervillo 

Morristown 

Patcrson 

Woodbury 

Columbia 

Johnstown 

PottMviiiti 

Wilmington 

Morrisville 

Norristown 

Columbia  Railroad. 
Westchester. 


307 
lU 
9 
S() 
It 
93 

187 
30 

106 


48 
46 
10 

l.-ij 

7 

33 

33 

41 

11 
20 
38 
20 
20 

4r> 

n 

116 

20 

a 

37 

47 

36 

584 

3.5 

2U 

15} 

77 

53 

2G 

80 

45 

30 

23 

3 
20 

3 
39 

5 

4i 
95 
38 
33 
78 
33i 


Gl 

8 
13 
34 
27 
25 
22 
16i 

9 

81} 
36} 

a5 

27 
261 
17 
4 
301 
10 


rrom 


New  Castle  . 


Ilarrisborg  and  Lancaster 

CuinlMiland  Valley 

Franklin 

York  and  Wrighlsvillo 

I.illle  M(!hiivlkill 

Ihinvillu  an<l  Poltavillo 

Little  Sehuyl.  uiid  Sii»i|iiehanna. . 

Beaver  Meadow  llraiieh 

Williiin«|it)rt  nod  KIniira 

Corning  and  BltHwburg 

Mount  Carbon 

Schuylkill  Valley 

Branches  of  Sehuylkill  Valhy 

Sehuylkill 

Mill  Creek 

Mine  Hill  and  Sehuylkill  Haven 

Mauch  Chunk 

Brandies  of  Mauch  Chunk 

Hoom  Hun 

Ik'aver  Meadow 

Haiclton  and  Lehigh 

Nesqiichoiiing 

Lehigh  and  Siianuehanna 

Carboiidali'  and  Honeadale 

Lykena  Valley 

Central 

Delaware. 

Newcostio  and  Frenchtown 

Maryland. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio 

Waahin({ton  Branch 

Baltimore  and  Siia(|Uelianna 

Reiatertown  Broneli 

Biiltinioro  and  Port  Deposit 

Wilininglcm  and  Susquehanna.. . 

AnnaiMjlis  ami  Elkridge 

Viroinia. 
Richm.,  Frcdcrickab.,  A.  Potomac 

Louisa  Branch 

Richmond  and  Petersburg 

Petersburg  and  Roanoko 

Portsmouth  iiiid  Roanoke 

Winchester  and  Potomac 

Greensville 

City  Point 

Chesterfield 

North  Carolina. 

Wilmington  and  Raleigh 

Raleigh  and  Gaston 

South  Carolina, 

South  Carolina 

Columbia  Branch 

GioaaiA. 

Georgia 

Athena  Branch 

Central 

Western  and  Atlantic 

Macon  and  Talbotton 

Monroe 

Florida. 
Tallahaflsco  and  Port  Leon 

AI.ABAHA. 

Montgomery  and  West  Point. . . 
Tuseumbia,  Coiirtlund,  &  Decatur 
Mis.sissii'Pi. 

West  Feliciana 

Vicksbiirg  and  Clinton 

Grand  Gulf 

Jackaon  and  Brandon 

LoULSIANA. 

Pontchartrain 

West  Feliciana 

Clinton  and  Port  Hudson 

Alexandria  and  Cheneyville. . . 
New  Orleans  and  Carrolton  . . . 

Tennessee. 

La  Grange  and  Memphis 

Somerville  Branch 

Highwasaee 

Kentucky. 

Lexington  and  Ohio 

Ohio. 
Mod  River  and  Sandusky  City. 
Ohio 

MiClllOAN. 

Central 

Eric  and  Kilsmazoo 

Ypsilanli  and  Tecumseh 

Detroit       '1  Pontiao 

Indiana. 
Madist.        ui  Indianapolis  ..-> 

Illinois. 
Mtredosia  and  Jacksonville  . .  ■ 


llarrisburg  .  ■. , 
Harriaburg  . .. . 
Ch-.iiibersburg.. 

York 

Port  Clinton  . .  ■ 

Poltsvills 

ratiiaquii 

Lindner's  Gap. , 
Williams|iort.,. 

Bloaablirg 

Mount  Carbon. . 
Port  Curbun . . . . 


To 


Schuylkill 

Portt'arlMin 

Schuylkill  Haven  . 
Mauch  Chunk... , 


Lancaster 

Chnnihorahurg 

Williania|K)rt 

Wri|;ht>«illo 

Tninaqua 

Sunlmry • 

Williiuiia|Hirt 

Beaver  Mead.  R.  R.. 

Ehnira 

Corning 

Norwegian  Creek. . . 
Tuaearora 


Hoy  . 
Coal  Mil 


Mlkis. 


Mine  Hill  Gap 
Cool  Mine  .... 


Mauch  Chunk 

Parryvillo 

Haiclton  Mine  . .. ., 
Nesqnehiming  Mine. 

White  Haven 

('arbimdale 

Broad  Mountain. . ., 
Harriaburg 


Baltimore 

Pata|>aca  Rivor 

Bultimuro 

6  m.  from  Baltimore. . 

Baltimore 

Havre  de  Grace 

Washington  Branch . . 


(^oal  Mine 

('oul  Mine 

Idavor  .Moad.R.  R. 

Lehigh  River 

Wilkeaharre 

Honcsdalo 

.VIillerHhurg 

I'ittsbuig 


Frenchtown,  Md,' 


Richmond 

24  m,  from  Richmond. 

Richmond 

Peteraburg 

Portsmouth 

Harper's  Ferry 

Near  Hickslbid 

Petersburg 

Coal  Minei 


Harper's  Ferry  , , . 

Washington 

York,  Pa , 

Huiatertown  . .,., 
Havre  de  (Jrnce  . . 
Wihiilngton,  Del. 
\nnapolia 


Potomac  Creek. . 
Gnrdonsvillo  . .. . 

Petersburg 

Weldon 

Wcldon,  N.C.... 

Winchester 

Gaston,  N.C 

City  Point 

Richmond 


Wilmington 
Raleigh  .  •  ■  • 


Charleston 

Branchville 

Augusta 

Georgia  R.  R.... 

.Savannah 

Do  Kalb  County . 

.Macon 

Macon 


Woldon 
Gaston , . 


Hamburg 

Columbia 

Do  Kalb  County, 

Athens 

Macon 

Tennessee  River. 

Talbotton 

GritBa 


Tallahaasee . 


.Montgomery .   . 
Tuseumbia  . . .  • 

WoodviUe 

.  Vicksburg 

Grand  Gulf. . .. 
Jackson  

New  Orleans... 
St.  Francisville  . 

Clinton 

Alexandria  .... 
New  0:ini»i>».  .• 


3.11 
50 
30 
13 
23 
411 
106 
12 
13\ 
40 

n 

10 
IS 
13 

0 
90 

9 
16 

8i 

90 
8 
5 

liij 

nt 


19 

80} 
30| 
56 
8 
36 
32 
19| 

75 
49 
23 
59 
80 
39 
18 
13 
13i 

161 

85 

135) 

66 

165 

33 

193 

130 

70 

85 


Port  Leon  . 


La  Grange. 
Moscow  . . . 
Knoxville . . 


West  Point 

Decatur  

St.  Francisville 

Jackson 

Port  Gibson 

Brandon 

Lake  Pontchartrain . 

Woodvillc,  Mp 

Port  Hudson 

Cheneyville 

Lafayette 


Memphis 

Somerville ■ 

West.  &  Allan.  R.R. 


Frankfort. 


Tiffin 

Manhattan 

Detroit 

Tolrd.-, . . . . 
Ypsilanti . . 
Detroit 


Lexington 

Sandusky  City 
Sandusky  City . 

Marshall 

,\drian 

Tecumseh  .... 
Pontiac 


Madison . . . 
Meredosia  ■ 


Indianapolii 
Springfield. . 


33 

87 
44 

23 
54 

U 
14 

33 
28 
30 

m 

SO 
16 
98i 

as 

36 
40 

113 
.t.'t 
25 
35 

95 


In  the  United 
but  all  sects  are 
!  lary  eonlrlbullon 
inanao"  f.-r  1845 
number  of  minii 
attached  to  the  li 


According  tu 
Colleges  and  Ui 
with  164,159  s 
468,364  scholar 
who  cannot  rcai 

The  followini 
Colleges  and  Ui 
.hoae  marked  (1 


I 


STATISTICAL    TABLES. 


7U 


TAai.a  VIZI. 

Ill  tlm  llniled  Htnlon  Ihoro  it  no  ruligion  pnlablUhod  b»  Uw,  ■•  in  mo«t  othor  countrio, 
bill  nil  Mot*  ue  equally  UilorsUii  ■rid  prutecled.  The  clergy  »ra  iiipportcd  by  the  volun. 
luiy  oontribulluni  of  ifiu  |wo|ilo.  'I'lio  liillowiiij  l»blu,  tskiiii  from  lliii  "  KiiiUid  Hluti^ii  A' 
iimnic"  fcr  144.1,  and  ciirrectcd  by  a  Ublu  in  the  ■miiu  «liiikiiao  fur  1H47,  oihibiU  Uiu 
■lutnber  of  nilnliU-ri,  ohtircliui  tiid  cuniiniinicanU,  »nd  an  cstiinata  of  llio  iM)|mlalion 
allaohud  to  the  futiiia  or  duclriuoi  of  «acli  of  th«  principal  rcligiuui  donominatioiia. 


Dtnomlnallona. 


1,  Krlici'i'*!, — 

I'rotiaunt  Kpiaoopaliana 

Kuiiian  Catliiilici 

Muraviana,  ( Uniltd  Uiclhrin). . 

3.  (VlNUREUATIUNAI. — 

Urthodox  Cungregationaliata  . . 

Unitariana 

(<'nivurialiala 

Chriat-iana,  {Chriil.ian  Connte 
(ion) 

3.  IlArTUT — 

Itogular  Ilaptiata 

Krwiwlll  Kapliiita 

SlvimhIi  Day  lluptiala  ....... 

Kufuriiicd  iLptima  or  Diicipliia 
of  Cliri»t,  {Camplirllitf)  ... 

Hii  Principle  lliipliiita 

Wincbroiiiiariiina 

4.  I'KEHIVTKaiAN  — 

Hc([ular  Preabytoriana,  (O.  S,).. 
Do.  do.  (JV.  &■.).. 

Cumberland  Preabyttfiaiia 

Aaauciute  Prcabyteriaiia 

Aaaociiitu  Koforiiied 

Kcfuniicd  Prcabylcriaiia 

Dutch  Reformed 

<furman  Uefunnod 

Evangelical  Lutheran 

5.  Mktiiodiiit — 

Metliodiit  Kjiiicopal  Church  . . 

Protualunt  Methodiata 

Wulah  Calviiiiat  MclhudiatB  . . . 

Wesleyan  Methodiala 

ttefoniicd  Mctliodi»l 

United  Hretliron  in  Cliriat,  (Ot 

lerbtin  C<mneclion) 

Evangelical  Aaaociation,  (,AU- 

kriglit  Connection) 

McNNONiTiia 

New  jKauaALEii  Ciiuruii  {Site 

dtnborgiont) 

Friends  or  Quakers,  about .... 
jEwa ■ 


MInltUra. 


1,330 

7UJ 
34 

1,975 

350 
700 

783 

5,397 

771 

53 

1,750 

33 

lOU 

I,r>-13 

i,-jr,;i 

300 
1H6 
U>5 
«7 
371 
lUl 
501 

13,115 

1,300 

30 

600 

75 

500 

350 
350 

30 


Chunhaa. 


1,333 

(175 

33 

1,430 

JOO 
1,0U4 

650 

9,479 

1,1  M5 

60 

3,500 

17 

3UU 

3,274 

1,".)4 

570 

3H0 

300 

»1 

379 

750 

1,333 


Coffliuunlcanta. 


73,099 


30 


1.8U0 

GOO 
4U0 

43 
500 


6,000 

303,950 
30,000 
60,000 

.15,600 

719,973 

61,373 

6,000 

300,000 
3,055 
15,000 

174,030 
130,015 
60,000 
3li,0ll() 
3(),(ll)0 
lO.riDI) 
31,314 
75,000 
146,300 

1,157,349 

60,000 

3,500 

30,000 

3,000 

15,000 

1.5,000 
5«,000 

5,000 


Populallon  iiiiiliir 
Ihe  inllilriirn  i>r 

tllll      reilMYllVA 

denonilnatliiiiH, 


1,900,000 

1,300,000 

35,000 


9,500,000 


5,000,000 


►  3,000,000 


.  5,000,000 


50,000 


TABXaB  XZ. 

EDUCATION. 

According  to  the  last  ccnaua,  there  were  in  the  United  States,  in  the  year  1840,  173 
Colleges  and  Universities,  with  16,333  students;  3213  Acttdcmics  and  Grammar  Schools, 
with  164,159  students;  47,309  Primary  and  Common  Schools,  with  1,B45,344  scholars; 
468,964  scholars  at  public  charge  ;  and  549,693  white  persons  over  twenty  years  of  ago 
who  cannot  read  and  write. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  location,  number  of  students,  &.C.,  of  the  moat  noted 
Colleges  and  Universities.  Those  marked  (:  arc  under  the  direction  of  the  Biiptisls; 
.hose  marked  (M)  of  the  Mothodiata;  (E)  of  Uic  Episcopalians;  and  (C)  of  tlic  Catholics. 


Ilowdoin 

Watervillo,  (B) 

Dartniouili 

University  of  Vermont 

Middlubury 

Norwich  T'oiverKity  . . 
Harvard  Univ-sity  . . 

VVilliaiiii 

AmlicrHt.  ....    

10  ririly  Cross,  (C) 


Brown  University,  (B) 

Yule 

Trinity,  (E) 

Wriflrj-iiii  Uiiivef^ify,  (M)  • 

CoUmibia,  (E) 

Union 

flainiltoii 

Madifjn  University,  (B)  .. 


lOiOenini,  (E). 


Location. 


No.  of 
9tud«iit9. 


Brunswick  . . . 
Watervillo. .. . 

Hanover 

Burlington. . .. 
Middlebury  . . . 

Norwich 

Cambridge . . , . 
Williamutown . 

Amliersl 

Worcester  ■ . . . 
Providence  . . . 
New  Haven. .. 

Hartford 

Midd!i-t.~.-.vn... 
New  York  ■ . . . 
Schenectady  . . 

Clinton 

Hamilton 


,  Maine 

'.  N.  H. 
.  Vt. 


.  Maas. 


R.I. 

Conn 


N.Y. 


No.  n( 
VoIh.  in 
Libraries. 


183 

70 

331 

125 
97 
104 
275 
167 
118 
130 
110 
421 
80 
H9 
114 
232 
139 
138 
81 


When 
fountlt'd. 


34,760 
7,000 

16,.500 
9,300 
7,054 


74,000 

7,.')00 

15,000 


23,000 

44,000 

7,949 

1:?.000 

iiiooo 

13,000 

10,000 

4,000 

5,400 


1794 
1830 
1769 
1791 
1800 
1831 
1638 
1793 
1821 
1843 
1764 
1700 
1824 
1831 
i754 
1795 
1813 
1819 
1833 


Nairn). 


90| University  of  New  York.... 

31  Ciillegu  of  Now  Jortay 

32  Kiitgera 

33  Unlveriity  of  Pennsylvanl*  . 
3t:Dickinson,  (M). 


Nil    of 
8luiliinu. 


Nsw  York 

Princeton 

New  Brunswick  . 
Phlludvlpliia  . ..  < 
l^arlialo 


Ponn 


No.  of 
Vols.  Ill 
l.lbrsrlHi 


35  Jetrersiin Canontburg 


3<i  Waaliington 

37  Alhgliany,  (M) 

3M|  Western  UnivertUi  »!"<  ■   '.v  .. 

39iPcnnsylvanii 

30|l.atiiyetto ..      

31  Oirard  Collego 

33Muribnll 

3 J  Delaware 

34,:«.  John'a,  (C) 

35St.  Mary's, (C) 

36  Mt.  St.  Mary's,  (C) 

37  St.  James's,  (E) 

3t!j  Newton  University 

39  ( tcnrgetown,  (C!) 

40Culumblan,  (B) 

4l'Williain  and  Mary,  (F.) 

42  Hampden  Kidney 

43  Washington 

41  University  of  Virginia 

45  Randolph-Macon,  (M) 

46  Emory  and  Hen'y,  (M) 

47, Rector,  (B) 

4f)  Hethaiiy  College,  (B) 

49  University  of  North  Carolina  .. 

50,  Davidson 

SljWake  Foroat,  (B) 

52  South  Carolina 

53|ciiurlcston,  (B) 

54  Franklin 

55|()glclliorpe 

5U] Emory,  (M) 

57[Christ.  Coll.  and  Ep.  Inst 

5KUniversily  of  Alabama,  (E)  . . . 

5:i' Lagrange,  (M) 

bUiSpring  Hill,  (C) 

61  Oakland 

62  Centenary,  (M) 

63  St.  Charles,  (C) 

64  Franklin 

65  Jefferson 

66  Daton  Rouge 

67  Louisiana 

6H  Grecnvillo 

Washington 


69 

70  University  of  Nashville 

71  Franklin 

73  East  Tennessee 

73  Jackson 

74  Cumberland  University 

75  Transylvania 

76  St.  Joseph's,  (C) 

77  Centre 

78  Augusta,  (M) 

Tj  Georgetown,  (B) 

8U  Bacon  

81  St.  Mary's,  (C) 

82  University  of  Ohio  .... 
63  Miami  University .... 

84  Franklin 

85  Western  Reserve 

8(1  Kcnyon,  (E) 

87  Marietta 

88  Oberlin  Institute 

89  Cincinnati 

90St.Xavicr,  (C) 

91  Granville,  (B) 

92  Woodward 

93  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  (M) 

94  Indiana  Stale  University 

95  Madison  University 

96  Wabash 

97  Indiana  Asbury  University,  (M). 

98  SL  Gabriel's,  (C) 

99  Illinois 

100  Shnrlloir,  (B) 

101  McKendrec,  (M) 

102  Knox  Manual  Labor 

103  University  of  St.  Louis,  (C) 

104  Kemper  College,  (E) 

105  St.  Mary's,  (C) 

106  Mo-sonii^ 

107  St  Charles,  (M) 

108  Missouri  University 

109  Fayette 

110  Michigan  University 

lUSt.  Philips,  (C) 


Waahinglun " 

Meadville " 

Pittsburg " 

Gettysburg " 

Eaaton " 

Philadelphia " 

Mercersiiurg " 

Newark Del. 

Annapolia Md. 

lialtininre ** 

Emmetsburg " 

Near  Ilagerstown.. .     " 

Baltimore " 

Georgetown D.  C, 

Near  Washington...     " 

Williamsburg Va. 

Prince  Edward  Co. .     " 

Lexington " 

Charlottesville " 

Boydton " 

(ilado  Spring " 

Harrison  County  ...     " 

Iletlmny " 

Chaiicl  Hill N.C. 

Mecklenburg  Co.  . . .     " 

Wake  Forest " 

Columbia 8.  C. 

Charleston " 

Athena Ga. 

.Midway " 

Oxford " 

Montpclier " 

Tuscaloosa Ala. 

Lagrunge ** 

pring  Hill " 

Oakland Miss. 

Brandon  Springs  ...     " 

Grand  Coteau La. 

Opelousaa " 

Bringiers ** 

Baton  Rouge " 

Jack'-jii " 

urceiiville Tenn. 

Washington  Co 

Nashville *■ 

.Vear  Nashvillo " 

Knoxvillo " 

Columbia " 

Lebanon " 

Lexington Ky. 

Bardstown " 

Danville " 

Augustr " 

Georgetov.M " 

Harrodsburg " 

Mil  rion  County " 

Athena Ohio. 

Oxford " 

New  AthonB        " 

Hudson " 

Gambler " 

Marietta " 

Oberlin... " 

Cincinnati " 

Cincinnati " 

Granville " 

Cincinnati " 

Delaware " 

Bloomington Ind. 

South  Hanover " 

Crawfordsvillo " 

Grecncaslle " 

Vincenncs " 

Jacksonville III. 

Upper  Alton " 

Lebanon " 

Galesburg ** 

St.  Louis Mo. 

St.  Louis " 

Cape  Girardeau... . .     " 

Marion  County " 

.St.  Charles " 

Columbia " 

Fayette " 

Ann  Arbor Mich. 

Near  Detroit 


131 
944 

83 

IIH 

101 

170 

191 

100 
64 
7« 

130 
SO 

304 

113 
37 

160 

130 
73 

918 

140 
35 
98 
65 

136 

170 

73 

46 

50 

138 

150 

44 

34 

160 

40 

116 

65 

70 

35 

94 

106 

70 

100 


14,500 
9,000 
5,I)IM) 

13,000 
4,500 
3,300 
8,000 


Wlwn 

AiuiiiImI. 


3,370 
5,000 


3,600 
4,000 
13,000 
3,500 
3,000 


35,000 
4,300 
5,000 
H.OOO 
3,700 

16,000 


65 
70 


3,800 


10,000 
1,150 
4,700 

15,000 
3,000 

13,000 
3,0U0 


6,000 
3,200 
4,000 
5,000 


1831 

1746 

1770 

1755 

17H3 

1803 

1806 

1815 

1819 

1833 

1833 

1833 

18.16 

1833 

1784 

1799 

1830 

1843 

1845 

1789 

1831 

1693 

1783 

1813 

1819 

1833 

1839 

1839 

1840 

1789 

1838 

18,18 

1804 

1795 

1785 

1838 

1837 

1839 

1838 

1831 

1830 

1830 


1839 


133 

5,500 

1831 

45 

300 

1838 

170 

1,850 

1841 

41 

3,000 

nu 

43 

80 

1,000 

e,9a5 

ilSI 

120 

1,000 

IM4 

169 

3,981 

"m%: 

100 

1,350 

'w 

138 

3,500 

i^iim 

113 

4,500 

ITSHt 

69 

7,000 

1819 

140 

4,0U0 

1819 

51 

3,500 

1835 

133 

3,100 

1830 

65 

1,200 

1836 

150 

5,000 

1837 

66 

3,500 

1831 

65 

4,353 

1809 

51 

1,900 

1825 

71 

6,247 

1826 

57 

8,750 

1826 

60 

3,500 

1833 

106 

3,850 

1834 

84 

1819 

50 

1840 

13 

3,000 

1833 

20 

800 

43 



1844 

183 

1,765 

1837 

120 

1829 

73 

3,500 

1833 

112 

1839 

50 

1843 

46 

3,300 

1829 

43 

1,000 

1835 

47 

1834 

34 



1837 

146 

8,000 

1832 

19 

6,400 

1840 

2,500 

1830 

45 

1831 

BO 

1533 

60 

1840 

75 

73 

4,000 

1837 

30 

3,000 

1839 

■diwkx 


80 


STATISTICAL    TABLES. 


TABZia  z. 


In  tho  autumn  of  every  leap  year  tlio  people  of  Iho  i.jVoral  states  choose  Elector!,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  elect  a  President  and  Vice  President,  to  servo  for  a  term  of  four  years,  com. 
mencine  on  the  4th  of  the  ensuing  March.  ,,.,<,.. 

Tho  following  table  contains  the  names  of  all  the  Presidents  of  tho  United  States  since 
the  adopUon  of  tho  present  constitution  in  1789;  together  wiUi  Uio  periods  for  which  they 
respectively  administered  tho  government : — 


Name. 


Grcorgo  Washington 

John  Adams 

TbcmoB  Jefferson 

James  Madison 

James  Monroe 

John  Quincy  Adams 

Andrew  Jackson 

Martin  Van  Buren 

vVilliam  Henry  Harrison  . 

John  Tyler* 

James  Knox  Polk 


Citiien  of. 


Virginia 

Massachusetts . 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 
Tenncsaee  ... 
Now  York  . . . 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Tennessee  . . . 


Bervcil  from. 


4th  of  March,  1789 
4th  of  March,  17;i7 
4lh  of  March,  1801 
4th  of  March,  180!) 
4lh  of  March,  IHl 
4th  of  March,  1825 
4ili  of  March,  182!l 
4  th  of  March,  183' 
4th  of  March,  1841 
4th  of  April,  1841 
4tli  of  March,  1845 


Berved  to. 


4th  of  March,  1797 
llh  of  March,  1801 
Ith  of  March,  1809 
llh  uf  March,  1817 
4th  of  March,  1825 
4th  of  March,  1829 
4th  of  March,  1837 
4th  of  March,  1841 
4th  of  April,  1841 
4th  of  March,  1845 


TABZ.S  ZZX. 

EUROPEAN    STATISTICS. 

The  following  statement  presents  tho  names,  &.C.,  of  tho  Sovereigns,  and  also  tho  Estab- 
iished  Religion,  of  tho  principal  countries  in  Europe  :— 


•  Jolin  Tyler  was  clectwl  Vice  Prcsiilcnl,  but  •uo.chIi.hI  to  tho  Presidency  on  the  dualli  of  Williom 
H.  Harrison. 

•VA.'BJ.Il   XX. 

T*BLK  OF  DisTANcra  from  the  Capital  of  the  Uniteu  Stales  to  tho  Capitals  of  tho  several 
States  by  the  principal  mail  routes.     Also  the  intermediate  distances. 


Mail  Routes. 


JVo.  1. 
Washington  City . . 
AnnajMlis  junction 

Baltinio  "e 

Wilmji.jton...    .. 

Philadelphia 

Trinton 

New  York 

Stoiiington 

PROVIDrNCE  

Boston  

Portsmoutli 

Portland 

AuacsTA 

JVo.  a. 
Washington  City.. 

RiCMHOND 

Petersburg 

Junction  near  Hieksford 

Weldon 

Wilmington 

Charleston  .<.•.• 
Augusta  .<.••••• 

Atalant« 

MoNTooimT  ■  •  •  • 

MobUe 

Ne«r  Of  leans..... 

Galveston 

Houston 

Washington 

Adstin 

JVo.  3. 
Washington  City. 
Relay  House  .... 

Cumberland 

Brownsville 

Wheeling 

Zanesville ■ 

CoLUHBlia 

Dayton 

Indunapous  .... 
Terre  Haute  .... 

Vandalia 

St  Louis 

JimasoN  CiTV  . . 


D.C. 
Md.  . 


Inter. 
Dial. 


nisi. 

from 
Wii. 


Del.  .  . . 
Penn.. . 
N.  J.  . , 
N.Y... 
Conn. . 
R.  I..., 
Mass. . 
N.H.  . 
Maine, 


D.C. 
Va... 


N.C.. 

8.C.! 
Ga... 

Ala.'. 


La. . . . 
Texas . 


Btavehtifrom  No.  1. 
Annapolis  junction  . . . 
Annapolis 


Bdltiniore  . . . 
York 

IlAaRISBURO  . 


DC. 
Md.  .. 

it 

Penn.. 
Vi..... 
Ohio. . 


Indii^aa.. 

Illinois. . 
Missouri 


Md. 


23 
17 
70 
27 
30 
50 
125 
48 
43 
55 
52 
59 


129 

24 

44 

20 

1C5 

165 

139 

168 

181 

197 

164 

450 

80 

60 

135 


31 

170 
75 
55 
73 
54 
67 

110 
70 
96 
59 

131 


23 
40 
110 
137 
167 
22i; 
351 
399 
442 
49 
5!9 
G08 


New  York  . . 
New  Haven. 
Hartford.  . . 


lioHton . . . 
Lowell .  ■ . 
Concord  . 


197 
21 
382 
547 
686 
854 
1035 
1232 
1396 
1846 
1926 
1986 
2121 


Mail  RoulcB. 


N.Y.-. 

Conn. . 


Branehee  from  No.  2, 
.lunction  near  Hieksford 

Lvaston 

Kaleiqh 

Kaycltovillo 

L'heraw 

Columbia < 


Inler. 
liim 


N.  H. . 


Va... 
N.C.. 


S.C, 


Charleston  . . . 
129  Savannah  .... 
153  Liordon 

Macun   

Baiiibridge  . . . 

TAl.I.AIfAS.SEF.  . 


S.C. 
Ga.. 


Florida. 


Gordon 

MlLLEDOEVlLLK   , 


Ga., 


nifi. 

lYolu 
tV-n. 


110 
174 

20 
170 

48 


17 


20 


Montgomery  . . 

Sclma 

Greensborough . 
Livingston  • . , . 
Jackson 


Ala. 


31 
301 
276 
331 
404 
458 
525 
635 
705 
801 
860 
991 


Md 

Penn. .  ■ 


'fViiaiiiigluii  , 
Dover 


jDci. 


iN.Y. 


New  York 

Albant  . .  l 

Castleton |Vermont. 

Burlington 

MoNTPKLIER 


Brartchei  from  iVb.  3. 

Brownsville 

Pittsburg 

Beaver 

Cleveland 

Detroit 

Kalamazoo 

Si,  JoHtph's 

Chicago 

Milwiiukie 

Madison 


Zanesville  . . 
Chi'.licollio  . 
Maysvillo  . . 
Lexington,, 
Frankfort . 


Miss, 


Penn. 


Ohio. , 
Mich.. 


Illinois, 
Wis,... 


226 
306 
J42 

442 

46H 
518 


197 
217 
304 
364 
436 
528 


547 
657 
831 
851 
1021 
1069 
831 
848 


45 

■18 
15U 


1035 
1090 
1135 
lK-i3 
1333 


50 

30 

)13 

120 

147 

54 

60 

94 

81 


276 
.326 
3,'i6 
469 
589 
736 
790 
850 
944 
1025 


Counlrics. 


Russia 

Sweden  and  Nor- 1 
way  I 

Denmark 


Ohio. 


Ky., 


Columbps 

Cincinnati 

Louisville 

Bowling  Green 

N.IRIIVIl.I.K 


Ohio. 


48 


'44 

HI 
66 
40 


40 
97 
124 

Tin 

_I58 

226  Terre  Haute 


Ky„ 


370 
451 
517 
557 


Louiftvillu 

Mauih'.fWIiitf 
Little  Rock  . . 


Rivrr,. 


Sprinofield  . 

Peoria 

Burlington  , . 
Iowa  Cit'.  . . 


I'enn. . . 


Reigning  Sovereigns, 


Nicholas  I. 


Ky,., 
Ark.. 


miinna,  ■ 
Illinois. . 
It 

Iowa. . . , 


Prussia 

Austria 

Hanover 

Sax(||)y 

Bavaria 

Wirtembcrg 

Baden 

Switzerland,  (Re-  > 
public)  \ 

Holland 

Belgium 

France,  (Republic)' 

Great  Britain  and  i 
Ireland  S 

Turkey 

(.recce  

Sardinia  

Tuscany , .  * 

Slates  of  the  church. 

Naples 

Spain 

Portugal 


Oscar  II 

S  Frederick  Chris- 
)      lian  VIII. 
I  Frederick   Wil- 
\     liam  IV. 

Ferdinand  I 

Ernest  Augustus  . 

Frederick 

I'Ouis  I 

William  I.. 


Titles. 


\  Charles  Leopold  ) 
)      Frederick         \ 


Emperor  or 
Czar 


King 

King 

King 

Emperor 

King 

King 

King 

King 

Grand  Duke. 


William  II. 
Leopold  I.. . 


Victoria  I 

Abdul  Mcdjid,... 

Ollio 

Cli.irlos  Anmdeus, 

Leopold  11 

I'iusIX 

Ferdinand  U 

Isabella  1 1 

Dnnna  Maria  II.  • 


Aeccndeii 

tlu. 

Uirune. 


King 
King 


Queen 

Sultan 

King 

King 

Grand  Duko . . 

Poiw 

King 

(lueen 

liueen 


1796 
1779 
1786 

1795 

1793 
1771 

1797 
1786 
1781 

1790 


1835 


1844 
1839 

1840 

1835 
1837 
1836 
1825 
1816 

1830 


ERtnbliHhcd  or 
prevailing  re- 
ligion. 


1792 
1790 


1819 

1823 
1815 
1800 
1797 
1788 
1810 
18.30 
1819 


1840 
1831 


1837 

1839 
1832 
1831 
1824 
1846 
1830 
1833 
1836 


Greek  Church 

Lutheran 

Lutheran 

Protestant 

Catholic 

Protestant 

Protestant 

(Catholic 

Protestant 

Protestant 

S  Protestant 
)  and  Catholic 

Protestant 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Episcopal 

Mohammedan 

Greek  Church 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 


•  In  Fchninrv  IMH,  n  ri'volulion  lirnke  out  in  Iho  rily  of  Parin,  which  remiltal  in  the  bniilshmcnt  of 
Ihi.  kiuB  ".n  I  0 ic  est  ll.li«linicnt  of  a  republic,    Tho  spiril  of  lil«Tly  and  ropublicnnum  rapidly  .prcud 

;:j^^ui"!i,;;r^o,.n.ri,..  of  Yr.^-»^^^^.;«^^.^>:^^i^^r^,  )^^^jvz^z;^ss^ 

ti)  till'  [MMtpIt;.    Al  tliL'  lj.no  ol  going  to  iircM, 

CXCitUUlL'lll. 


I  large  part  of  Jiun>|W  i«  lu  a  stale  of  lutcuse  political 


TABX.II   ZZZZ. 

POPULATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  CITIES. 


London .... 

Paris 

Constantinople 
St.  Petersburg 

Vienna 

Naples 

Moscow 

Berlin 

Liver[H)ol  . . , , 

Glasgow 

Li.4bon 

Manchester  , . 

Dublin 

Madrid 

Amtterdim  .. 

Lyons 

Milan 

Birmingham. 
Marseilles.. . 


Pnpnla- 
tiiiu. 


1,873,676  1841 
1,1,50,729  1841 

(ilK/.OOO 

469,720  ' 

358,127 

350,000 

350,000 

311,000 

286,487 

274,321 

260,000 

242,983 

233,000 

224,000 

907,000 

£00,(ifl0 

1H5,000 

182,922 

i  70,000 


1838 
1840 
1835 


1841 
1841 


1841 
1841 


1841 


Cities, 

Leeds 

Rome 

Warsaw . . . . 
Palerino. . . . 
ICdinburg. .  ■ 
Brussels. . . . 
Hamburg.. . 

Turin 

Bristol 

Prague 

Barcelona  . , 
Copenhagen 

Genoa 

t:ork 

Munich  . . . . 

Venice 

Adriaiioplc 

Uoiion 

Florence  . . . 


Popula- 
tion. 


152,054 
149,000 
141,000 
140,000 
138,182 
13»,000 
128,000 
123,892 
122,296 
120,000 
120,000 
119,000 
116,000 
115,000 
105,000 
103,000 
100,000 
92,083 
97.548 


1841 


1840 

1837 

1838 
1841 

182G 


1841 


1836 
1836 


Cities, 


Pnpula- 
linn. 


Bordeaux. . 

Seville 

Bresla  J  ... 

Ghent 

.Stockholm. 
Mcshina, .. 
Plymouth  . 
Oporto .... 
Bucharest . 
Rotterdam . 
Leghorn . . . 
Antwerp  . . 
Nantes. . .. 

Belfast 

Peril 

Lisle 

Dresden , . . 
Saloniea . . . 
Trieste . . . . 


95,114 
91,360 
88,869 
88,290 
83,885 
83,772 
80,060 
80,000 
80,000 
78,098 
76,397 
75,362 
75,150 
7.5,000 
75,000 
72,000 
69,500 
69,000 
65,000 


1837 
1836 
1839 
1831 
1841 
1827 

1840 
1836 
1835 
1836 


1836 
1837 


404 

73 

477 

82 

559 

61 

623 

26 

649 

458 

120 

578 

132 

■^ij 

112 

822 

65 

887 

710 

738 

U4X 

203 

1651 

705 

U2 

847 

68 

915 

'03 

1018 

89 

UOi 

.f.aSI'B'   AlVD   WAV'S"   or   THB   U.  STATBB. 


total,  85  vessels.  ,         ,,  ..„  ,„. 

The  Militia  Forco  of  tho  United  States  conBists  ori,858,5d4  men. 


ITAVAX.  rOROB  OF  O.  BBZTAXZf,  rBJIJTCB,  AND  BUSSIA.     i 

G.cat  :iril»iii-ii5  ships  of  the  line,  120  ftigateB.  3<>P  sn-.slirr  v.-.s«.U,  und  141  alcsm= 
vessels ;  total,  636  vessels,  .  .  , 

Fraiicc-46  ships  of  tho  line,  45  frigates,  187  Bmaller  vessels,  and  68  stoamora;  total,  I 

RuMi'tt-147  ships  of  tho  lino,  30  frigaUs,  70  smaller  vessels,  and  39  Btcamers ;  total, 
179  vessels. 


'       ''   ■ 

V, 

« 

» 

1 

0  the  Eatab- 

^ 

Rtablished  or 

,   ■;,~^  ■  '•-•A'\^> 

revailirig  re- 

*              , 

'*^ 

ligion. 

■■ 

-» 

% 

rock  Church 

uthcran 

- 

. 

utheran 

rotcstant 

atholio 

rotcBlunt 

rotcstant 

atholic 

rotcstant 

rotettant 

Protestant 

and  Catholic 

'rotcstant 

'atholic 

' 

/atholic 

^ 

Episcopal 

lohammedan 

ircck  Church 

3atholio 

'atholic 

:;atholic 

Catholic 

. 

Jatholic 

, 

Catholic 

. 

r  banishment  of 

n  rapidly  spread 

rgo  conci'swions 

ntcnsc  political 

. 

ES. 

♦ 

I'npilla- 
tion. 

Year. 

1)5,114 

91,360 

• 

8S,86!)    1837  1 

• 

88,230    183G  | 

83,885 

1839 

f 

83,772 

1831 

80,0fi0 

1841 

- 

80,000 

1827 

60,000 

. 

78,098 

1840 

« 

' 

7G,397 

1836 

75,302 

1835 

75,150 

1836 

75,000 

75,000 

72,000 

1836 

t 

G9,500 

1837 

69,000 

• 

65,000 

\ 

BS. 

cd  olKccis,  and 

1 

,  17,795  iiion. 

rales,  22  nloops 

i.jj 

lips  and  brigs ; 

BV8SZA. 

« 

and  HI  steam,  ! 

toamcrs;  total, 

learners;  total. 

' 


fif 


I'i 


'I 


